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Abstract It is repeatedly stressed the need to characterize the extant biodiversity in tropical ecosystems. However, inventory studies are still progressing slowly in dry ecosystems, leading to the underestimation of their true biodiversity and hindering conservation efforts. In this study, we present primary and secondary data, along with an updated list of amphibians and reptiles from two localities in the São Francisco-Gurguéia region in Piauí. Additionally, we compare the species composition between nine areas within the Caatinga, which were sampled using standardized methods over the past ten years, to examine broader spatial patterns of community composition. To survey reptiles and amphibians, we employed similar methods and sampling efforts in two areas within the Serra das Confusões National Park (SCNP) region. Our surveys recorded a total of 73 species of amphibians and reptiles, of which 24 are new distribution records for the SCNP region. Consequently, our findings increase the known herpetofauna in the region to 94 species. Despite their proximity, the two sites in the SCNP region exhibited only 42% similarity in species composition, and they differed significantly from other areas within the Caatinga. Furthermore, even the closer Caatinga areas presented differences in species composition, highlighting the necessity to evaluate biodiversity across the landscape and contribute to understanding biogeographic patterns.

Resumo É repetidamente enfatizada a necessidade de caracterizar a biodiversidade vivente em ecossistemas tropicais. No entanto, os estudos de inventário ainda estão progredindo lentamente em ecossistemas secos, levando à subestimação de sua verdadeira biodiversidade e dificultando os esforços de conservação. Neste estudo, apresentamos dados primários e secundários, juntamente com uma lista atualizada de anfíbios e répteis de duas localidades na região de São Francisco-Gurguéia, do Piauí. Além disso, comparamos a composição de espécies entre nove áreas dentro da Caatinga, que foram amostradas usando métodos padronizados nos últimos dez anos, para examinar padrões espaciais mais amplos de composição da comunidade. Para estudar répteis e anfíbios, utilizamos métodos e esforços de amostragem semelhantes em duas áreas na região do Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões (PNSC). Nossos levantamentos registraram um total de 73 espécies de anfíbios e répteis, das quais 24 são novos registros de distribuição para a região do PNSC. Consequentemente, nossos resultados aumentam a herpetofauna conhecida na região para 94 espécies. Apesar da proximidade, os dois locais na região do PNSC exibiram apenas 42% de similaridade na composição de espécies e diferiram significativamente de outras áreas dentro da Caatinga. Mesmo áreas mais próximas da Caatinga apresentaram diferenças na composição de espécies, destacando a necessidade de avaliar a biodiversidade em toda a paisagem e contribuir para a compreensão de padrões biogeográficos.

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A study of the parasite-host interactions was conducted in the protected area popularly known as the "Refúgio Biológico de Santa Helena" and its tributary, the São Francisco Falso River. For each of the three host species, Schizodon borellii, Hoplias aff. malabaricus, and Trachelyopterus galeatus, 30 fish were collected from 2018 to 2019. A total of 2172 parasites were identified among the three host species. Among these, the Monogenea class had the highest number of species, with 26 taxa, followed by Copepoda with eight taxa, Digenea with six taxa, and Cestoda and Nematoda with one taxon each. Eleven new records of infection/infestation were found among the host species such as Urocleidoides paradoxus, Urocleidoides ramentacuminatus, Rhinoxenus arietinus, Mymarothecioides sp. (Monogenea), Ergasilus cf. bryconis, Lernaea devastatrix, and Brasergasilus sp. (Copepoda) parasitizing S. borellii. Trinigyrus sp., Vancleaveus sp. (Monogenea), Gamispinus diabolicus (Copepoda) present in T. galeatus, and Gamidactylus jaraquensis (Copepoda) present in H. aff. malabaricus. This study contributes to the record of parasite species occurrence in the vicinity of a protected area and helps fill gaps in the knowledge of fish parasitic fauna in the Neotropical region.(AU)

Foi realizado um estudo das interações parasitas-hospedeiros na área de proteção popularmente conhecida como "Refúgio Biológico de Santa Helena" e seu afluente, o Rio São Francisco Falso. Para cada uma das três espécies hospedeiras, Schizodon borellii, Hoplias aff. malabaricus e Trachelyopterus galeatus, foram coletados 30 peixes entre 2018 e 2019. Foi identificado um total de 2.172 parasitos entre as três espécies hospedeiras. Dentre estes, a classe Monogenea apresentou o maior número de espécies, com 26 táxons, seguida por Copepoda com oito táxons, Digenea com seis táxons, e Cestoda e Nematoda com um táxon cada. Foram encontrados onze novos registros de infecção/infestação entre as espécies hospedeiras tais como Urocleidoides paradoxus, Urocleidoides ramentacuminatus, Rhinoxenus arietinus, Mymarothecioides sp. (Monogenea), Ergasilus cf. bryconis, Lernaea devastatrix e Brasergasilus sp. (Copepoda) parasitando S. borellii. Trinigyrus sp., Vancleaveus sp. (Monogenea), Gamispinus diabolicus (Copepoda) presentes em T. galeatus, e Gamidactylus jaraquensis (Copepoda) em H. aff. malabaricus. Este estudo contribui para o registro da ocorrência de espécies de parasitos nas proximidades de uma área protegida, e ajuda a preencher lacunas no conhecimento da fauna parasitária de peixes na região Neotropical.(AU)

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The São Francisco River (SFR), one of the main Brazilian rivers, has suffered cumulative anthropogenic impacts, leading to ever-decreasing fish stocks and environmental, economic, and social consequences. Rhinelepis aspera and Prochilodus argenteus are medium-sized, bottom-feeding, and rheophilic fishes from the SFR that suffer from these actions. Both species are targeted for spawning and restocking operations due to their relevance in artisanal fisheries, commercial activities, and conservation concerns. Using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we characterized the microbiome present in the gills and guts of these species recruited from an impacted SFR region and hatchery tanks (HT). Our results showed that bacterial diversity from the gill and gut at the genera level in both fish species from HT is 87% smaller than in species from the SFR. Furthermore, only 15 and 29% of bacterial genera are shared between gills and guts in R. aspera and P. argenteus from SFR, respectively, showing an intimate relationship between functional differences in organs. In both species from SFR, pathogenic, xenobiont-degrading, and cyanotoxin-producer bacterial genera were found, indicating the critical pollution scenario in which the river finds itself. This study allowed us to conclude that the conditions imposed on fish in the HT act as important modulators of microbial diversity in the analyzed tissues. It also raises questions regarding the effects of these conditions on hatchery spawn fish and their suitability for restocking activities, aggravated by the narrow genetic diversity associated with such freshwater systems.

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Philophthalmus is a cosmopolitan genus of digeneans that includes ocular parasites of birds and mammals. Despite broad distribution and veterinary importance of these digeneans, there are still gaps in knowledge about their diversity and biology, especially in South America. Herein, we conducted morphological, life cycle, and molecular studies of megalurous cercariae found in aquatic gastropod molluscs Aylacostoma chloroticum and A. tuberculatum collected in the São Francisco River, Brazil. Adult parasites reared experimentally in the eyes of chicks are described here as Philophthalmus aylacostoma n. sp. The new species differs from its congeners known in the Americas by a combination of traits, including the sucker width ratio, the oral sucker to pharynx width ratio, egg size, and the type of vitellarium in adult forms. The new species is morphologically closest to Philophthalmus megalurus, from which it differs by the smaller body and larger eggs, as well as by the measurements of cercariae and the family of snails that act as the intermediate host. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 28S rDNA and comparison of cox1 sequences confirm that P. aylacostoma n. sp. is distinct from four previously sequenced named species of the genus. Moreover, cox1 sequences revealed conspecificity of our specimens with an isolate of Philophthalmus sp. previously reported, also in thiarid snails, in Paraná River, Brazil. The interspecific divergence in cox1 between the new species and other species with sequences available for comparison varied between 12 and 15%.

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The Três Marias Reservoir is the ninth largest reservoir in Brazil, becoming crucial for national strategic development. However, many anthropic activities may affect the sediment quality, promoting the need for a proper environmental assessment. This research appraised the seasonal influences on the Três Marias Reservoir's sediment geochemistry, elucidating possible anthropogenic impacts. The concentrations of Mg, Al, Ca, Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Cd, Ti, Mn, Ni, Zn, Ba, and Pb were measured in 78 samples of bottom sediments regarding the two seasons of the area, a dry winter and rainy summer. The median ± 2 median absolute deviation (MAD) settled the geochemical background and environmental thresholds for the two seasons. The sediment quality guidelines CONAMA 344/12 highlight the possible adverse ecological effects of pollutants. The hierarchical clustering analysis, the geoaccumulation index, and the pollution load index delineated the polluted zones. The pollution load index ranges from 0.25 to 2.28 in the dry season and 0.56 to 2.11 in the rainy season, defining three affected zones in the reservoir. Forestry and agriculture are the probable pollution sources, reaching warning levels that should be considered in further environmental strategies.

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This paper presents a new aggregation method to calculate the WQI-CCME, named stepwise aggregation method, to communicate the water quality of the São Francisco River, Brazil, a river of national expression, with more than 2700 km long. Differently from the original proposal for the WQI-CCME, the new aggregation method uses data from a single monitoring campaign, to avoid the loss of data, as many variables are not systematically measured in all monitoring campaigns. The stepwise aggregation method also requires to combine data from a minimum of four monitoring locations per section of the river, to attend the statistical requirement, a proposal already presented in the literature. After using the first four points, the next calculation requires to abandon the first point (upstream) and to include the next point (downstream), and the sequential calculation will generate the results to build the river water quality profile. In the present work, with 31 monitoring points, the stepwise aggregation method allowed to calculate the WQI-CCME for 25 sections. The stepwise method has the advantage of multiplying the number of index calculations, allowing to construct a more uniform water quality profile for a long river. The choice of using the WQI-CCME in this work, is because this index has many successful applications all over the world, favored by its flexibility of parameter selection, ease of calculation, adaptability to legal requirements of different locations and different water uses. The WQI-CCME profiles were compared with those for the WQI-CETESB, an index derived from the WQI-NSF and extensively used by the Brazilian Monitoring Programs. The comparison demonstrated similarity, only if the same number of parameters were used, but WQI-CETESB gives better water quality, similarly reported for the WQI-NSF, which systematically classify the water quality in the superior range. In this paper, the calculation of the WQI-CCME, with 38 and 20 parameters, confirmed the dependence of the WQI-CCME factors (F1, F2) on the number of variables considered. The calculation with more variables (38) gave better results for the water quality than the calculation with less variable (20). Thus, while the application of the WQI-CCME has a variety of advantages, it requires careful evaluation about the variables to use, and the objectives for the index calculation, as considered by many authors.

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Objetivo: O artigo tematiza o universo do futebol amador do Sertão do Rio São Francisco através de um torneio denominado BAPE, cujo diferencial era opor times das cidades de Juazeiro (Bahia) e Petrolina (Pernambuco). Nosso objetivo é tomar esses jogos como veículos para a interpretação da cultura local. Método:A metodologia primou pela análise de reportagens jornalísticas realizadas pelo Jornal de Juazeiro durante a existência do torneio por três décadas, de 1970 a 1990. Conclusão:A análise documental evidenciou que o universo futebolístico do Bape trazia nas suas dinâmicas nuances e características significativas do contexto sociocultural do Vale do São Francisco, que se expressavam sobretudo pelas relações de rivalidade e vizinhança na construção social das identidades das cidades de Juazeiro e Petrolina.

Objective: This article thematizes the amateur soccer from the Sertão do Rio São Francisco through a tournament named BAPE, whose differential was oppose teams from the city of Juazeiro (Bahia) and Petrolina (Pernambuco). Our goal is to take these games as vehicles for interpreting local culture. Method:The methodology excelled in the analysis of journalistic reports carried out by the Jornal de Juazeiro, from 1970 to 1990. Conclusion:The documental analysis evidenced which the BAPE soccer universe brought in its dynamics nuances and significant features in the sociocultural contexto of the Vale do São Francisco, who expressed themselves, mainly because of the rivalry relationships and neighborhood in the identity construction of the cities Juazeiro and Petrolina.

Objetivo: El artículo tiene como objetivo presentar lo que el universo futbolístico de un torneo de fútbol amateur denominado BAPE reveló sobre el Valle de São Francisco durante el período en que se llevó a cabo. Ocurrió en las ciudades de Juazeiro da Bahía y Petrolina en Pernambuco, su nombre se refería a las abreviaturas de sus respectivos estados federales. Método:La metodología destacó en el análisis de reportajes periodísticos realizados por Jornal de Juazeiro en la ciudad de Juazeiro-Ba durante la existencia del torneo durante tres décadas, de 1970 a 1990. Conclusão:Aspectosdel contexto sociocultural del Valle de São Francisco, que fueron expresado, sobre todo, a través de las relaciones de rivalidad y vecindad entre las ciudades de Juazeiro y Petrolina.

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Knowledge about the taxonomy and fish composition from the upper rio Paraúna (rio São Francisco basin) and upper rio Santo Antônio (rio Doce basin) in the middle portion of the Southern Espinhaço mountain range, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil is still incipient. Only few studies focusing on ichthyofaunistic diagnostic and species descriptions in the lower stretches of the rio Santo Antônio are available. Herein the aim was to provide a species list of the freshwater ichthyofauna from the headwaters of both basins in such region, and to verify the occurrence of threatened, exotic, and potentially new species. Sixty species were registered, with 34 associated to the upper rio Paraúna, and 40 to the upper rio Santo Antônio. Two species are included in some threatened category, three are exotics, and 14 represent potentially new species. An identification key of the fish species recorded in the area is also provided.

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Acerola fruit has gained prominence for its high nutraceutical value, associated with high levels of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds. The objectives of this study were to analyze the chemistry composition and antioxidant capacity in seven Brazilian varieties of acerola. All acerola genotypes were harvested at the red ripe maturity stage, and the fruit were subjected to metabolite analyses by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The varieties presented high levels of ascorbic acid and malic acid. The main sugars observed in acerola were glucose and fructose. Cyanidin-3-rhamnoside was the main phenolic compound in the fruit (149-682 mg/kg FW), which had higher concentration in the varieties BRS 235-Apodi, BRS 236-Cereja, and BRS 237-Roxinha. Other phenolic compounds also observed in the fruit were quercetin-3-glucoside, isorhamnetin, catechin, procyanidin A2, naringenin, hesperidin, chlorogenic acid, and trans-resveratrol. In conclusion, the observed wide range of acerola nutraceutical properties was related to the high genetic variability among genotypes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Brazil is the world's largest producer, consumer and exporter of acerola, with commercial orchards distributed all over the country. According to the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, about eighteen registered varieties of acerola have been produced in the country. Among them are the varieties developed by Breeding Programs at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa). Despite the great diversity of studies about acerola composition, only a few studies have focused on analyzing specific varieties. Therefore, limited information is currently available on the profile of metabolites of commercial interest in acerola varieties, such as sugars, organic acids and some phenolics. This study showed that acerola nutraceutical properties was highly dependent on the genotype.

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Understanding geochemical provenances and their respective geochemical background values is crucial to sustain a proper comprehension of a tropical ecosystem and provides a compatible evaluation for further environmental policy and monitoring. In this research, the concentrations of Mg, Al, Ca, Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Cd, Ti, Mn, Ni, Zn, Ba, Pb, and organic matter were measured in 78 samples of bottom sediments in order to evaluate the influence of geogenic and anthropogenic chemical sources in the Três Marias reservoir. Data exploration analysis, multivariate techniques using compositional data, multielemental mapping, geochemical background based on land-use management and geological domains, and enrichment factors were applied to understand the environmental dynamics. Geochemical signatures highlight three pronounced geological structures that control the sediment supply in the Três Marias reservoir: ultramafic rocks from the Mata da Corda Formation, carbonates from the Três Marias Formation, and pedogenic cover formed by tropical Latossoils. The median values of Cu, Ti, and Pb are 28.83 mg/kg, 20.36 mg/kg, and 24.92 mg/kg, respectively, all of which exceed the average upper continental crust concentrations. Pb and Cu ratios reach the threshold effect level, whereas Cr reaches the probable effect level proposed in the CONAMA 454/2012 (Brazilian environmental guidelines). This research conjugates multielemental mapping, background evaluation, and enrichment factors to elucidate the geochemistry dynamics of the Três Marias reservoir in the sense of understanding the behavior of the bottom sediments and to define geochemical reference values for the upper São Francisco basin.

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This study increases the known biodiversity of cnidarian parasites in neotropical bryconid fishes. Two novel Myxobolus species are described based on morphology, ultrastructure and small subunit ribosomal DNA (ssrDNA) sequencing: Myxobolus vetuschicanus n. sp. infecting fins of Salminus franciscanus and Myxobolus mineirus n. sp. infecting the mesentery of Brycon orthotaenia from the São Francisco River basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Ultrastructural analysis of the two species revealed an asynchronous sporogenesis process, with germinative cells and young developmental stages of myxospores in the periphery of the plasmodia. In M. vetuschicanus n. sp., the plasmodia were surrounded by a layer of fibroblasts and in M. mineirus n. sp., the plasmodial membrane had direct contact with the host tissue. The phylogenetic analysis based on the ssrDNA of Henneguya/Myxobolus species showed that the two novel Myxobolus species grouped in subclades together with other parasite species of bryconid fishes.

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Two new Myxobolus species were described infecting Brycon orthotaenia from the São Francisco River, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. From a total of 39 B. orthotaenia collected, two specimens (5.1%) exhibited infection of the ovary and 12 specimens (30.8%) displayed infection of the liver. The plasmodia of both Myxobolus species were white and spherical measuring around 1 mm in length. The plasmodium found in the ovary showed mature myxospores, which were oval shaped from the frontal view and measured 9.2-11.0 (9.8 ± 0.4) µm in length, 5.9-6.9 (6.5 ± 0.3) µm in width and 4.6-5 (4.9 ± 0.1) µm in diameter. The two polar capsules were the same size and measured 3.9-6.2 (4.7 ± 0.5) µm in length and 1.8-2.4 (2.1 ± 0.2) µm in width. The polar tubules had 9 coils. The plasmodium found in the liver showed mature myxospores which were ellipsoidal in shape from the frontal view and measured 10.0-11.4 (10.7 ± 0.5) µm in length, 7.3-8.6 (8.1 ± 0.4) µm in width and 5.3-7.0 (6.8 ± 0.4) µm in diameter. The two polar capsules were the same size and measured 4.2-5.4 (4.9 ± 0.3) µm in length and 1.9-2.9 (2.7 ± 0.3) µm in width. The polar tubules had 8 coils. Ultrastructural analysis revealed an asynchronous sporogenesis process, with young developmental myxospore stages more often found in the periphery of the plasmodium and mature myxospores in the centre of the plasmodium. The plasmodial wall was formed by a single membrane which was not surrounded by a layer of host tissue. A thick layer of fibrous material was found in the peripheral ectoplasm close to the plasmodial wall of the plasmodium found in the ovary. Phylogenetic analysis based on the small-subunit ribosomal DNA - ssrDNA sequences and using the closest myxozoan sequences to each one of the species studied here based on previous GenBank data and Henneguya/Myxobolus/Thelohanellus species parasitizing fish from South American, revealed that the new species are grouped in a subclade together with other Myxobolus species parasitizing bryconid hosts.

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Covering a plateau area of approximately 125,000 km2, the Urucuia Aquifer System (UAS) represents a national strategic water resource in the drought-stricken Northeastern part of Brazil. Variations in terrestrial water storage (TWS) extracted using a three-model-ensemble from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission showed a negative balance equal to water stress. Monthly GRACE-derived water storage changes from 2002 to 2014 were compared with those derived from an independent hydrologic water balance of the region using in situ measurements and estimated evapotranspiration rates. Trend analyses revealed a TWS depletion rate of 6.5 ±â€¯2.6 mm yr-1, but no significant decline in precipitation as observed from available data records. Water storage depletion was found to be driven by anthropogenic impacts rather than by natural climatic variability. The obtained results demonstrate that GRACE is able to adequately capture water storage changes at the subregional scale, particularly during dry seasons.

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In Brazil, the use and diversity of the common names of fish species, coupled with taxonomic uncertainties, hinder the reliability of fishing statistical data. In this scenario, there are the so-called pilombetas of the São Francisco River, an important fishing resource in region. Despite its importance, the real diversity of species identified in the area remains obscure. In order to properly identify and delimit the species popularly known as pilombetas, an integrative approach involving traditional taxonomy, geometric morphometrics and molecular systematics was applied. Results from geometric morphometrics and molecular analyses were consistent with the results of the traditional morphological analysis, also indicating the delimitation of six taxa belonging to Engraulidae in the lower São Francisco River. In addition, species delimitation methods revealed an intrapopulation genetic divergence of 1.7% for Lycengraulis grossidens. The results revealed that the currently known richness species of Engraulidae in the studied area has been underestimated. Thus, an updated taxonomic key is herein proposed for the Engraulidae species from the lower São Francisco River and estuary. The integrative analysis approach revealed to be effective to address taxonomic questions and help the management of stocks, ensuring the maintenance of local diversity of fishes in the Neotropical region.(AU)

No Brasil, o uso e a diversidade dos nomes comuns para espécies de peixes, associado a incertezas taxonômicas, dificultam a confiabilidade dos dados estatísticos da pesca. Nesse cenário, existem as chamadas pilombetas do rio São Francisco, um importante recurso pesqueiro da região. Apesar de sua importância, a real diversidade de espécies identificadas na área permanece obscura. Para identificar adequadamente as espécies conhecidas como pilombetas, uma abordagem integrativa envolvendo taxonomia tradicional, morfometria geométrica e sistemática molecular foi aplicada. Os resultados das análises moleculares e de morfometria geométrica foram consistentes com os resultados da análise morfológica tradicional, indicando também a delimitação de seis táxons pertencentes a Engraulidae no baixo São Francisco. Além disso, os métodos de delimitação de espécies revelaram divergência genética intrapopulacional de 1,7% em Lycengraulis grossidens. Nossos dados revelaram que a riqueza de espécies atualmente conhecida de Engraulidae na área estudada é subestimada. Assim, uma chave taxonômica atualizada é aqui proposta para as espécies de Engraulidae do baixo rio São Francisco e seu estuário. A abordagem de análise integrativa revelou ser efetiva para tratar de questões taxonômicas e ajudar no gerenciamento de estoques, garantindo a manutenção da diversidade local de peixes na região Neotropical.(AU)

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RESUMO A pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender os significados históricos e socioculturais de um torneio de futebol denominado BAPE - o nome designa as siglas dos estados da Bahia e Pernambuco - ocorrido nas cidades de Juazeiro-BA e Petrolina-PE. A metodologia apoia-se na Nova História Cultural, compreende publicações periódicas (da década de 1980) na imprensa escrita como fonte de pesquisa e o tratamento dos dados foi realizado pela análise documental de matérias jornalísticas que noticiaram o evento. Essas matérias refletem o quão importante foi o torneio, por ser uma iniciativa inédita que consistia em opor suas equipes de futebol amador, ritualizando sentimentos de vizinhança e rivalidade entre as cidades, compondo uma agenda esportiva e de sociabilidade para o Vale do São Francisco.

ABSTRACT The research aims to understand the historical and sociocultural meanings of a soccer tournament called BAPE - the name designates the acronyms of the states of Bahia and Pernambuco - occurred in the cities of Juazeiro-BA and Petrolina-PE. The methodology supports in the New Cultural History, comprises periodical publications (of the 1980s) in the written press as a source of research and the treatment of the data was done by the documentary analysis of journalistic matters that reported the event. These matters reflect how important the tournament was, as it was an unprecedented initiative to oppose their amateur soccer teams, ritualizing neighborhood feelings and rivalry between cities, composing a sports and sociability agenda for the San Francisco Valley.

RESUMEN La investigación tiene como objetivo comprender los significados históricos y socioculturales de un torneo de fútbol denominado BAPE - las siglas designam los estados de Bahía y Pernambuco - ocurrido en las ciudades de Juazeiro-BA y Petrolina-PE. La metodología apoya en la Nueva Historia Cultural, comprende publicaciones de la década de 1980 en la prensa escrita y el tratamiento de los datos fue realizado por el análisis documental de materias periodísticas que noticiaron el evento. Estas materias reflejan lo importante que fue el torneo, por ser una iniciativa inédita que consistía en oponer a sus equipos de fútbol aficionado, ritualizando sentimientos de vecindad y rivalidad entre las ciudades, componiendo una agenda deportiva y de sociabilidad para el Valle del San Francisco.

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Abstract: This work was carried out from the assessment of the conservation status of the freshwater ichthyofauna from Bahia State. The inventory data and species distribution were obtained from the specialized scientific literature and representative ichthyological collections. A total of 281 native species was recorded in Bahia State, distributed in the Northeastern Mata Atlantica (NMA) and São Francisco (SFR) freshwater ecoregions. There was a larger number of species in the NMA (187 spp.), composed by several coastal basins, than in the SFR (134 spp.), composed by São Francisco river basin. Among the 30 families recorded, Characidae and Rivulidae were the most representative, with 53 and 48 species, respectively. The conservation status of 214 species was assessed and 33 of them (15%) were included in the IUCN threat categories. Of these, 11 species were classified as vulnerable (VU), 12 as endangered (EN), and 10 as critically endangered (CR). Most threatened species (n = 14) belongs to the family Rivulidae. The larger number of threatened species in the NMA: (n = 23) is mainly related to the high endemism of restricted-range species associated with the human occupation impacts along the coastal regions. In the SFR, most of threatened species are annual killifishes, which are locally disappearing due to increasing degradation of their temporary habitats.

Resumo: Este trabalho foi realizado a partir da avaliação do estado de conservação da ictiofauna de água doce do Estado da Bahia. Os dados de inventário e distribuição das espécies foram obtidos a partir da literatura científica especializada e de coleções ictiológicas representativas. Um total de 281 espécies nativas foi registrado no Estado da Bahia, distribuídas nas ecorregiões de água doce Mata Atlântica Nordeste (NMA) e São Francisco (SFR). A riqueza de espécies foi maior na NMA (187 spp.), composta por diversas bacias costeiras, do que na SFR (134 spp.), composta pela bacia do rio São Francisco. Das 30 famílias registradas, as mais representativas foram Characidae e Rivulidae, com 53 e 48 espécies, respectivamente. O estado de conservação de 214 espécies foi avaliado e 33 (15%) destas foram classificadas em alguma categoria de ameaça da IUCN. Destas, 11 foram classificadas como vulneráveis (VU), 12 em perigo (EN) e 10 criticamente em perigo (CR). A maioria das espécies ameaçadas (n = 14) pertence à família Rivulidae. O elevado número de espécies ameaçadas na NMA: (n = 23) está associado ao alto endemismo das espécies com distribuição restrita e aos impactos da ocupação humana ao longo da região costeira. Na SFR, a maioria das espécies ameaçadas é de peixes anuais, que estão localmente desaparecendo devido à degradação crescente de seus habitats temporários.

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In Brazil, the use and diversity of the common names of fish species, coupled with taxonomic uncertainties, hinder the reliability of fishing statistical data. In this scenario, there are the so-called pilombetas of the São Francisco River, an important fishing resource in region. Despite its importance, the real diversity of species identified in the area remains obscure. In order to properly identify and delimit the species popularly known as pilombetas, an integrative approach involving traditional taxonomy, geometric morphometrics and molecular systematics was applied. Results from geometric morphometrics and molecular analyses were consistent with the results of the traditional morphological analysis, also indicating the delimitation of six taxa belonging to Engraulidae in the lower São Francisco River. In addition, species delimitation methods revealed an intrapopulation genetic divergence of 1.7% for Lycengraulis grossidens. The results revealed that the currently known richness species of Engraulidae in the studied area has been underestimated. Thus, an updated taxonomic key is herein proposed for the Engraulidae species from the lower São Francisco River and estuary. The integrative analysis approach revealed to be effective to address taxonomic questions and help the management of stocks, ensuring the maintenance of local diversity of fishes in the Neotropical region.(AU)

No Brasil, o uso e a diversidade dos nomes comuns para espécies de peixes, associado a incertezas taxonômicas, dificultam a confiabilidade dos dados estatísticos da pesca. Nesse cenário, existem as chamadas pilombetas do rio São Francisco, um importante recurso pesqueiro da região. Apesar de sua importância, a real diversidade de espécies identificadas na área permanece obscura. Para identificar adequadamente as espécies conhecidas como pilombetas, uma abordagem integrativa envolvendo taxonomia tradicional, morfometria geométrica e sistemática molecular foi aplicada. Os resultados das análises moleculares e de morfometria geométrica foram consistentes com os resultados da análise morfológica tradicional, indicando também a delimitação de seis táxons pertencentes a Engraulidae no baixo São Francisco. Além disso, os métodos de delimitação de espécies revelaram divergência genética intrapopulacional de 1,7% em Lycengraulis grossidens. Nossos dados revelaram que a riqueza de espécies atualmente conhecida de Engraulidae na área estudada é subestimada. Assim, uma chave taxonômica atualizada é aqui proposta para as espécies de Engraulidae do baixo rio São Francisco e seu estuário. A abordagem de análise integrativa revelou ser efetiva para tratar de questões taxonômicas e ajudar no gerenciamento de estoques, garantindo a manutenção da diversidade local de peixes na região Neotropical.(AU)

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RESUMO

Análise do documentário Saúde! Velho Chico, de Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido e Eduardo Vilela Thielen, tomando-o como registro, a um só tempo, dos padrões históricos de interação com o Rio São Francisco e de alternativas capazes de construir uma relação mais sinérgica e sustentável com as águas fluviais. O filme contrapõe as metanarrativas do desenvolvimento ­ legitimadoras de intervenções como hidrelétricas, barragens, projetos de irrigação para a agricultura industrial e o controverso projeto de sua transposição ­ a formas de relação estabelecidas pelas diversas populações ribeirinhas, das quais a vida, o corpo e as culturas são construídos em estreita simbiose com o rio.

This review analyzes the documentary Saúde! Velho Chico, scripted and directed by Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido and Eduardo Vilela Thielen, taking it as a record of the historical patterns of interaction with the Rio São Francisco (São Francisco River) and at the same time of alternatives based on the building of more synergistic and sustainable relationships with river waters. In this sense, the film contrasts the metanarratives of development ­ which legitimize interventions such as hydroelectric dams, irrigation projects for industrial agriculture as well as the controversial transfer of the São Francisco River project ­ with relationships established by the riverside populations, who have a close symbiosis between their life, body and cultures and the river.

Análisis del documental Saúde! Velho Chico, con guión y dirección de Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido y Eduardo Vilela Thielen, entendido como un registro, al mismo tiempo, de los patrones históricos de interacción con el Rio São Francisco (río San Francisco) y de alternativas capaces de construir una relación más sinérgica y sostenible con las aguas de los ríos. La película contrasta las metanarrativas del desarrollo ­ que legitiman intervenciones como represas hidroeléctricas, proyectos de riego para la agricultura industrial y el controvertido proyecto de transposición del río ­ con formas de relación establecidas por las diversas poblaciones ribereñas, que tienen la vida, el cuerpo y las culturas en estrecha simbiosis con el río.

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The technological and polyphenolic parameters of grapes for juice processing obtained from successive harvests were studied in semi-arid tropical viticulture. Red grapes "BRS Violeta" and "Isabel Precoce" were harvested during the same year and analyzed based on a multivariate approach that included climatic variations. The grapes were marked by variations in flavonoid compounds, particularly anthocyanins. Temperature, global radiation, air velocity and evapotranspiration rates were associated with higher accumulation of bioactive polyphenols in grape berries and juices. The temperatures in February were associated with higher antioxidant activity in grape peels, while the highest thermal amplitude in August and November favored the accumulation of anthocyanins up to 564 mg kg-1. Flavanols and procyanidin compounds were more abundant in seeds when the maximum thermal amplitude was 13.8 °C. The climatic data together with the polyphenolic results point out useful information about appropriate periods for harvesting grapes with high phenolic content in tropical areas.

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BACKGROUND: Lizards are excellent models to study the adaptations of the visual system to different scenarios, and surface-dwelling representatives have been relatively well studied. In contrast, very little is known about the functional anatomy of the eyes of fossorial lineages, and properties such as the light transmission by the ocular media have never been characterised in any fossorial species. Some lizards in the family Gymnophthalmidae endemic to the sand dunes of North Eastern Brazil have evolved sand-burrowing habits and nocturnal activity. Lizards in the sister group to Gymnophthalmidae, the family Teiidae, have decidedly diurnal and epigeal lifestyles, yet they are equally poorly known in terms of visual systems. We focussed on the eye anatomy, photoreceptor morphology and light transmittance properties of the ocular media and oil droplets in the gymnophthalmid Calyptommatus nicterus and the teiid Ameivula ocellifera. RESULTS: The general organisation of the eyes of the fossorial nocturnal C. nicterus and the epigeal diurnal A. ocellifera is remarkably similar. The lenses are highly transmissive to light well into the ultraviolet part of the spectrum. The photoreceptors have the typical cone morphology, with narrow short outer segments and oil droplets. The main difference between the two species is that C. nicterus has only colourless oil droplets, whereas A. ocellifera has colourless as well as green-yellow and pale-orange droplets. CONCLUSIONS: Our results challenge the assumption that fossorial lizards undergo loss of visual function, a claim that is usually guided by the reduced size and external morphology of their eyes. In the case of C. nicterus, the visual system is well suited for vision in bright light and shows specialisations that improve sensitivity in dim light, suggesting that they might perform some visually-guided behaviour above the surface at the beginning or the end of their daily activity period, when light levels are relatively high in their open dunes habitat. This work highlights how studies on the functional anatomy of sensory systems can provide insights into the habits of secretive species.