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Introducción: la gestión inadecuada de residuos en el sector de la salud, especialmente en odontología, conlleva riesgos para la salud y el medio ambiente. En Chile, el reglamento sobre manejo de residuos de establecimientos de atención de salud (REAS) clasifica los residuos según su riesgo. La odontología sostenible, mediante prácticas como las 3 R y un modelo ampliado de 5 R, reduce impactos ambientales y costos, atrayendo a pacientes ecoconscientes. Objetivos: identificar el impacto ambiental de residuos en odontología y, utilizando el modelo de 5R, proponer acciones ecológicas basadas en evidencia, que se puedan aplicar en Chile. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó una revisión narrativa sobre el manejo de residuos generados en servicios dentales y prácticas sustentables durante la atención. Se utilizaron 30 artículos para lograr los objetivos. Resultados: los residuos odontológicos, en especial los quirúrgicos, provocan un impacto desmesurado en el medio ambiente. La generación y gestión de estos residuos dependen directamente de los profesionales. La odontología ecológica se centra en la adopción de prácticas sustentables y diferentes tecnologías e innovaciones para reducir el consumo de energía y la generación de residuos. Se presentan alternativas basadas en las 5R (reducir, reutilizar, reciclar, reflexionar e investigar) para disminuir la huella ambiental en la odontología. Conclusión: abordar el impacto ambiental de la odontología es crucial. La odontología sostenible requiere un enfoque interdisciplinario, prácticas más ecoamigables y políticas públicas adecuadas. La educación continua, la investigación y la concienciación ambiental son esenciales para este cambio. El método de las 5R es clave para fomentar la sostenibilidad en la odontología.

Introduction: Inadequate waste management in the healthcare sector, especially in dentistry, poses risks to health and the environment. In Chile, regulations on waste management from health care facilities (REAS) classify waste according to its risk level. Sustainable dentistry, through practices such as the 3 Rs and an expanded model of the 5 Rs, reduces environmental impacts and costs, appealing to eco-conscious patients. Materials and Methods: A review of the literature was performed on the management of waste generated in dental services and sustainable practices during care. Thirty articles were used to achieve the objectives. Results: Dental waste, especially surgical waste, has a disproportionate impact on the environment. The generation and management of these wastes depend directly on professionals. Ecological dentistry focuses on adopting sustainable practices and different technologies and innovations to reduce energy consumption and waste generation. Alternatives based on the 4 Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle, and reflect) are presented to reduce the environmental footprint in dentistry. Alternatives based on the 5Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle, rethink, and research) are presented to reduce the environmental footprint in dentistry. Conclusion: Addressing the environmental impact of dentistry is crucial. Sustainable dentistry requires an interdisciplinary approach, eco-friendly practices, and appropriate public policies. Continuous education, research, and environmental awareness are essential for this change. The 5R method is key to promoting sustainability in dentistry.

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In Diptera, reproductive strategies vary according to the stage of development of the newly deposited offspring and their abundance. The aim of our study is to establish connections between the reproductive strategies of flies (larviparous or oviparous) and the prevailing local conditions (sun or shade) as well as landscape attributes (low or high urbanization) in an urban setting. We collected flies using 2 baited traps (in the sun or shade) at each of the 13 study sites with varying levels of urbanization. We used generalized linear mixed models to examine the impact of landscape and local characteristics on the diversity (abundance and richness of larviparous and oviparous Diptera) of sarcosaprophagous flies. Our findings indicate that while the abundance and diversity of both larviparous and oviparous flies are affected by urbanization, larviparous flies would be less sensitive to more urbanized environments. Larviparous also exhibit a preference for resources under sun exposure, while the responses of oviparous seem more species-dependent. The observed patterns can be explained by the known biology of the studied groups.

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Currently, there is a wide application in the literature of the use of the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique. This basic tool has also proven to be efficient for detecting molecules associated with hosts and pathogens in infections, as well as other molecules present in humans and animals' biological samples. However, there is a crisis in science data reproducibility. This crisis can also be observed in data from experimental animal models (EAMs). When it comes to rodents, a major challenge is to carry out sanitary monitoring, which is currently expensive and requires a large volume of biological samples, generating ethical, legal, and psychological conflicts for professionals and researchers. We carried out a survey of data from the relevant literature on the use of this technique in different diagnostic protocols and combined the data with the aim of presenting the technique as a promising tool for use in EAM. Since FTIR can detect molecules associated with different diseases and has advantages such as the low volume of samples required, low cost, sustainability, and provides diagnostic tests with high specificity and sensitivity, we believe that the technique is highly promising for the sanitary and stress and the detection of molecules of interest of infectious or non-infectious origin.

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Landfills are sources of soil, water, and air pollution due to the release of toxic compounds such as metals and metalloids. In both tropical and temperate environments, scavenger birds such as the Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus) that have learned to use these sites as a feeding area are probably exposed to metals, metalloids and other "persistent bioaccumulative toxic substances (PBTs)" released in open dumpsite (OD) and sanitary landfill (SL). The objective of this study is to evaluate the presence and distribution of toxic metals (Al, Sn, Hg, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr) and As in OD and SL from urban, semi-urban and rural localities in Campeche, México, using molting feathers of C. atratus as bioindicators. A total of 125 Black Vulture primary and secondary wing feathers were collected from OD and SL. Metals were determined by voltammetry through acid digestion. The highest levels of metals occurred in landfills in urban, semi-urban, and rural localities. The elements with the highest concentrations were Al, with an average of 35.67 ± 33.51 µg g-1 from rural environments, and As, with 16.20 ± 30.06 µg g-1 from the urban localities. Mercury was the only element that had a very homogeneous distribution between the three environments we studied. In general, Pb, Hg, Cu and Cd were the elements that presented the lowest concentrations with 0.32 ± 0.35, 0.16 ± 0.22, 0.14 ± 0.31 and 0.06 ± 0.10 µg g-1, respectively regardless of any particular location or environment. Black Vultures from dumpsites are good bioindicators of what humans consume in urban, semi-urban, and rural environments. However, the conservation of vultures is of great importance since these scavenger birds perform ecosystem services by feeding on decomposing organic material.

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This review aimed to clarify the mechanisms through which exogenous enzymes (carbohydrases and phytase) influence intestinal health, as well as their effects on the nutrients and energy matrix in diets fed to poultry and pigs reared under sanitary challenging conditions. Enzyme supplementation can positively affect intestinal microbiota, immune system, and enhance antioxidant status. Although enzymes have been shown to save energy and nutrients, their responses under sanitary challenging conditions are poorly documented. Immune system activation alters nutrient partitioning, which can affect the matrix values for exogenous enzymes on commercial farms. Notably, the carbohydrases and phytase supplementation under sanitary challenging conditions align with energy and nutritional valorization matrices. Studies conducted under commercial conditions have shown that matrices containing carbohydrases and phytase can maintain growth performance and health in poultry and pigs. However, these studies have predominantly focused on assessing a single level of reduction in energy and/or available phosphorus and total calcium, limiting our ability to quantify potential energy and nutrient savings in the diet. Future research should delve deeper into determining the extent of energy and nutrient savings and understanding the effects of alone or blended enzymes supplementation to achieve more specific insights.

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Abstract This study assessed the anthelminthic feed additive albendazole effect on the main indicators of the quality of sheep meat obtained from infected and deworming animals. A total of 20 heads of Akzhaik meat and wool sheep (i.e. 2 years of age, of different sex) were used in a 20-day experiment and 2 groups of 10 heads were formed (n = 4). The sheep were fed with the basic diet (i.e. control, group CON), without adding anything, and the second group was fed the basic diet orally with the addition of a dose of 1.2 g / head (an experimental group). At the end of the experiment, a control slaughter was carried out from each group in order to study the biochemical composition of meat and its quality. The anthelmintic feed additive albendazole did not have a significant effect on the indicators (organoleptic and physicochemical) of meat quality (P> 0.04). However, the ratio of fat and ash in the meat of the control group has differences in indicators and is reduced by 24.81% and 0.03%, respectively. The drug had a significant effect on the biological value of meat in the experimental group, where there is a higher content of essential amino acids (P = 0.06), nonessential (P = 0.05) concentrations in comparison with the CON groups. The results obtained show that the meat of the experimental groups of sheep, when using the anthelminthic feed additive albendazole, did not have a significant effect on organoleptic parameters, but significantly positively influenced the metabolism, live weight gain and biological value of meat.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito do aditivo anti-helmíntico albendazol sobre os principais indicadores de qualidade da carne ovina obtida de animais infectados e desparasitados. Um total de 20 cabeças de carne Akzhaik e ovelhas de lã (ou seja, 2 anos de idade, de sexo diferente) foi usado em um experimento de 20 dias e dois grupos de 10 cabeças foram formados (n = 4). As ovelhas foram alimentadas com dieta básica (ou seja, controle, grupo CON), sem adicionar nada, e o segundo grupo foi alimentado com dieta básica por via oral com a adição de uma dose de 1,2 g / cabeça (um grupo experimental). Ao final do experimento, foi realizado um abate controle de cada grupo para estudar a composição bioquímica da carne e sua qualidade. O aditivo anti-helmíntico albendazol não teve efeito significativo sobre os indicadores (organolépticos e físico-químicos) de qualidade da carne (P > 0,04). No entanto, a proporção de gordura e cinzas na carne do grupo de controle tem diferenças nos indicadores e é reduzida em 24,81% e 0,03%, respectivamente. A droga teve efeito significativo sobre o valor biológico da carne no grupo experimental, onde há maior teor de aminoácidos essenciais (P = 0,06), concentrações não essenciais (P = 0,05) em comparação com os grupos CON. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a carne dos grupos experimentais de ovinos, ao utilizar o aditivo anti-helmíntico albendazol, não teve efeito significativo nos parâmetros organolépticos, mas influenciou positivamente de forma significativa no metabolismo, ganho de peso vivo e valor biológico da carne.

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Abstract: Self-rated health is an indicator that can be easily identified in health surveys, widely used to measure physical, social, mental, and health aspects of the population, and predict premature mortality. In Venezuela, this information only began to be collected recently, in the National Survey of Living Conditions (ENCOVI). In this context, our study aims to analyze the demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with non-positive self-rated health among Venezuelan adults. The ENCOVI 2021 (n = 16,803) was used as a data source, assessing a probability stratified sample with questions about health, education, emigration, and other social and economic aspects. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratio analyses were performed using Poisson regression models with robust variance. The prevalence of fair/bad self-rated health among Venezuelans was 17.8%. The results indicated a strong association between outcome prevalence and age group, 3.81 times higher (95%CI: 3.29-4.41) among individuals aged 60 or more when compared to individuals aged 18 to 29 years. Also, participants experiencing severe food insecurity had a prevalence 2 times higher (95%CI: 1.61-2.47) than those who did not have any level of food insecurity. Factors such as poverty, education, recent emigration of family members, and sex also showed a significant influence, also when analyzed independently. The results show that special attention should be dedicated to the health of individuals facing hunger and of the older people.

Resumen: La autoevaluación de salud es un indicador de simple captación en encuestas de salud, muy utilizado en investigaciones para medir aspectos físicos, sociales, mentales y de salud de la población, además de predecir la mortalidad precoz. En el caso de los venezolanos, esta información recién comenzó a recopilarse en la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida (ENCOVI). En este contexto, el objetivo del estudio es analizar los factores demográficos y socioeconómicos asociados con la autoevaluación de salud no positiva entre los venezolanos adultos. Se utiliza la ENCOVI 2021 como fuente de datos (n = 16.803), que tiene una muestra probabilística y estratificada, además de preguntas sobre salud, educación, migración y otros aspectos sociales y económicos. Se realizaron análisis de la razón de prevalencia crudos y ajustados, estimados a través de modelos de regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. La prevalencia de la autoevaluación de salud regular/mala entre los venezolanos fue del 17,8%. Los resultados mostraron una fuerte asociación entre la prevalencia del resultado y el grupo de edad, siendo 3,81 veces mayor (IC95%: 3,29-4,41) entre las personas con 60 años o más, en comparación con las de 18 a 29 años. Además, los participantes en situación de inseguridad alimentaria grave presentaron una prevalencia 2 veces mayor (IC95%: 1,61-2,47) que aquellos que no enfrentaron ningún nivel de inseguridad alimentaria. Factores como pobreza, escolaridad, emigración reciente de familiares y género también demostraron una influencia significativa, aun cuando analizados de manera independiente. Los resultados resaltan la necesidad de prestar especial atención a la salud de los que enfrentan hambre y de las personas mayores.

Resumo: A autoavaliação de saúde é um indicador de simples captação em inquéritos de saúde, amplamente utilizado em pesquisas para medir aspectos físicos, sociais, mentais e de saúde da população, além de predizer a mortalidade precoce. No caso venezuelano, apenas recentemente começou a se coletar essa informação por meio da Pesquisa Nacional de Condições de Vida (ENCOVI). Nesse contexto, o estudo tem por objetivo analisar os fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos associados à autoavaliação não positiva da saúde entre adultos venezuelanos. Utiliza-se como fonte de dados a ENCOVI 2021 (n = 16.803), cuja amostra é probabilística e estratificada, apresentando perguntas sobre saúde, educação, migração e outros aspectos sociais e econômicos. Foram realizadas análises brutas e ajustadas de razão de prevalência, estimadas por meio de modelos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. A prevalência de autoavaliação da saúde regular/ruim entre venezuelanos foi de 17,8%. Os resultados indicaram uma forte associação entre a prevalência do desfecho e a faixa etária, sendo 3,81 vezes maior (IC95%: 3,29-4,41) entre os indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, em comparação àqueles com idade de 18 a 29 anos. Além disso, os participantes em situação de insegurança alimentar severa apresentaram uma prevalência 2 vezes maior (IC95%: 1,61-2,47) do que aqueles que não enfrentaram nenhum nível de insegurança alimentar. Fatores como pobreza, escolaridade, emigração recente de familiares e sexo também demonstraram influência significativa, mesmo quando analisados independentemente. Os resultados destacam a necessidade de atenção especial à saúde daqueles que enfrentam fome e dos idosos.

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La inocuidad de la carne comercializada debe estar garantizada en la cadena de producción, para evitar enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA). Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga (STEC) y Salmonella spp. pueden encontrarse en el tracto gastrointestinal de los bovinos y contaminar la carne de consumo humano, pudiendo causar enfermedades en el hombre. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de 52 carnicerías localizadas en Asunción y detectar la frecuencia de STEC y Salmonella spp. en muestras de carne molida. Las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias se evaluaron mediante la estimación del riesgo, utilizando una escala de clasificación por categorías. La detección de STEC y Salmonella spp. se realizó por PCR en tiempo real. En la evaluación inicial, se clasificaron a 33% de las carnicerías como de alto y moderado riesgo. Se detectó STEC no-O157 en un 50% (130/258) de las muestras y Salmonella spp. en un 11% (29/258). Se realizaron acciones de mejora. En la etapa post-intervención, no se detectaron carnicerías de alto riesgo. En el muestreo de seguimiento se detectó un 29% (66/237) de muestras positivas para STEC no-O157 y 7% (16 /237) para Salmonella spp. Este estudio permitió realizar recomendaciones específicas y detalladas a cada carnicería, lo que tuvo un efecto significativo en la mejora de sus condiciones. Esta situación resalta la importancia de continuar fortaleciendo la vigilancia multisectorial y multidisciplinaria. Es imperativo que los establecimientos que se dedican al rubro, implementen las Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura (BPM) como una medida para reducir los riesgos asociados.

The safety of marketed meat must be guaranteed in the production chain, to avoid foodborne illness. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella spp. can be found in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and contaminate meat for human consumption, potentially causing diseases in humans. This work aimed to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of 52 butcher shops located in Asunción and detect the frequency of STEC and Salmonella spp. in ground beef samples. Hygienic-sanitary conditions were evaluated by estimating risk, using a categorical classification scale. The detection of STEC and Salmonella spp. was performed by real-time PCR. In the initial evaluation, 33% of the butcher shops were classified as high and moderate risk. STEC non-O157 was detected in 50% (130/258) of the samples and Salmonella spp. in 11% (29/258). Improvement actions were carried out. In the post-intervention stage, no high-risk butcher shops were detected. In the follow-up sampling, 29% (66/237) of positive samples were detected for STEC non-O157 and 7% (16/237) for Salmonella spp. This study allowed specific and detailed recommendations to be made to each butcher shop, which had a significant effect on improving their conditions. This situation highlights the importance of continuing to strengthen multisectoral and multidisciplinary surveillance. It is imperative that establishments dedicated to the sector implement Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) as a measure to reduce associated risks.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the compliance with the commercialization of children's products included in the Brazilian Code of Marketing of Infant and Toddlers Food and Childcare-Related Products (NBCAL) in drugstores in Uberlândia/MG. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 143 drugstores that sold infant products: infant formula (IF), follow-up IF, nipples, teats, pacifiers and nipple shields; FI for young children, transition foods and cereal-based foods, fluid or powdered milk, modified/similar milks of plant origin and dairy compounds. The location of drugstores in the five geographic sectors was performed by geoprocessing. The data collected were: types of promotion and types of drugstore administration (drugstore chains/drugstores with independent administration). Irregular commercial promotion was expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. Results: Irregular commercial promotion was found in 11.7% of nipples, pacifiers and bottles, in 10.0% of IF and follow-up formula, in 9.5% of IF for young children, in 11.1% fluid or powdered milk, in 25.0% of transition foods and cereal-based foods and in 59.1% of dairy compounds. In commercial drugstore chains, the presence of promotion for dairy (81.8 vs. 28.6%, respectively) was higher than in drugstores with independent administration. The opposite ocurred for fluid or powdered milk, modified and similar milks of plant origin. The downtown and eastern sectors had the highest percentages of promotions (26%). Conclusions: NBCAL violations still occur in drugstores, mainly in the sale of young children's foods and in the commercial network drugstores.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a conformidade da comercialização dos produtos infantis incluídos na Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância, Bicos, Chupetas e Mamadeira (NBCAL) e de compostos lácteos em drogarias de Uberlândia/MG. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em 143 drogarias que vendiam produtos infantis: fórmulas infantis (FI) para lactentes, FI de seguimento para lactentes, mamadeiras, bicos, chupetas e protetores de mamilo; FI para crianças de primeira infância, alimentos de transição e alimentos à base de cereais, leites fluidos/em pó, leites modificados/similares de origem vegetal e composto lácteo. A localização das drogarias nos cinco setores geográficos foi realizada por geoprocessamento. Os dados coletados foram: tipos de promoção comercial irregular e tipo de administração da drogaria (rede/independente). As promoções comerciais irregulares foram expressas em frequências absoluta e relativa. Resultados: Verificamos a presença de promoção comercial irregular em 11,7% dos bicos, chupetas e mamadeiras, em 10,0% das FI lactentes/seguimento de lactentes, em 9,5% das FI para crianças de primeira infância, em 11,1% dos leites, em 25,0% de alimentos de transição e em 59,1% dos compostos lácteos. Nas drogarias de rede, a presença de promoção comercial irregular foi maior para compostos lácteos (81,8 vs. 28,6%, respectivamente) e, para leites, foi maior nas drogarias independentes (30,8 vs. 6,0%). Os setores central e leste apresentaram os maiores percentuais de promoção comercial irregular (26%). Conclusões: As violações à NBCAL ainda ocorrem nas drogarias, principalmente para os produtos destinados às crianças de primeira infância, e nas drogarias de rede.

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Abstract This study assessed the anthelminthic feed additive albendazole effect on the main indicators of the quality of sheep meat obtained from infected and deworming animals. A total of 20 heads of Akzhaik meat and wool sheep (i.e. 2 years of age, of different sex) were used in a 20-day experiment and 2 groups of 10 heads were formed (n = 4). The sheep were fed with the basic diet (i.e. control, group CON), without adding anything, and the second group was fed the basic diet orally with the addition of a dose of 1.2 g / head (an experimental group). At the end of the experiment, a control slaughter was carried out from each group in order to study the biochemical composition of meat and its quality. The anthelmintic feed additive albendazole did not have a significant effect on the indicators (organoleptic and physicochemical) of meat quality (P> 0.04). However, the ratio of fat and ash in the meat of the control group has differences in indicators and is reduced by 24.81% and 0.03%, respectively. The drug had a significant effect on the biological value of meat in the experimental group, where there is a higher content of essential amino acids (P = 0.06), nonessential (P = 0.05) concentrations in comparison with the CON groups. The results obtained show that the meat of the experimental groups of sheep, when using the anthelminthic feed additive albendazole, did not have a significant effect on organoleptic parameters, but significantly positively influenced the metabolism, live weight gain and biological value of meat.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito do aditivo anti-helmíntico albendazol sobre os principais indicadores de qualidade da carne ovina obtida de animais infectados e desparasitados. Um total de 20 cabeças de carne Akzhaik e ovelhas de lã (ou seja, 2 anos de idade, de sexo diferente) foi usado em um experimento de 20 dias e dois grupos de 10 cabeças foram formados (n = 4). As ovelhas foram alimentadas com dieta básica (ou seja, controle, grupo CON), sem adicionar nada, e o segundo grupo foi alimentado com dieta básica por via oral com a adição de uma dose de 1,2 g / cabeça (um grupo experimental). Ao final do experimento, foi realizado um abate controle de cada grupo para estudar a composição bioquímica da carne e sua qualidade. O aditivo anti-helmíntico albendazol não teve efeito significativo sobre os indicadores (organolépticos e físico-químicos) de qualidade da carne (P > 0,04). No entanto, a proporção de gordura e cinzas na carne do grupo de controle tem diferenças nos indicadores e é reduzida em 24,81% e 0,03%, respectivamente. A droga teve efeito significativo sobre o valor biológico da carne no grupo experimental, onde há maior teor de aminoácidos essenciais (P = 0,06), concentrações não essenciais (P = 0,05) em comparação com os grupos CON. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a carne dos grupos experimentais de ovinos, ao utilizar o aditivo anti-helmíntico albendazol, não teve efeito significativo nos parâmetros organolépticos, mas influenciou positivamente de forma significativa no metabolismo, ganho de peso vivo e valor biológico da carne.

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Rats and mice are the most used experimental models in research. Globally, animal houses are subjected to parasite outbreaks. In Brazil, the parasitological profile is used to reflect the sanitary condition of laboratory animals and must be monitored frequently. The present study developed an integrative review of scientific studies on the parasitological profile of rats and mice in animal facilities in Brazil. It identified the most prevalent parasite species reported in animal facilities from different geographic regions of the country, as well as factors contributing to the perpetuation of these parasites, and proposed measures to help prevent such infections. Based on the guiding question "which endoparasites and ectoparasites have already been identified in rat and mouse colonies in animal facilities in Brazil?" and considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, 28 studies published between 1974 and 2021 were selected in four scientific bases. These studies covered facilities in 12 Brazilian States, describing 16 genera of parasites in mice and 18 in rats. Most of the facilities in the selected studies were of the conventional type and with few sanitary barriers, and these conditions may favor the recurrence of parasites. Efforts are, therefore, necessary for institutions to have animal facilities in accordance with the legislation and practice optimal methodologies. The measures proposed in this article can contribute to change the panorama of parasites in the national animal facilities, aiming to safeguard the quality of scientific data and animal welfare.

Ratos e camundongos são os modelos experimentais mais utilizados em pesquisa. Globalmente, as instalações de animais estão sujeitas a surtos de parasitas. No Brasil, o perfil parasitológico é utilizado para refletir a condição sanitária dos animais de laboratório e deve ser monitorado frequentemente. O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver uma revisão integrativa de estudos científicos sobre o perfil parasitológico de ratos e camundongos em biotérios no Brasil. A revisão identifica as espécies parasitárias mais prevalentes relatadas em biotérios de diferentes regiões geográficas do país, bem como os fatores que contribuem para a perpetuação desses parasitas, e propõe medidas para ajudar a prevenir tais infecções. Com base na questão norteadora "quais endoparasitas e ectoparasitas já foram identificados em colônias de ratos e camundongos em biotérios no Brasil?" e considerando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados 28 estudos publicados entre 1974 e 2021 em quatro bases científicas. Esses estudos abrangeram instalações em 12 estados brasileiros, descrevendo 16 gêneros de parasitas em camundongos e 18 em ratos. A maioria das instalações dos estudos selecionados era do tipo convencional e com poucas barreiras sanitárias, e essas condições podem favorecer a recorrência de parasitas. Portanto, esforços são necessários para que as instituições tenham biotérios de acordo com a legislação e pratiquem metodologias otimizadas. As medidas propostas neste artigo podem contribuir para mudar o panorama das parasitoses nos biotérios nacionais, visando salvaguardar a qualidade dos dados científicos e o bem-estar animal.

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The reproducibility crisis in biomedical research, which involves the use of laboratory animals in preclinical testing, has increasingly sought new alternatives and solutions. Thus, the quality of animals used in scientific research is crucial to ensure the reliability and replicability of the results obtained. The sanitation monitoring program is essential for identifying and controlling the presence of pathogens in the colony and environment, ensuring efficient control of sanitary barriers' conditions and a defined sanitary status. Considering that laboratory animals can be asymptomatic carriers of pathogens, the combination of sanitation monitoring with the identification of clinical signs is crucial for assessing the animals' health condition. The objective of this work is to provide a compilation of information on the main pathogenic and opportunistic agents that affect laboratory animals, mice, and rats, with emphasis on the development of specific technical sheets, which will contribute to all professionals involved in animal experimentation.

A crise da reprodutibilidade na pesquisa biomédica e que envolve o uso de animais de laboratório em testes pré-clínicos, tem cada dia mais, buscado por novas alternativas e soluções. Desta forma, a qualidade dos animais utilizados em pesquisas científicas é fundamental para garantir a confiabilidade e a replicabilidade dos resultados obtidos. O programa de monitoramento sanitário é essencial para identificar e controlar a presença de agentes patogênicos na colônia e no ambiente, garantindo um controle eficiente das condições das barreiras sanitárias e um status sanitário definido. Considerando que os animais de laboratório podem ser portadores assintomáticos de patógenos, a combinação do monitoramento sanitário com a identificação de sinais clínicos é crucial para avaliar a condição de saúde dos animais. O objetivo deste trabalho é trazer um compilado de informações sobre os principais agentes patogênicos e oportunistas que acometem os animais de laboratório, camundongos e ratos, com ênfase na elaboração de fichas técnicas específicas, que contribuirão com todos os profissionais envolvidos com a experimentação animal.

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Certified laboratory animals in terms of health and genetic conditions are essential for obtaining reproducible and universal experimental results. In laboratory animal facilities, animals are housed under protective sanitary barriers designed to exclude and prevent the entry of infectious and microbial agents, thus ensuring not only an adequate and defined sanitary standard, but also animal welfare. Environment monitoring of an animal facility aims to assess the effiectiveness of adopted procedures for cleaning and disinfecting, air system quality and good management practices. In this work, petri dishes of nutrient agar were used, exposed in different locations in the room, and the results presented as “colony forming units - CFU after the exposure period, were used to validate and certify the processes used in the evaluated area. Environmental monitoring is extremely important in animal facilities as it is part of a comprehensive monitoring program and is useful for alerting professionals about the need to improve procedures and revise Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). All of these elements contribute to produce quality animals that meet the needs of biomedical research and regulatory agencies.

RESUMO

As the primary decision-maker about the health, nutrition, and well-being of their horses, owners' knowledge of correct management practices and clinical changes can potentially affect the immediate health of their horses, in addition to having an impact on the prevention of disease spread in the herd. The adoption of management practices to prevent the introduction and spread of pathogens depends on various factors, including demographics, awareness of the problem, perceived responsibility, previously held beliefs, and sociocultural norms. This study aimed to evaluate the health management practices and the level of knowledge about infectious diseases of equine owners in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted by distributing a questionnaire to horse owners in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The participants included horse owners irrespective of the duration of ownership, experience, or sports practiced. In addition to the hygiene and management of animals, the questionnaire addressed topics related to the facilities where the horses were kept. Three hundred and two horse owners distributed in 60 of the 167 municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Norte participated in this study. Among the interviewed owners, 63.90% (193/302) answered that they do not quarantine animals introduced into the herd or those visiting the property. Regarding the deworming program, 95.03% (287/302) of the owners regularly dewormed their animals. However, more than half of the participants sought veterinary guidance (54.30%). Investing in educational programs and increasing the awareness of equine owners in the state of Rio Grande do Norte about the main infectious diseases in horses is essential toward improving sanitary management and the general health of animals. Informed owners play an essential role in creating safer environments for their horses, thereby contributing to the sustainability of the equine industry.

Como principal tomador de decisão sobre a saúde, nutrição e bem-estar de seus cavalos, o conhecimento dos proprietários sobre práticas corretas de manejo e mudanças clínicas pode potencialmente afetar a saúde imediata de seus cavalos, além de ter um impacto na prevenção de propagação das doenças no rebanho. A adoção de práticas de manejo para prevenir a introdução e disseminação de patógenos depende de uma variedade de fatores, incluindo dados demográficos, consciência do problema, responsabilidade percebida, crenças anteriores e normas socioculturais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as práticas de manejo da saúde e o nível de conhecimento sobre doenças infecciosas de proprietários de equinos no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil Brasil. As amostras incluíram proprietários de cavalos, independentemente da duração da posse, experiência ou esporte praticado. O questionário abordou temas relacionados às instalações onde os cavalos eram mantidos, além do manejo higiênico-sanitário dos animais. Participaram do estudo 302 proprietários de cavalos distribuídos em 60 dos 167 municípios do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Dentre os proprietários entrevistados, 63,90% (193/302) responderam que não colocam em quarentena os animais introduzidos no rebanho ou que estão visitando a propriedade. Em relação ao programa de desverminação, 95,03% (287/302) proprietários administravam vermifugação regularmente aos seus animais. No entanto, pouco mais da metade procura orientação veterinária (54,30%). Investir em programas de educação e conscientização dos proprietários de equinos do estado do Rio Grande do Norte sobre as principais doenças infecciosas em equinos é fundamental para melhorar o manejo sanitário e a saúde geral dos animais. Proprietários informados desempenham um papel essencial na criação de ambientes mais seguros para os cavalos, contribuindo para a sustentabilidade da indústria equina como um todo.

RESUMO

Los alimentos expendidos en la vía pública constituyen una fuente de ingreso para familias en países en vías de desarrollo, sin embargo, pueden ser fuentes potenciales de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. En Riobamba-Ecuador entre los alimentos de mayor consumo en la vía pública está el plato típico "ceviche de chochos (Lupinus mutabilis)", nutritivo, sensorialmente agradable y con precio accesible. Este estudio evaluó la calidad microbiológica y condiciones sanitarias de 10 puestos de venta. Se realizó el análisis microbiológico a 100 muestras correspondientes a: ceviche e ingredientes por separado (jugo de tomate, chochos desamargados, piel cocida de cerdo y cebollas). Estas muestras se tomaron en dos días diferentes y se cuantificó aerobios mesófilos, enterobacterias y Staphyloccocus aureus. Las condiciones sanitarias de los puestos de venta fueron evaluadas mediante una lista de verificación que incluyó los siguientes parámetros: diseño, ubicación, manipulador, preparación, transporte, comercialización y saneamiento. Los resultados revelan que todas las muestras estaban contaminadas con enterobacterias y S. aureus, 80% presentaban aerobios mesófilos > 6 log10 UFC/g, siendo el ingrediente chocho desamargado, el que aportó mayor carga microbiana en 6 de los 10 puestos de venta. Los resultados de la lista de verificación muestran que las principales deficiencias son: la no utilización de agua potable circulante y la manipulación de manera conjunta de los alimentos y el dinero. En conclusión, existe gran fluctuación del cumplimiento de cada parámetro dentro de las Prácticas Correctas de Higiene por puesto de venta, creando focos o entradas de contaminantes, que se evidencia en los altos recuentos de microorganismos indicadores de calidad sanitaria en el producto final.

Street food constitutes a source of income for several families in the world, mainly in developing countries and emerging economies; however, it can be a potential source of foodborne diseases. In Riobamba-Ecuador, among the most consumed food streets is the typical dish "ceviche de chochos (Lupinus mutabilis) ", a nutritious and pleasant sensory dish at an affordable price. In this study, the microbiological load and sanitary conditions of 10 lupine ceviche stalls were evaluated. Samples of ceviche and its ingredients (tomato juice, debited lupins, pork skin, and onions). These samples (n= 100) were taken on two different days and analysed to quantify mesophilic aerobes, enterobacteria, and S. aureus. The sanitary conditions of the stalls were analysed using a check list consisting of sections focused on design, location, handler, preparation, transportation, marketing and sanitation. The results show that 100% of the samples were contaminated with enterobacteria and S. aureus, 80% of these had mesophilic aerobics > 6 log CFU / g, and the debittered lupin ingredient is the one that provides the highest microbial load in 6 of the 10 stalls evaluated. The results of the check list showed that the main deficiencies are the non-use of circulating drinking water and the joint manipulation of food and money. In conclusion, there is a great fluctuation in the compliance of the Good Hygiene Practises parameters in each street food stall. It causes multiple foci or entrances of contaminants, which is evidenced in the high counts of microorganisms that are indicators of sanitary quality in the final product.

RESUMO

La triquinosis es una zoonosis que afecta a los animales y al hombre, y es ocasionada por la ingestión de la larva Trichinella spiralis que habita en el músculo de los animales hospedadores y, tras ser ingerida por el hombre, pasa a la pared intestinal de éste donde se multiplica y sus embriones emigran a los músculos. De 1990 a 1999 se reportaron 5.217 casos y en otro posterior de 2014 a 2018 fueron 5.211 casos. Con un promedio anual de 579 casos y de 1302 casos. Como resultado del cambio climático, la triquinosis se traslada de climas fríos a templados, lo que la torna una enfermedad emergente. El cuadro clínico puede presentarse en forma benigna o aguda, y su evolución abarca un período de un año; en ocasiones provoca la muerte por complicaciones. El hombre es responsable de la crianza, la alimentación y el control sanitario del cerdo y de sus productos para consumo. Consideramos a esta zoonosis, un indicador del desarrollo de los pueblos. Con educación, cambios de conducta y cumplimiento de las normas sanitarias, se actuará en beneficio de la salud y el bienestar de la población. (AU)

Trichinosis is a zoonosis that affects animals and humans. It is caused by the ingestion of a larva called Trichinella spiralis which lives in the muscle of host animals. After being ingested by humans, the larva passes to the intestinal wall where it multiplies, and its embryos migrate to the muscles. From 1990 to 1999, 5.217 cases were reported, and in a later period from 2014 to 2018, there were 5.211 cases. With an annual average of 579 cases and 1.302 cases, respectively. As a result of climate change, trichinosis moves from cold to temperate climates making it an emerging disease. The clinical presentation can range from benign to acute, with an evolution period of 1 year; and sometimes it causes death due to complications. Humans are responsible for raising, feeding, and ensuring sanitary control of pigs and their products for consumption. We consider this zoonosis an indicator of the development of communities. Through education, behavioral changes, and compliance with sanitary regulations, actions can be taken to promote the health and welfare of the population. (AU)

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RESUMO

An integral sampling methodology was applied to the sewerage network of Bogotá by inspecting wells that carry sanitary water from institutions that use 131I in nuclear medicine treatments to determine the areas of the city with activity of this radioisotope, which may reach the Salitre wastewater treatment plant and are subsequently discharged into the Bogotá river. The areas evaluated included the location of authorized institutions that use 131I in nuclear medicine and their patients. A total of 13 wells were sampled in the city, each with three samples, and the characterization of the samples was performed using the technique of high-resolution gamma spectrometry with Ge-HP detector and covered the relevant aspects that must be considered to make a complete characterization of the presence of the isotope studied. Among these factors are the season of the year with precipitation, pipe flow, location of the nuclear medicine facilities, existence of decay systems, number of rooms for treatment with 131I and water trajectory through the sewage system. Based on the results obtained, it was possible to identify potential sources of radioisotope 131I that are exceeding the discharge limits established by Colombian regulations (i.e., 19 Bq/L at the discharge point). From the 13 wells sampled, radioisotope 131I was detected in 11 of them. From the assessed wells, 3 were connected to facilities in which activity was found to be above the discharges limit allowed in Colombia for the sanitary sewer. This research complements the study on traceability of 131I in Bogotá-Colombia that begins with its importation by radiopharmacies who distribute it to hospital patients and outpatients, continuing its trajectory through management systems or homes to the sewage system of Bogotá, field that had not been studied. It allows inferring the degree of compliance with Colombian regulations and serves as a basis for evaluating regulatory changes in the levels of 131I dispensing in water networks. Further studies are required to assess the potential impacts of these materials on the local population.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia de la implementación del Consultorio de Atención Inmediata como estrategia de gestión de calidad en el Servicio de Emergencia de un hospital público de Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico, cuasi experimental de antes y después, con grupos diferentes, que se realizó en 338 usuarios externos atendidos en el Servicio de Emergencia del Hospital María Auxiliadora. Se evaluó el tiempo de espera antes y después de la implementación del Consultorio de Atención Inmediata, así como la satisfacción a través del cuestionario SERVQUAL modificado -validado y recomendado por el Ministerio de Salud (Minsa) y aplicado en el grupo de posimplementación-, además de su relación con el tiempo de espera obtenido. El análisis se realizó a través del software de IBM SPSS S25.0 mediante medidas de frecuencias y porcentajes, diferencia de medias en grupos distintos con el test de Levene y la medida no paramétrica del coeficiente de correlación de Spearman con un nivel de significancia p < 0,05. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron predominio del sexo femenino (60,95 %), en el rango de edad de 14 a 29 años (24,56 %), en la prioridad IV (67,16 %); el tiempo de espera para la atención tuvo una media de 17,70 previo a la implementación y una media de 4,27 posterior a esta, por lo tanto, hubo una diferencia significativa después de la estrategia de gestión (p < 0,00). La satisfacción del Consultorio de Atención Inmediata se obtuvo en el 56,21 % de los usuarios externos, con énfasis en la dimensión empatía (76,33 %) y capacidad de respuesta (69,23 %), mientras que la dimensión con menor satisfacción fue la fiabilidad (48,52 %), además de obtener una correlación significativa inversa entre el tiempo de espera y la satisfacción (p < 0,01 y rho: -0,39). Conclusiones: La implementación del Consultorio de Atención Inmediata en el Servicio de Emergencia fue eficaz; en consecuencia, el tiempo de espera disminuyó, lo cual, a su vez, generó satisfacción en el usuario externo.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the implementation of the Immediate Care Office as a quality management strategy at the Emergency Service of a public hospital in Lima, Peru. Materials and methods: An analytical, quasi-experimental, before-and-after study conducted with 338 outpatients from different groups treated at the Emergency Service of Hospital María Auxiliadora. Before and after the implementation of the Immediate Care Office, waiting time, satisfaction-assessed through the modified SERVQUAL questionnaire, which was validated and recommended by the Ministry of Health and administered to the postimplementation group-as well as the relationship between satisfaction and waiting time were evaluated. The analysis was performed using IBM SPSS statistics V25.0, frequencies and percentages, the mean difference of both groups obtained through the Levene's test, and the nonparametric measurement of the Spearman's correlation coefficient with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The results showed a predominance of the female sex (60.95 %), the 14-to-29-year age range (24.56 %) and the Emergency Severity Index level IV (67.16 %). The average waiting time accounted for 17.70 and 4.27 before and after the office implementation, respectively. Therefore, there was a significant difference after the management strategy (p < 0.00). Out of all outpatients, 56.21 % were satisfied with the implementation of the Immediate Care Office, mainly with the empathy (76.33 %) and responsiveness (69.23 %) dimensions, while reliability was the dimension with the lowest satisfaction score (48.52 %). Additionally, there was a significant inverse correlation between waiting time and satisfaction (p < 0.01 and rho: -0.39). Conclusions: The implementation of the Immediate Care Office at the Emergency Service was effective since it reduced the waiting time, which in turn brought satisfaction to the outpatients.