RESUMO
Bacterial communities associated with sponges are influenced by environmental factors; however, some degree of genetic influence of the host on the microbiome is also expected. In this work, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed diverse bacterial phylotypes based on the phylogenies of three tropical sponges (Aplysina fulva, Aiolochroia crassa and Chondrosia collectrix). Despite their sympatric occurrence, the studied sponges presented different bacterial compositions that differed from those observed in seawater. However, lower dissimilarities in bacterial communities were observed within sponges from the same phylogenetic group. The relationships between operational taxonomic units (OTUs) recovered from the sponges and database sequences revealed associations among sequences from unrelated sponge species and sequences retrieved from diverse environmental samples. In addition, one Proteobacteria OTU retrieved from A. fulva was identical to sequences previously reported from A. fulva specimens collected along the Brazilian coast. Based on these results, we conclude that bacterial communities associated with marine sponges are shaped by host identity, while environmental conditions seem to be less important in shaping symbiont communities. This is the first study to assess bacterial communities associated with marine sponges in the remote St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago using amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene.
Assuntos
Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Biodiversidade , Poríferos/classificação , Poríferos/microbiologia , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Brasil , Ecossistema , Meio Ambiente , Filogenia , Água do Mar/microbiologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodosRESUMO
The taxonomic position of a novel marine actinomycete isolated from a marine sponge, Aplysina fulva, which had been collected in the Archipelago of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (Equatorial Atlantic Ocean), was determined by using a polyphasic approach. The organism showed a combination of morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus Streptomyces and forms a distinct branch within the Streptomyces somaliensis 16S rRNA gene tree subclade. It is closely related to Streptomyces violascens ISP 5183T (97.27 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Streptomyces hydrogenans NBRC 13475T (97.15 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The 16S rRNA gene similarities between the isolate and the remaining members of the subclade are lower than 96.77 %. The organism can be distinguished readily from other members of the S. violacens subclade using a combination of phenotypic properties. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that isolate 103T (=NRRL B-65309T = CMAA 1378T) merits recognition as the type strain of a new Streptomyces species, namely Streptomyces atlanticus sp. nov.
Assuntos
Poríferos/microbiologia , Streptomyces/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Tipagem Molecular , Filogenia , RNA Bacteriano , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Streptomyces/classificaçãoRESUMO
Sea anemone venoms have become a rich source of peptide toxins which are invaluable tools for studying the structure and functions of ion channels. In this work, BcsTx3, a toxin found in the venom of a Bunodosoma caissarum (population captured at the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Brazil) was purified and biochemically and pharmacologically characterized. The pharmacological effects were studied on 12 different subtypes of voltage-gated potassium channels (K(V)1.1-K(V)1.6; K(V)2.1; K(V)3.1; K(V)4.2; K(V)4.3; hERG and Shaker IR) and three cloned voltage-gated sodium channel isoforms (Na(V)1.2, Na(V)1.4 and BgNa(V)1.1) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. BcsTx3 shows a high affinity for Drosophila Shaker IR channels over rKv1.2, hKv1.3 and rKv1.6, and is not active on NaV channels. Biochemical characterization reveals that BcsTx3 is a 50 amino acid peptide crosslinked by four disulfide bridges, and sequence comparison allowed BcsTx3 to be classified as a novel type of sea anemone toxin acting on K(V) channels. Moreover, putative toxins homologous to BcsTx3 from two additional actiniarian species suggest an ancient origin of this newly discovered toxin family.
Assuntos
Venenos de Cnidários/farmacologia , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Potássio/farmacologia , Canais de Potássio de Abertura Dependente da Tensão da Membrana/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , EletrofisiologiaRESUMO
The Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago in the central tropical Atlantic, is an important ground of whale sharks that are commonly sighted throughout the year close to the fishing boats in the adjacencies of the islands. In sightings reported between February 2000 and November 2005, the lengths of the individuals ranged between 1.8 to 14.0 m. The causes of these concentrations in the archipelago are still unclear, once there are no upwellings and plankton concentrations for feeding, and no reproductive activities were reported. Nevertheless, they could be associated to the spawning period of the abundant flying fishes, mainly in the first semester, when sightings were more frequent.
O Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo situado na área central tropical do Atlântico, é um importante local de concentração de tubarões-baleia, que são vistos ao longo de todo ano, próximos às embarcações de pesca nas adjacências das ilhas. Em avistagens registradas entre fevereiro de 2000 e novembro de 2005, os comprimentos dos indivíduos variaram entre 1,8 e 14 m. As causas destas concentrações no arquipélago ainda não são claras, uma vez que não há há ressurgências e grandes concentrações de plâncton no arquipélago, e também não foram observadas atividades reprodutivas. No entanto, podem estar associadas ao período de desova dos peixes-voadores, marcadamente no primeiro semestre, quando as aparições são mais freqüentes.
Assuntos
Animais , Tubarões/classificação , Brasil , Dinâmica Populacional , Estações do Ano , Tubarões/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
The Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago in the central tropical Atlantic, is an important ground of whale sharks that are commonly sighted throughout the year close to the fishing boats in the adjacencies of the islands. In sightings reported between February 2000 and November 2005, the lengths of the individuals ranged between 1.8 to 14.0 m. The causes of these concentrations in the archipelago are still unclear, once there are no upwellings and plankton concentrations for feeding, and no reproductive activities were reported. Nevertheless, they could be associated to the spawning period of the abundant flying fishes, mainly in the first semester, when sightings were more frequent.
O Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo situado na área central tropical do Atlântico, é um importante local de concentração de tubarões-baleia, que são vistos ao longo de todo ano, próximos às embarcações de pesca nas adjacências das ilhas. Em avistagens registradas entre fevereiro de 2000 e novembro de 2005, os comprimentos dos indivíduos variaram entre 1,8 e 14 m. As causas destas concentrações no arquipélago ainda não são claras, uma vez que não há há ressurgências e grandes concentrações de plâncton no arquipélago, e também não foram observadas atividades reprodutivas. No entanto, podem estar associadas ao período de desova dos peixes-voadores, marcadamente no primeiro semestre, quando as aparições são mais freqüentes.