RESUMO
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) has been associated with neonatal infections, with colonization of the anovaginal tract being the main source of vertical transmission. The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the frequency of antibiotic usage, potentially contributing to changes in the dynamics of bacterial agents colonizing humans. Here we determined MRS colonization rates among pregnant individuals attending a single maternity in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil before (January 2019-March 2020) and during (May 2020-March 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic. Anovaginal samples (n = 806 [521 samples before and 285 during the pandemic]) were streaked onto chromogenic media. Colonies were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Detection of mecA gene and SCCmec typing were assessed by PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done according to CLSI guidelines. After the onset of the pandemic, MRS colonization rates increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 8.6% (45) to 54.7% (156). Overall, 215 (26.6%) MRS isolates were detected, of which S. haemolyticus was the most prevalent species (MRSH, 84.2%; 181 isolates). SCCmec type V was the most frequent among MRS (63.3%; 136), and 31.6% (68) of MRS strains had a non-typeable SCCmec, due to new combinations of ccr and mecA complexes. Among MRS strains, 41.9% (90) were resistant to at least 3 different classes of antimicrobial agents, and 60% (54) of them were S. haemolyticus harboring SCCmec V. MRS colonization rates and the emergence of multidrug-resistant variants detected in this study indicate the need for continuing surveillance of this important pathogen within maternal and child populations.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/virologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/microbiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pandemias , Vagina/microbiologiaRESUMO
Staphylococcus aureus is a common clinical pathogen that causes various human infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, molecular epidemiological characteristics, and biofilm formation ability of S. aureus isolates from clinical specimens in Xiangyang and to analyze the correlation among them. A total of 111 non-duplicate S. aureus isolates were collected from the Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science. All isolates were tested for antibacterial susceptibility. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was identified by the mecA gene PCR amplification. All isolates were analyzed to determine their biofilm-forming ability using the microplate method. The biofilm-related gene was determined using PCR. SCCmec, MLST, and spa types of MRSA strains were performed to ascertain the molecular characteristics. Among the 111 S. aureus isolates, 45 (40.5%) and 66 (59.5%) were MRSA and MSSA, respectively. The resistance of MRSA strains to the tested antibiotics was significantly stronger than that of MSSA strains. All isolates were able to produce biofilm with levels ranging from strong (28.9%, 18.2%), moderate (62.2%, 62.1%), to weak (8.9%, 19.7%). Strong biofilm formation was observed in MRSA strains than in MSSA strains, based on percentages. There were dynamic changes in molecular epidemic characteristics of MRSA isolates in Xiangyang. SCCmecIVa-ST22-t309, SCCmecIVa-ST59-t437, and SCCmecIVa-ST5-t2460 were currently the main epidemic clones in this region. SCCmecIVa-ST5-t2460 and SCCmecIVa/III-ST22-t309 have stronger antibiotic resistance than SCCmecIVa-ST59-t437 strains, with resistance to 6 ~ 8 detected non-ß-lactam antibiotics. The molecular epidemic and resistance attributes of S. aureus should be timely monitored, and effective measures should be adopted to control the clinical infection and spread of the bacteria.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Biofilmes , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Epidemiologia Molecular , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus aureus , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , China/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus aureus/classificação , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/classificação , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/fisiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Adulto , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Criança , Idoso , Proteínas de Ligação às PenicilinasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of a wide diversity of infections in humans, and the expression of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) has been associated with severe clinical syndromes. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PVL-encoding genes in S. aureus isolated from clinical samples of inpatients with invasive infections in a teaching hospital in Southern Brazil. Furthermore, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of bacterial isolates were analyzed. METHODS: A total of 98 S. aureus isolates recovered from different body sites were characterized according to their antimicrobial susceptibility profile, methicillin-resistance and SCCmec typing, genetic relatedness and occurrence of virulence-encoding genes, such as icaA, lukS-PV/lukF-PV, and tst. RESULTS: Sixty-eight (69.4%) isolates were classified as methicillin-resistant, and among them, four (5.9%) did not harbor the mecA gene. The mecA-harboring methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were grouped into SCCmec types I (6.3%), II (64.1%), III (6.3%), IV (15.6%), V (4.7%), and VI (1.6%). One isolate (1.6%) was classified as non-typeable (NT). Seventy isolates (71.4%) were classified as multidrug-resistant. The overall prevalence of virulence-encoding genes was as follows: icaA, 99.0%; tst, 27.5%; and lukS-PV/lukF-PV, 50.0%. The presence of tst gene was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) compared to MRSA isolates. CONCLUSION: The present study reports a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus harboring lukS-PV/lukF-PV and tst genes in invasive infections. The continuous monitoring of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile and virulence of S. aureus is an important measure for the control of infections caused by this bacterium.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus , Prevalência , Meticilina , Brasil/epidemiologia , Pacientes Internados , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Hospitais Universitários , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus haemolyticus is one of the most frequently coagulasenegative staphylococci isolated from healthcare-associated infections, mainly those related to implanted medical devices. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile and biofilm forming capacity of S. haemolyticus isolated from bloodstream infections. METHODS: A total of 40 S. haemolyticus isolates were characterized according to their genetic relatedness by repetitive element sequence based-PCR (REP-PCR), antimicrobial susceptibility profile, SCCmec typing, ability to form biofilm on abiotic surface and occurrence of putative genes related to biofilm formation. RESULTS: One S. haemolyticus was susceptible to all antimicrobials. The other isolates (n=39) were resistant to cefoxitin; and among them 34 (87.2%) harbored the mecA gene into the SCCmec type I (5.9%), type III (29.4%), type IV (5.9%) and type V (20.6%); and 38.2% isolates were designated as NT. Apart from cefoxitin, 94.9% of the isolates were resistant to at least four antimicrobial classes, and 32.5% displayed minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values higher than 4.0 µg/mL for vancomycin. All isolates formed biofilm on polystyrene surface and were classified as strong biofilm-producers, except for one isolate. All isolates were negative for icaA gene, and the prevalence of the other genes was as follows: atl, 100%; fbp, 92.5%; aap, 90.0%; and bap, 20.0%. CONCLUSION: This study reports a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. haemolyticus displaying decreased susceptibility to vancomycin with the ability to form strong biofilms on abiotic surface. The results support the importance of controlling the adequate use of antimicrobials for the treatment of staphylococcal infections.
Assuntos
Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Biofilmes , Humanos , Resistência a Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Staphylococcus haemolyticus/genética , Vancomicina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Epidemiological and molecular data on community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) are still scarce in both Egypt and Saudi Arabia. There is almost no data regarding methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence in both countries. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage among outpatients attending primary health care centers in two big cities in both countries. A total of 206 nasal swabs were obtained, 103 swabs from each country. S. aureus isolates were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility, presence of mecA and PVL genes, SCCmec-typing and spa typing, the corresponding Multi locus sequence typing clonal complex was assigned for each spa type based on Ridom StaphType database. MRSA was detected in 32% of the Egyptian outpatients while it was found in 25% of the Saudi Arabian outpatients. All MRSA isolates belonged to SCCmec type V and IVa, where some isolates in Saudi Arabia remained nontypeable. Surprisingly PVL+ isolates were low in frequency: 15% of MRSA Egyptian isolates and 12% of MRSA isolates in Saudi Arabia. Two novel spa types were detected t11839 in Egypt, and t11841 in Saudi Arabia. We found 8 spa types among 20 isolates from Egypt, and 12 spa types out of 15 isolates from Saudi Arabia. Only two spa types t008 and t223 coexisted in both countries. Four clonal complexes (CC5, CC8, CC22, and CC80) were identified in both Egypt and Saudi Arabia. However, the data collected lacked a representation of isolates from different parts of each country as only one health center from each country was included, it still partially illustrates the CA-MRSA situation in both countries. In conclusion a set of control measures is required to prevent further increase in MRSA prevalence.
Assuntos
Humanos , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Cavidade Nasal/microbiologia , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Estudos Transversais , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Egito , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Pacientes Ambulatoriais , Filogenia , Arábia Saudita , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
Epidemiological and molecular data on community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) are still scarce in both Egypt and Saudi Arabia. There is almost no data regarding methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence in both countries. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage among outpatients attending primary health care centers in two big cities in both countries. A total of 206 nasal swabs were obtained, 103 swabs from each country. S. aureus isolates were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility, presence of mecA and PVL genes, SCCmec-typing and spa typing, the corresponding Multi locus sequence typing clonal complex was assigned for each spa type based on Ridom StaphType database. MRSA was detected in 32% of the Egyptian outpatients while it was found in 25% of the Saudi Arabian outpatients. All MRSA isolates belonged to SCCmec type V and IVa, where some isolates in Saudi Arabia remained nontypeable. Surprisingly PVL(+) isolates were low in frequency: 15% of MRSA Egyptian isolates and 12% of MRSA isolates in Saudi Arabia. Two novel spa types were detected t11839 in Egypt, and t11841 in Saudi Arabia. We found 8 spa types among 20 isolates from Egypt, and 12 spa types out of 15 isolates from Saudi Arabia. Only two spa types t008 and t223 coexisted in both countries. Four clonal complexes (CC5, CC8, CC22, and CC80) were identified in both Egypt and Saudi Arabia. However, the data collected lacked a representation of isolates from different parts of each country as only one health center from each country was included, it still partially illustrates the CA-MRSA situation in both countries. In conclusion a set of control measures is required to prevent further increase in MRSA prevalence.