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Avian influenza (AI) is a serious threat to the poultry industry worldwide. Currently, vaccination efforts are based on inactivated, live attenuated, and recombinant vaccines, where the principal focus is on the type of virus hemagglutinin (HA), and the proposed use of recombinant proteins of AI virus (AIV). The use of antigens produced in microalgae is a novel strategy for the induction of an immune response in the mucosal tissue. The capacity of the immune system in poultry, particularly in mucosa, plays an important role in the defense against pathogens. This system depends on a complex relationship between specialized cells and soluble factors, which confer protection against pathogens. Primary lymphoid organs (PLO), as well as lymphocytic aggregates (LA) such as the Harderian gland (HG) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), actively participate in a local immune response which is mainly secretory IgA (S-IgA). This study demonstrates the usefulness of subunit antigens for the induction of a local and systemic immune response in poultry via ocular application. These findings suggest that a complex protein such as HAr from AIV (H5N2) can successfully induce increased local production of S-IgA and a specific systemic immune response in chickens.

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Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium found on the luminal surface of the gastric mucosa in at least 50% of the world's human population. The protective effect of breastfeeding against H. pylori infection has been extensively reported; however, the mechanisms behind this protection remain poorly understood. Human IgA from colostrum has reactivity against H. pylori antigens. Despite that IgA1 and IgA2 display structural and functional differences, their reactivity against H. pylori had not been previously determined. We attested titers and reactivity of human colostrum-IgA subclasses by ELISA, immunoblot, and flow cytometry. Colostrum samples from healthy mothers had higher titers of IgA; and IgA1 mostly recognized H. pylori antigens. Moreover, we found a correlation between IgA1 reactivity and their neutralizing effect determined by inhibition of cytoskeletal changes in AGS cells infected with H. pylori. In conclusion, colostrum-IgA reduces H. pylori infection of epithelial gastric cells, suggesting an important role in preventing the bacteria establishment during the first months of life. As a whole, these results suggest that IgA1 from human colostrum provides protection that may help in the development of the mucosal immune system of newborn children.

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BACKGROUND: The Bagé Cohort Study of Ageing is a population-based cohort study that has recently completed the first follow-up of a representative sample of older adults from Bagé, a city with more than 100,000 inhabitants located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This is one of the first longitudinal studies to assess the impact of primary health care coverage on health conditions and inequalities. Our aim is to investigate the prevalence, incidence and trends of risk factors, health behaviours, social relationships, non-communicable diseases, geriatric diseases and disorders, hospitalisation, self-perceived health, and all-cause and specific-cause mortality. In addition, we aim to evaluate socioeconomic and health inequalities and the impact of primary health care on the outcomes under study. METHODS/DESIGN: The study covers participants aged 60 or over, selected by probabilistic (representative) sampling of the urban area of the city of Bagé, which is covered by Primary Health Care Services. The baseline examination included 1593 older adults and was conducted from July 2008 to November 2008. After eight to nine years (2016/2017), the first follow-up was conducted from September 2016 to August 2017. All participants underwent an extensive core assessment programme including structured interviews, questionnaires, cognitive testing (baseline and follow-up), physical examinations and anthropometric measurements (follow-up). RESULTS: Of the original participants, 1395 (87.6%) were located for follow-up: 757 elderly individuals (47.5%) were re-interviewed, but losses in data transfer occurred for 22. The remaining 638 (40.1%) had died. In addition, we had 81 (5.1%) refusals and 117 (7.3%) losses. Among the 1373 older adults who were followed down, there was a higher proportion of female interviewees (p=0.042) and a higher proportion of male deaths (p=0.001) in 2016/2017. There were no differences in losses and refusals according to gender (p=0.102). There was a difference in average age between the interviewees (68.8 years; SD ±6.5) and non-interviewees (73.2 years; SD ±9.0) (p<0.001). Data are available at the Department of Social Medicine in Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for any collaboration.

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OBJECTIVE: The evidence shows that previous infection with enteric pathogens is a requirement to develop pSpA. Based on our previous results, variances on regulation of SIgA might influence SpA activity; thus, the aim of this study was to correlate the levels of SIgA, IgA against some enteric bacteria, and IL-17, IL-21, and IL-6 with clinical features in a group of SpA patients. METHODS: Twenty-six pSpA, 20 nr-axSpA, 60 healthy volunteers (HV), and 34 patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) were included. All subjects were assessed to measure SIgA, total and specific IgA for enteric bacteria, and IL-17, IL-21, and IL-6 levels and clinical variables. For SpA patients, the diagnosis was verified 5 years after first evaluation to assess the risk of developing r-axSpA. RESULTS: SIgA levels were significantly higher in SpA patients than in HV and IBD (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.047, respectively). However, no differences for SIgA neither total IgA were found among the SpA subtypes (p = 0.624). Only IL-6 was higher in SpA than HV (p = 0.013). An inverse correlation was demonstrated for SIgA and BASFI (r: - 0.45; p = 0.003), BASDAI (r: - 0.39; p = 0.0123), ASDAS-CRP (r: - 0.37; p = 0.014), and ASDAS-ESR (r: - 0.45; p = 0.0021). There was no evidence of risk of developing r-axSpA in patients who previously showed high levels of serum antibodies. CONCLUSION: The results show that pSpA as well as nr-axSpA share a similar SIgA-intestinal involvement independently of a previous infection. This suggests that serum SIgA increases are evidence of subclinical intestinal compromise which could have influence on disease activity but not in this progression. Key Point • The levels of SIgA, IgA against some enteric bacteria, and IL-17, IL-21, and IL-6 are correlated with clinical features in a group of SpA patients.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance has been reported in the drugs used for the treatment of typhoid fever. The immunomodulatory substance β-glucan can be used as an alternative therapy as it potentiates host immunity. The aims of this study are to observe the effect of Candida albicans cell wall (CCW) extract towards host immunity (TCD8+ and TCD4+ cells in spleen, intestinal sIgA) and its capacity to kill Salmonella in the intestine and liver of typhoid fever mice models. METHODS: Typhoid fever mice models were created by infecting mice with S. Typhimurium orally. Mice were divided into four groups: the Non-Infected, Infected, CCW (infected mice treated with 300 µg CCW extract/mouse once a day), and Ciprofloxacin groups (infected mice treated with 15 mg/kg BW ciprofloxacin twice a day). RESULTS: Secretory IgA (sIgA) concentrations of mice in the CCW group remained unchanged. However, their TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells increased substantially compared to those in the Non-Infected group. In the Ciprofloxacin group, sIgA concentrations increased markedly compared to those in the Non-Infected and CCW groups; TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells also increased significantly compared to those in the Infected Group, but not significant compared to those in the CCW group. Colonization of S. Typhimurium in the intestine and liver decreased significantly in the CCW and Ciprofloxacin groups compared to that in the Infected group, with the lowest reduction being found in the Ciprofloxacin group. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition of S. Typhimurium colonization by CCW is associated with the increase in TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells.

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Colonic effects of extruded whole-grain sorghum diets were evaluated using a model of growing rats. In all, twenty-four male Wistar rats were fed control (C), extruded white sorghum (EWS) or red sorghum (ERS). Consumption of sorghum diets showed satiety properties, with reduction of caecal pH, and lower activity of ß-glucosidase and ß-glucuronidase enzymes. Decreased copper zinc superoxide dismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase and increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels were observed in colonic mucosa. The induction of antioxidant enzymes occurred through the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 protein and its subsequent translocation into the nucleus. ERS was able to decrease the proliferation of proximal mucosa of colon, demonstrating a possible effect against colorectal tumourigenesis. EWS increased proliferation and also apoptosis, ensuring the re-establishment of homoeostasis of the colonic mucosa. No antioxidant systemic effect (serum or hepatic level) was observed. It is likely that despite the extrusion the low bioavailability of the phenolic compounds of sorghum diets caused them to exert mainly acute effects at the colon level. Extruded whole-grain sorghum is a good functional ingredient that might be promising in dietary prevention of intestinal diseases.

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Predictive models of Asian soybean rust have been described by researchers to estimate favorable responses to epidemics. The prediction strategies are based on weather data obtained during period when initial symptoms of the disease are observed. Therefore, this study will evaluate the application of two prediction models of Asian soybean rust, and compare the results from two harvest seasons. The experiments were carried out during the 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons in Londrina, PR. SIGA spore traps were installed to monitor the presence of Phakopsora pachyrhizi uredospores, and Electronic trees, to collect data on weather variables. Following the detection of the first urediniospores, incidence and disease severity were assessed and compared with the predictions made by the models. The model described by Reis et al. (2004) did not indicate conditions favorable for the development of the first rust lesions following the detection of the first urediniospores during the 2011/2012 season. The premonitory symptoms of rust in the first and second harvest seasons were observed only when the model of Reis et al. (2004) indicated SDVPI close to 15 units. The model of Del Ponte et al. (2006b) overestimated the final rust severity during the two seasons.(AU)

Modelos de previsão da ferrugem asiática da soja foram descritos por pesquisadores para estimar a favorabilidade climática para a ocorrência de epidemias. As estratégias de previsão estão fundamentadas em dados meteorológicos, a partir dos sintomas iniciais da doença. Portanto, objetivou-se aplicar dois modelos de previsão da ferrugem asiática da soja, e comparar com os resultados de duas safras agrícolas. A condução dos experimentos ocorreu nas safras 2011/2012 e 2012/2013 no município de Londrina, PR. Foram instalados Coletores de esporos SIGA para monitorar a presença de uredósporos de P. pachyrhizi, e Árvores Eletrônicas de Molhamento para coletar dados das variáveis meteorológicas. A partir da detecção dos primeiros uredósporos foram realizadas avaliações da incidência e da severidade da ferrugem, para comparar com as previsões feitas pelos modelos. O modelo de Reis et al. (2004) não indicou condições para o desenvolvimento das primeiras lesões da ferrugem após a chegada dos primeiros uredósporos na safra 2011/2012. Os primeiros sintomas da ferrugem na primeira e na segunda safra foram constatados apenas quando o modelo de Reis et al. (2004) indicou SVDPI próximo a 15 unidades. O modelo de Del Ponte et al. (2006b) superestimou a severidade final da ferrugem-asiática nas duas safras.(AU)

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Predictive models of Asian soybean rust have been described by researchers to estimate favorable responses to epidemics. The prediction strategies are based on weather data obtained during period when initial symptoms of the disease are observed. Therefore, this study will evaluate the application of two prediction models of Asian soybean rust, and compare the results from two harvest seasons. The experiments were carried out during the 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons in Londrina, PR. SIGA spore traps were installed to monitor the presence of Phakopsora pachyrhizi uredospores, and Electronic trees, to collect data on weather variables. Following the detection of the first urediniospores, incidence and disease severity were assessed and compared with the predictions made by the models. The model described by Reis et al. (2004) did not indicate conditions favorable for the development of the first rust lesions following the detection of the first urediniospores during the 2011/2012 season. The premonitory symptoms of rust in the first and second harvest seasons were observed only when the model of Reis et al. (2004) indicated SDVPI close to 15 units. The model of Del Ponte et al. (2006b) overestimated the final rust severity during the two seasons.

Modelos de previsão da ferrugem asiática da soja foram descritos por pesquisadores para estimar a favorabilidade climática para a ocorrência de epidemias. As estratégias de previsão estão fundamentadas em dados meteorológicos, a partir dos sintomas iniciais da doença. Portanto, objetivou-se aplicar dois modelos de previsão da ferrugem asiática da soja, e comparar com os resultados de duas safras agrícolas. A condução dos experimentos ocorreu nas safras 2011/2012 e 2012/2013 no município de Londrina, PR. Foram instalados Coletores de esporos SIGA para monitorar a presença de uredósporos de P. pachyrhizi, e Árvores Eletrônicas de Molhamento para coletar dados das variáveis meteorológicas. A partir da detecção dos primeiros uredósporos foram realizadas avaliações da incidência e da severidade da ferrugem, para comparar com as previsões feitas pelos modelos. O modelo de Reis et al. (2004) não indicou condições para o desenvolvimento das primeiras lesões da ferrugem após a chegada dos primeiros uredósporos na safra 2011/2012. Os primeiros sintomas da ferrugem na primeira e na segunda safra foram constatados apenas quando o modelo de Reis et al. (2004) indicou SVDPI próximo a 15 unidades. O modelo de Del Ponte et al. (2006b) superestimou a severidade final da ferrugem-asiática nas duas safras.

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Sigma factors are RNA polymerase subunits engaged in promoter recognition and DNA strand separation during transcription initiation in bacteria. Primary sigma factors are responsible for the expression of housekeeping genes and are essential for survival. RpoD, the primary sigma factor of Escherichia coli, a γ-proteobacteria, recognizes consensus promoter sequences highly similar to those of some α-proteobacteria species. Despite this resemblance, RpoD is unable to sustain transcription from most of the α-proteobacterial promoters tested so far. In contrast, we have found that SigA, the primary sigma factor of Rhizobium etli, an α-proteobacteria, is able to transcribe E. coli promoters, although it exhibits only 48% identity (98% coverage) to RpoD. We have called this the transcriptional laxity phenomenon. Here, we show that SigA partially complements the thermo-sensitive deficiency of RpoD285 from E. coli strain UQ285 and that the SigA region σ4 is responsible for this phenotype. Sixteen out of 74 residues (21.6%) within region σ4 are variable between RpoD and SigA. Mutating these residues significantly improves SigA ability to complement E. coli UQ285. Only six of these residues fall into positions already known to interact with promoter DNA and to comprise a helix-turn-helix motif. The remaining variable positions are located on previously unexplored sites inside region σ4, specifically into the first two α-helices of the region. Neither of the variable positions confined to these helices seem to interact directly with promoter sequence; instead, we adduce that these residues participate allosterically by contributing to correct region folding and/or positioning of the HTH motif. We propose that transcriptional laxity is a mechanism for ensuring transcription in spite of naturally occurring mutations from endogenous promoters and/or horizontally transferred DNA sequences, allowing survival and fast environmental adaptation of α-proteobacteria.

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ABSTRACT Young swimmers are particularly susceptible to the onset of oral diseases. Objective To evaluate the oral health status in young competitive and non-competitive swimmers, involving an assessment of salivary cariogenic bacteria and secretory IgA (S-IgA) concentration. Material and Methods Before training sessions (T1), 54 competitive and 69 non-competitive swimmers had the following parameters assessed: decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT), Plaque Index (PlI), and Gingival Index (GI). At T1 and after training sessions (T2), stimulated saliva was collected and microbiological and immunological analyses were performed. Results Competitive swimmers trained 2.02±0.09 hours 5 times a week, while non-competitive swimmers trained 2.03±0.18 hours a week. A total of 14.7% of competitive swimmers suffered dental trauma related to sports. Only 11.76% of the competitive swimmers took a daily dose of fluoride, against 32.65% of non-competitive swimmers (p=0.029). Neither group followed an established diet or presented statistically significant differences in terms of nutritional supplement drink and chocolate intake. There were statistically significant differences in terms of oral hygiene. No significant difference in clinical indexes (DMFT, PlI, and GI) was present. S. mutans was harbored by 18.6% of competitive and the 32.2% of non-competitive swimmers. S. sobrinus was detected in 22.03% of competitive and 91.6% of non-competitive swimmers (p<0.05). S. sanguinis was found only in the saliva of competitive swimmers. The average S-IgA of competitive swimmers decreased significantly at T2 (p<0.05). The pool water had a daily average pH of 7.22. Conclusions Microbial markers, immune status and sporting characteristics are important for establishing guidelines for management of training load in order to minimize physical stress and the risk of oral infection.

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PURPOSE: Clinical and epidemiological studies have indicated that breastfeeding has a protective effect on breast cancer risk. Protein-based drugs, including antibodies, are being developed to attain better forms of cancer therapy. Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the antibody class in human breast milk, and its activity can be linked to the protective effect of breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) microspheres with adsorbed SIgA on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. METHODS: The PEG microspheres were characterized by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The MCF-7 cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection. MCF-7 cells were pre-incubated for 24 hours with or without SIgA (100 ng/mL), PEG microspheres or SIgA adsorbed in PEG microspheres (100 ng/mL). Viability, intracellular calcium release, and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analyses revealed that SIgA was able to adsorb to the PEG microspheres. The MCF-7 cells that were incubated with PEG microspheres with adsorbed SIgA showed decreased viability. MCF-7 cells that were incubated with SIgA or PEG microspheres with adsorbed SIgA had increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels. In the presence of SIgA, an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells was observed. The highest apoptosis index was observed when the cells were treated with PEG microspheres with adsorbed SIgA. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that colostral SIgA adsorbed to PEG microspheres has antitumor effects on human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and that the presence of large amounts of this protein in secreted breast milk may provide protection against breast tumors in women who breastfed.

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The purpose of the present study was to examine SIgA responses (concentration [SIgAabs] and a secretion rate [SIgArate]) to official and simulated competitive matches in young soccer players. The sample was composed of 26 male soccer players (age 15.6 ± 1.1 yrs, stature 177.0 ± 6.1 cm, body mass 70.5 ± 5.7 kg). Four soccer matches (two simulated matches [SM] and two official matches [OM]) were conducted. The matches consisted of two halves of 35 min with a 10 min rest interval. Each assessed player participated in only one SM and one OM. All matches were performed in the same week, during the competitive season, and at the same time of the day (9:00 am), separated by 48 h. Saliva samples were collected before and after every match. The session rating of perceived exertion was reported 30 min after each match in order to determine the internal training load (ITL). A significant decrease in SIgAabs and SIgArate after OM was observed when compared to the pre-match value. In addition, the SIgArate was higher at pre-OM when compared to pre-SM. A higher ITL for OM was observed compared to SM. The current findings indicate that OM may lead to a decrease in the main mucosal immunity function parameter of young soccer players that could increase the risk of URTI. Coaches should be aware of it in order to plan appropriate training loads and recovery procedures to avoid or minimize the likelihood of upper respiratory tract infection occurrences.

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El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el perfil de la respuesta inmune según sintomatología intestinal en niños con giardiasis. Se realizó un estudio transversal clínico, inmunológico y parasitológico en 182 escolares (6-7 años) de la región de Barlovento, Estado Miranda. La evaluación clínica fue realizada haciendo énfasis en los síntomas intestinales y evaluación antropométrica. Se realizaron exámenes de heces seriadas. Los niveles de IgA secretora (total y específicos a G. duodenalis) así como los niveles de citocinas fueron determinados mediante ELISA. Los niveles de óxido nítrico usando el método colorimétrico de Griess. Análisis estadístico mediante Med calc Software, Versión 12.4.0. Encontramos que Los niveles plasmáticos de TNF-α y de óxido nítrico (en saliva) fueron más elevados en los niños con síntomas intestinales y giardiasis (P<0.001) mientras que los niveles de TGF-β, IL-10 y los niveles de IgA secretora total y especifica a G. duodenalis fueron más elevados (P<0.0001) en el grupo de asintomáticos. Los niveles de IL-6 fueron más elevados en los niños con giardiasis independientemente de la sintomatología. La co-infeccion con A. lumbricoides se asoció negativamente a la presencia de síntomas intestinales. Los indicadores antropométricos (Talla/edad, peso/Edad y Peso/ Talla) se asociaron positivamente a la presencia de citocinas reguladoras (P<0.005) y niveles de IgA secretora (P<0.0001). Así, Diferencias en el perfil de la respuesta inmune podrían asociarse a síntomas intestinales inducidos por giardiasis. Deficiencias en el estado nutricional se asocian a procesos inflamatorios y a la generación de síntomas mientras que la co-infección con helmintos intestinales favorece la reducción de la sintomatología.

We evaluated the immune profile associated to intestinal symptoms in children with giardiasis. A crosssectional study including clinical, immunological and parasitological aspects in 182 children (6-7 years) from the area of Barlovento, Miranda state, Venezuela was carried out. Clinical evaluation was performed with emphasis on intestinal symptoms and anthropometric parameters were also determined. Serial stool examinations were carried out. Secretory IgA levels (total and specific against G. duodenalis) and cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. Nitric oxide levels were determined using the Griess colorimetric method. Statistical analysis was performed by Med Calc Software, Version 12.4.0. We found that plasma levels of TNF-α and nitric oxide (salivary) were higher in children with intestinal symptoms and giardiasis (P<0.001) while the levels of TGF-β, IL-10 and IgA levels (total and anti-G. duodenalis) were higher (P<0.0001) in the asymptomatic group. The levels of IL-6 were higher in children with giardiasis regardless of symptoms. Coinfection with A. lumbricoides was associated negatively with the presence of intestinal symptoms. Anthropometric indicators (height / age, weight / age and weight / height) were positively associated with the presence of regulatory cytokines (P<0.005) and secretory IgA levels (P<0.0001). Therefore, differences in the immune profile may be associated with intestinal symptoms induced by giardiasis. Co-infection with intestinal helminths helps to reduce symptoms while nutritional deficiencies are associated with inflammatory processes and the generation of symptoms.

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Em agosto de 2005, a Secretaria Municipal da Saúde – SMS SP iniciou o atendimento a 3.000 munícipes em cinco Unidades de Referência para atender a Lei Estadual 10.782/01 e CIB 57/05, que determinavam a disponibilização de insumos para portadores de Diabetes mellitus. A pactuação entre Estado e municípios estabelecia repasse de 75% dos gastos por paciente cadastrado no Sistema de Insumos Estratégicos da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde – SIE SES.Com a publicação da Lei Federal 11.347 de 2006, e da Portaria 2.583 de 2007, as responsabilidades e atribuições dos entes federativos do SUS foram definidas quanto ao atendimento aos portadores de Diabetes mellitus Insulinodependentes, que necessitam de automonitoramento glicêmico, isto é, realizam a verificação de glicemia capilar.O desenvolvimento e implantação do sistema municipal de cadastro para o Automonitoramento Glicêmico – AMG, no Sistema Integrado de Gestão da Assistência à Saúde – SIGA, em 2009, viabilizou avaliações mais abrangentes e a gestão completa dos dados destes portadores de Diabetes mellitus.

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Em agosto de 2005, a Secretaria Municipal da Saúde – SMS SP iniciou o atendimento a 3.000 munícipes em cinco Unidades de Referência para atender a Lei Estadual 10.782/01 e CIB 57/05, que determinavam a disponibilização de insumos para portadores de Diabetes mellitus. A pactuação entre Estado e municípios estabelecia repasse de 75% dos gastos por paciente cadastrado no Sistema de Insumos Estratégicos da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde – SIE SES.Com a publicação da Lei Federal 11.347 de 2006, e da Portaria 2.583 de 2007, as responsabilidades e atribuições dos entes federativos do SUS foram definidas quanto ao atendimento aos portadores de Diabetes mellitus Insulinodependentes, que necessitam de automonitoramento glicêmico, isto é, realizam a verificação de glicemia capilar.O desenvolvimento e implantação do sistema municipal de cadastro para o Automonitoramento Glicêmico – AMG, no Sistema Integrado de Gestão da Assistência à Saúde – SIGA, em 2009, viabilizou avaliações mais abrangentes e a gestão completa dos dados destes portadores de Diabetes mellitus.

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Em agosto de 2005, a Secretaria Municipal da Saúde – SMS SP iniciou o atendimento a 3.000 munícipes em cinco Unidades de Referência para atender a Lei Estadual 10.782/01 e CIB 57/05, que determinavam a disponibilização de insumos para portadores de Diabetes mellitus. A pactuação entre Estado e municípios estabelecia repasse de 75% dos gastos por paciente cadastrado no Sistema de Insumos Estratégicos da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde – SIE SES.Com a publicação da Lei Federal 11.347 de 2006, e da Portaria 2.583 de 2007, as responsabilidades e atribuições dos entes federativos do SUS foram definidas quanto ao atendimento aos portadores de Diabetes mellitus Insulinodependentes, que necessitam de automonitoramento glicêmico, isto é, realizam a verificação de glicemia capilar.O desenvolvimento e implantação do sistema municipal de cadastro para o Automonitoramento Glicêmico – AMG, no Sistema Integrado de Gestão da Assistência à Saúde – SIGA, em 2009, viabilizou avaliações mais abrangentes e a gestão completa dos dados destes portadores de Diabetes mellitus(AU).

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Although the infection of HTLV-1 to cell components of the mouth have been previously reported, there was not until this report, a detailed study to show the characteristics of such infection. From 14 Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/ HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy (HAM/TSP) patients and 11 asymptomatic carrier individuals (AC) coming from HTLV-1 endemic areas of southwest Pacific of Colombia, infected oral mucosa cells were primary cultured during five days. These cell cultures were immunophenotyped by dual color fluorescence cell assortment using different lymphocyte CD markers and also were immunohistochemically processed using a polyclonal anti-keratin antibody. Five days old primary cultures were characterized as oral keratinocytes, whose phenotype was CD3- /CD4-/CD8-/CD19-/CD14-/CD45-/A575-keratin+. From DNA extracted of primary cultures LTR, pol, env and tax HTLV-1 proviral DNA regions were differentially amplified by PCR showing proviral integration. Using poly A+ RNA obtained of these primary cultures, we amplify by RT-PCR cDNA of tax and pol in 57.14 percent (8/14) HAM/TSP patients and 27.28 percent (3/11) AC. Tax and pol poly A+ RNA were expressed only in those sIgA positive subjects. Our results showed that proviral integration and viral gene expression in oral keratinocytes are associated with a HTLV-1 specific local mucosal immune response only in those HTLV-1 infected individuals with detectable levels of sIgA in their oral fluids. Altogether the results gave strong evidence that oral mucosa infection would be parte of the systemic spreading of HTLV-1 infection.

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Although the infection of HTLV-1 to cell components of the mouth have been previously reported, there was not until this report, a detailed study to show the characteristics of such infection. From 14 Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy (HAM/TSP) patients and 11 asymptomatic carrier individuals (AC) coming from HTLV-1 endemic areas of southwest Pacific of Colombia, infected oral mucosa cells were primary cultured during five days. These cell cultures were immunophenotyped by dual color fluorescence cell assortment using different lymphocyte CD markers and also were immunohistochemically processed using a polyclonal anti-keratin antibody. Five days old primary cultures were characterized as oral keratinocytes, whose phenotype was CD3- /CD4-/CD8-/CD19-/CD14-/CD45-/A575-keratin+. From DNA extracted of primary cultures LTR, pol, env and tax HTLV-1 proviral DNA regions were differentially amplified by PCR showing proviral integration. Using poly A+ RNA obtained of these primary cultures, we amplify by RT-PCR cDNA of tax and pol in 57.14% (8/14) HAM/TSP patients and 27.28% (3/11) AC. Tax and pol poly A+ RNA were expressed only in those sIgA positive subjects. Our results showed that proviral integration and viral gene expression in oral keratinocytes are associated with a HTLV-1 specific local mucosal immune response only in those HTLV-1 infected individuals with detectable levels of sIgA in their oral fluids. Altogether the results gave strong evidence that oral mucosa infection would be parte of the systemic spreading of HTLV-1 infection.

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Although the infection of HTLV-1 to cell components of the mouth have been previously reported, there was not until this report, a detailed study to show the characteristics of such infection. From 14 Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/ HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy (HAM/TSP) patients and 11 asymptomatic carrier individuals (AC) coming from HTLV-1 endemic areas of southwest Pacific of Colombia, infected oral mucosa cells were primary cultured during five days. These cell cultures were immunophenotyped by dual color fluorescence cell assortment using different lymphocyte CD markers and also were immunohistochemically processed using a polyclonal anti-keratin antibody. Five days old primary cultures were characterized as oral keratinocytes, whose phenotype was CD3- /CD4-/CD8-/CD19-/CD14-/CD45-/A575-keratin+. From DNA extracted of primary cultures LTR, pol, env and tax HTLV-1 proviral DNA regions were differentially amplified by PCR showing proviral integration. Using poly A+ RNA obtained of these primary cultures, we amplify by RT-PCR cDNA of tax and pol in 57.14% (8/14) HAM/TSP patients and 27.28% (3/11) AC. Tax and pol poly A+ RNA were expressed only in those sIgA positive subjects. Our results showed that proviral integration and viral gene expression in oral keratinocytes are associated with a HTLV-1 specific local mucosal immune response only in those HTLV-1 infected individuals with detectable levels of sIgA in their oral fluids. Altogether the results gave strong evidence that oral mucosa infection would be parte of the systemic spreading of HTLV-1 infection.