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The selection of components within a formulation or for treatment must stop being arbitrary and must be focused on scientific evidence that supports the inclusion of each one. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to obtain a formulation based on ascorbic acid (AA) and Eudragit FS 30D microparticles containing curcumin-boric acid (CUR-BA) considering interaction studies between the active components carried out via Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to minimize antagonistic effects, and comprehensively and effectively treat turkey poults infected with Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis). The DSC and FTIR studies clearly demonstrated the interactions between AA, BA, and CUR. Consequently, the combination of AA with CUR and/or BA should be avoided, but not CUR and BA. Furthermore, the Eudragit FS 30D microparticles containing CUR-BA (SD CUR-BA MP) showed a limited release of CUR-BA in an acidic medium, but they were released at a pH 6.8-7.0, which reduced the interactions between CUR-BA and AA. Finally, in the S. enteritidis infection model, turkey poults treated with the combination of AA and SD CUR-BA MP presented lower counts of S. enteritidis in cecal tonsils after 10 days of treatment. These results pointed out that the use of an adequate combination of AA and CUR-BA as an integral treatment of S. enteritidis infections could be a viable option to replace the indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

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RESUMEN En la industria avícola, las infecciones por Salmonella son un problema, debido a los efectos sobre la producción y los riesgos a la salud pública. En las aves infectadas puede ocurrir una diseminación sistémica de las bacterias, que afecta los órganos y favorece, tanto la transmisión entre las aves como la contaminación de los productos avícolas, tales como las carnes, durante el proceso de sacrificio de los animales. Se decidió evaluar el efecto que diferentes combinaciones de glucosa oxidasa (GOX) y glucosa tienen sobre el crecimiento de diversos serotipos de Salmonella aislados de aves en crecimiento y de engorde, y determinar su potencial como antibacteriano. Se tomaron muestras de corazón y de ciego de aves de 7 y 42 días de edad y se aislaron e identificaron S. typhimurium y S. enteritidis. Estas bacterias fueron cultivadas en medio Luria-Bertani (LB) en presencia de GOX (0,5; 1 y 2U/mL) y glucosa (0,5, 1 y 2%), en combinaciones bajo un diseño factorial 32. El crecimiento fue monitoreado por el cambio de absorbancia a 600 nm, durante 6 horas de incubación. Se observó una reducción significativa del crecimiento de ambos serotipos al utilizar 2U/mL de GOX y diferentes concentraciones de glucosa, lo cual, demostró la capacidad antibacteriana que posee el sistema GOX/glucosa sobre este género, por lo que se podría emplear como un aditivo para la conservación de carnes de aves y productos derivados, a fin de alargar su vida de anaquel y minimizar riesgos a la salud.

SUMMARY In the poultry industry, Salmonella infections are a problem due to the effects on production and risks to public health. In infected birds, a systemic spread of bacteria can occur, which affects the organs and favors both the transmission between birds and the contamination of poultry products, such as meat, during the animal´s slaughter process. It was evaluated the effect that different combinations of glucose oxidase (GOX) and glucose have on the growth of different Salmonella serotypes isolated from broilers, and thus determine their potential as antibacterial. Heart and caecal samples were taken from birds 7 and 42 days old. S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis were isolated and identified. These bacteria were cultured in Luria-Bertani medium (LB) in the presence of GOX (0.5, 1 and 2U/mL) and glucose (0.5, 1 and 2%) in combinations under a factorial design 32. Growth was monitored by absorbance change at 600nm for 6 hours of incubation. A significant reduction of the growth of both serotypes was observed when using 2 U/mL of GOX and different concentrations of glucose. This demonstrated the antibacterial capacity that the GOX/glucose system has on this genus, so it could be used as an additive for the preservation of poultry meats and derived products, in order to lengthen its storage time and minimize health risks.

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Linear, dimeric, tetrameric, and cyclic peptides derived from lactoferricin B-containing non-natural amino acids and the RWQWR motif were synthesized, purified, and characterized using RP-HPLC, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism. The antibacterial activity of peptides against Escherichia coli ATCC 11775, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ATCC 13636, and Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 was evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The synthetic bovine lactoferricin exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli ATCC 11775 and S. enteritidis ATCC 13076. The dimeric peptide (RRWQWR)2K-Ahx exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strain. The monomeric, cyclic, tetrameric, and palindromic peptides containing the RWQWR motif exhibited high and specific activity against E. coli ATCC 11775. The results suggest that short peptides derived from lactoferricin B could be considered as potential candidates for the development of antibacterial agents against infections caused by E. coli.

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Avaliação dos métodos de lavagem e desinfecção utilizados pelas indústrias de vegetais minimamente processados do Sul do Brasil que foram reproduzidos em laboratório para verificar sua eficiência para reduzir a S. enteritidis SE86 (SE86) em alface. (AU)

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Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the main pathogens responsible for foodborne illness in Brazil. Probiotic bacteria can play a role in defense and recovery from enteropathogenic infections. In this study, the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA10 to colonise and exert antagonistic effects in the gastrointestinal tract was tested before and during experimental infection in conventional mice contaminated with S. Enteritidis (SE86). A dose of 0.1 mL containing 10(8) viable cells of SE86 and L. acidophilus LA10 was orally administered by gavage to mice. The experiment was divided into groups. As a negative control, Group 1 was administered only sterile saline solution. As a positive control, Group 2 was administered only SE86. Group 3 was first administered SE86, and after 10 days, treated with L. acidophilus LA10. Group 4 was first administered L. acidophilus LA10, and after 10 days, challenged with SE86. The results demonstrated that a significant number of SE86 cells were able to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of mice, specifically in the colon and ileum. L. acidophilus LA10 demonstrated an antagonistic effect against SE86, with better results observed for Group 3 over Group 4. Thus, L. acidophilus LA10 shows potential antagonistic effects against S. Enteritidis SE86, especially if administered after infection.

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Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the main pathogens responsible for foodborne illness in Brazil. Probiotic bacteria can play a role in defense and recovery from enteropathogenic -infections. In this study, the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA10 to colonise and exert anta-gonistic effects in the gastrointestinal tract was tested before and during experimental infection in conventional mice contaminated with S. Enteritidis (SE86). A dose of 0.1 mL containing 10(8) viable cells of SE86 and L. acidophilus LA10 was orally administered by gavage to mice. The experiment was divided into groups. As a negative control, Group 1 was administered only sterile saline solution. As a positive control, Group 2 was administered only SE86. Group 3 was first administered SE86, and after 10 days, treated with L. acidophilus LA10. Group 4 was first administered L. acidophilus LA10,and after 10 days, challenged with SE86.The results demonstrated that a significant number of SE86 cells were able to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of mice, specifically in the colon and ileum. L. acidophilus LA10 demonstrated an antagonistic effect against SE86, with better results observed for Group 3 over Group 4. Thus, L. acidophilus LA10 shows potential antagonistic effects against S. Enteritidis SE86, especially if administered after infection.

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Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the main pathogens responsible for foodborne illness in Brazil. Probiotic bacteria can play a role in defense and recovery from enteropathogenic -infections. In this study, the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA10 to colonise and exert anta-gonistic effects in the gastrointestinal tract was tested before and during experimental infection in conventional mice contaminated with S. Enteritidis (SE86). A dose of 0.1 mL containing 10(8) viable cells of SE86 and L. acidophilus LA10 was orally administered by gavage to mice. The experiment was divided into groups. As a negative control, Group 1 was administered only sterile saline solution. As a positive control, Group 2 was administered only SE86. Group 3 was first administered SE86, and after 10 days, treated with L. acidophilus LA10. Group 4 was first administered L. acidophilus LA10,and after 10 days, challenged with SE86.The results demonstrated that a significant number of SE86 cells were able to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of mice, specifically in the colon and ileum. L. acidophilus LA10 demonstrated an antagonistic effect against SE86, with better results observed for Group 3 over Group 4. Thus, L. acidophilus LA10 shows potential antagonistic effects against S. Enteritidis SE86, especially if administered after infection.(AU)

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The Enteritidis and Dublin serovars of Salmonella enterica are closely related, yet they differ significantly in pathogenicity and epidemiology. S. Enteritidis is a broad host range serovar that commonly causes gastroenteritis and infrequently causes invasive disease in humans. S. Dublin mainly colonizes cattle but upon infecting humans often results in invasive disease.To gain a broader view of the extent of these differences we conducted microarray-based comparative genomics between several field isolates from each serovar. Genome degradation has been correlated with host adaptation in Salmonella, thus we also compared at whole genome scale the available genomic sequences of them to evaluate pseudogene composition within each serovar.Microarray analysis revealed 3771 CDS shared by both serovars while 33 were only present in Enteritidis and 87 were exclusive to Dublin. Pseudogene evaluation showed 177 inactive CDS in S. Dublin which correspond to active genes in S. Enteritidis, nine of which are also inactive in the host adapted S. Gallinarum and S. Choleraesuis serovars. Sequencing of these 9 CDS in several S. Dublin clinical isolates revealed that they are pseudogenes in all of them, indicating that this feature is not peculiar to the sequenced strain. Among these CDS, shdA (Peyer´s patch colonization factor) and mglA (galactoside transport ATP binding protein), appear also to be inactive in the human adapted S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, suggesting that functionality of these genes may be relevant for the capacity of certain Salmonella serovars to infect a broad range of hosts.

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The effects of treatment with anaerobic cecal microflora (ACM) and/or lactose and/or acetic acid on systemic and digestive tract of broiler chicks infection with Salmonella Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were studied. ACM was used without previous bacterial identification. Treatment with ACM contributed to the resistance of broiler chicks to infection with Salmonella spp. The infections were more persistent in the cecum, rectum and crops in decreasing order of intensity. The infections were also self-limiting since treated and control lots presented similar infection rates at the end of the experiments. Alone or in combination with lactose, ACM reduced the colonization of the digestive tract of broiler chicks by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. The effect of the combination of ACM with lactose or acetic acid was not potentiated in terms of reduction of fecal excretion of Salmonella spp. Treatment with ACM reduced the amount of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis in the feces. Alone or in combination with lactose, ACM reduced the cecal pH in treated birds. S. Enteritidis was much more invasive than S. Typhimurium and the use of ACM alone was more effective on the reduction of systemic infection. An explanation for the process of prevention of intestinal colonization with Salmonella spp. probably resides in the interrelationship of physiological, microbiological and immunological phenomena, as well as the variation in cecal pH.

Estudaram-se os efeitos do tratamento de frangos com microbiota cecal anaeróbia (MCA) isolada ou associada à lactose ou ao ácido acético, sobre a infecção sistêmica e do trato digestivo de aves por Salmonella Typhimurium e S. Enteritidis. Foi usada MCA sem prévia identificação bacteriana. O tratamento com MCA contribuiu na resistência dos frangos à infecção por Salmonella spp. As infecções eram mais persistentes, em ordem, nos cecos, reto e inglúvio. As infecções também eram autolimitantes, pois lotes tratados e controles apresentaram índices semelhantes de infecção ao final dos experimentos. Isoladamente ou em associação com lactose, MCA reduziu a colonização do trato digestivo das aves por S. Typhimurium e S. Enteritidis. As associações MCA com lactose ou ácido acético, não tiveram seus efeitos potencializados na redução da excreção fecal. O tratamento com MCA diminuiu a quantidade de S. Typhimurium e S. Enteritidis nas fezes. O uso de MCA isolada ou associada com lactose contribuiu na redução do pH cecal das aves tratadas. A S. Enteritidis foi mais invasiva que a S. Typhimurium e, o uso da MCA isoladamente foi mais eficaz em evitar a infecção sistêmica que os outros tratamentos. A explicação do processo de prevenção da colonização intestinal por Salmonella spp. passa, provavelmente, pela inter-relação de fenômenos fisiológicos, microbiológicos e imunológicos, além da possível variação do pH cecal.