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The aim of this work was to evaluate the presence of 40 pesticides in the PM10 emitted by rural soils of the semiarid region of Argentina. Six agricultural soils for grain production under no till and with high use of pesticides (AG), 5 agricultural soils for forage and grain production under conventional tillage (AFG) and 5 unpaved rural roads (RR) were sampled. The PM10 was generated using the Easy Dust Generator and it was collected with an electrostatic precipitator. The presence of 20 herbicides, 14 insecticides and 6 fungicides was analyzed in the soil and in the PM10. More than 70% of the pesticides analyzed were detected in the soil and in the PM10. All agricultural soils and 87% of RR soils showed at least one residue of pesticides. Multiresidues of pesticides were found in the 100% of PM10 emitted by rural soils. The mean number of pesticides was higher in the PM10 (7) than in the soil (5). Some pesticides were not detected in the soils but they were detected in the PM10 (triticonazole, carbofuran, metsulfuron methyl) and vice versa. In general, the concentrations of herbicides were higher in the PM10 than in the soil, while the concentrations of insecticides and fungicides were lower in the PM10 than in the soil. These results suggest that the concentrations of pesticide in the PM10 (inhalable fraction) should be used instead the concentrations of pesticide in the soil to calculate the exposure factor to pesticides by dust inhalation. This study provides the initial evidence of the presence of multiple pesticide residues in PM10 emitted by rural soils under different land management. Also confirms that the PM10 is a potential source of air contamination with pesticides. Future studies should be driven to measure the concentrations of pesticides and their dynamics in the PM10.

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Introduction: The pandemic had a profound impact on the provision of health services in Cúcuta, Colombia where the neighbourhood-level risk of Covid-19 has not been investigated. Identifying the sociodemographic and environmental risk factors of Covid-19 in large cities is key to better estimate its morbidity risk and support health strategies targeting specific suburban areas. This study aims to identify the risk factors associated with the risk of Covid-19 in Cúcuta considering inter -spatial and temporal variations of the disease in the city's neighbourhoods between 2020 and 2022. Methods: Age-adjusted rate of Covid-19 were calculated in each Cúcuta neighbourhood and each quarter between 2020 and 2022. A hierarchical spatial Bayesian model was used to estimate the risk of Covid-19 adjusting for socioenvironmental factors per neighbourhood across the study period. Two spatiotemporal specifications were compared (a nonparametric temporal trend; with and without space-time interaction). The posterior mean of the spatial and spatiotemporal effects was used to map the Covid-19 risk. Results: There were 65,949 Covid-19 cases in the study period with a varying standardized Covid-19 rate that peaked in October-December 2020 and April-June 2021. Both models identified an association of the poverty and stringency indexes, education level and PM10 with Covid-19 although the best fit model with a space-time interaction estimated a strong association with the number of high-traffic roads only. The highest risk of Covid-19 was found in neighbourhoods in west, central, and east Cúcuta. Conclusions: The number of high-traffic roads is the most important risk factor of Covid-19 infection in Cucuta. This indicator of mobility and connectivity overrules other socioenvironmental factors when Bayesian models include a space-time interaction. Bayesian spatial models are important tools to identify significant determinants of Covid-19 and identifying at-risk neighbourhoods in large cities. Further research is needed to establish causal links between these factors and Covid-19.

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This article presents an experimental study to analyze the mechanical properties of a soil stabilized with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) under a sustainable approach consisting of a significant substitution of OPC for sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) to reduce the quantity of cement used in the stabilization, reaching the necessary mechanical requirements for its use as a subgrade layer. Soil specimens were elaborated with 3%, 5%, and 7% OPC as a stabilizing agent by weight of the soil. These mixtures were then partially substituted with 25%, 50%, and 75% SCBA, with these percentages being by weight of the stabilizer (OPC). Compaction, compressive strength, and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the specimens. The results indicate that a 25% substitution of OPC by SCBA shows a similar performance to the mixture with only Portland cement, so a reduction in OPC use can be made. Further, with a substitution of 100% OPC by SCBA, the CBR of natural soil without stabilizers is improved.

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Abstract The construction of highways is responsible for access to previously protected areas, resulting in changes in landscape and dynamics of the animal populations that live in these areas. These enterprises are the major responsible for the mortality of wild animals, surpassing hunting and even the trafficking of animals. The objective of this study was to make a list that reflects the diversity of amphibians and reptile's road-killed along the BR-040, a highway that crosses the threaten lowland Atlantic Forest in Southeastern region of Brazil, including the use of microhabitats, lifestyle, activity pattern, reproductive cycles, and possible rare or endangered species. The study area consists of 180,4 km of highways. Monitoring began in 2006 and continues to the present day. A total of 1,410 individuals from 60 species were recorded in this study. The reptiles were more frequent in number of individuals and species. The commonest species recorded were Crotalus durissus and Dipsas mikanii. We have registered a single endangered species: Ranacephala hogei. The highest rates of road-kill were recorded during the wet season. Road-kills of fauna is a major threat to species, studies are of great importance to define plans that seek to mitigate the effects generated by these enterprises.

Resumo A construção de rodovias é responsável pelo acesso a áreas anteriormente protegidas, resultando em alterações na paisagem e na dinâmica das populações animais que vivem nessas áreas. Esses empreendimentos são os maiores responsáveis pela mortalidade de animais silvestres, superando a caça e até mesmo o tráfico de animais. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma lista que reflita a diversidade de anfíbios e répteis atropelados ao longo da BR-040, uma rodovia que atravessa a ameaçada Mata Atlântica na região Sudeste do Brasil, incluindo o uso de microhabitats, estilo de vida, padrão de atividade, ciclos reprodutivos, e possíveis espécies raras ou ameaçadas. A área de estudo é constituída por 180,4 km de rodovias. O monitoramento começou em 2006 e segue até os dias atuais. Ao todo 1.410 indivíduos de 60 espécies foram registrados nesse estudo. Os répteis foram mais frequentes, em número de indivíduos e espécies. As espécies mais comumente registradas foram Crotalus durissus e Dipsas mikanii. Registramos uma espécie ameaçada de extinção: Ranacephala hogei. A maior taxa de atropelamento foi registrada durante a estação chuvosa. O atropelamento de fauna é uma grande ameaça as espécies, sendo de grande importância estudos para definição de planos que busquem mitigar os efeitos gerados por esses empreendimentos.

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In addition to soil losses on hillslopes, unpaved rural roads, especially when poorly designed and maintained, can be a significant contributor to the erosive processes seen at the catchment scale. In areas with deep soils, the solutions primarily focus on channeling excess surface runoff into settling ponds or terraces. However, few studies have addressed runoff control from roads on steep slopes in areas of shallow soil. Modeling hydrological processes at the catchment scale is a useful strategy for choosing the most effective and least costly conservation practices to control surface runoff. This study applies a mathematical model to a monitored catchment in southern Brazil to better understand the effects of conservation practices on unpaved roads and their impact on the hydrological and erosive dynamics of a small rural catchment. We calibrated the LISEM model using data from eight stormwater events and evaluated how three different road conservation scenarios-low (LI), medium (MI), and high intensity (HI)-contributed to sediment yield (SY), surface runoff volume (Qe), and peak flow (Qp) reduction. The LI and MI scenarios involved installation of hydraulic structures to control the road surface runoff (i.e. road ditch graveling, diversion weirs and grass waterways) while the HI scenario added surface runoff control practices (grass strips) to surrounding crop fields, in addition to the practices included in the MI scenario. Based on these scenarios, the results showed a Qe reduction at the catchment outlet from - 3.5% (LI) to - 22.5% (HI). The Qp and SY varied from + 6.0% (LI) to - 292.5% (HI) and from + 20.0% (LI) to - 963.9% (HI), respectively. These results show that the low- and medium-intensity practices were not effective in controlling surface runoff from roads, based on the Qe, Qb, and SY observed at the catchment's outlet. On the other hand, when MI scenarios were complemented with practices to control surface runoff in the cultivated areas, a significant reduction in surface runoff (Qe and Qp) and SY was verified.

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The aim of this work was to compare the concentration of glyphosate and AMPA in the PM10 and the actual PM10 emission from agricultural soils and unpaved roads, located inside and outside farm fields. To determine the actual PM10 emission by wind erosion, the actual wind erosion was estimated using the Wind Erosion Equation, and the PM10 emission efficiency was measured with the Easy Dust Generator. PM10 was collected in an electrostatic precipitator coupled to the Easy Dust Generator. Actual PM10 emission was 11.5 g ha-1 year-1 in agricultural soils and 4711.4 g ha-1 year-1 in unpaved roads. The high value of actual PM10 emission in unpaved roads was due to their high actual wind erosion and the high PM10 emission efficiency, while the low value in agricultural soils was due to their low actual wind erosion. Content of glyphosate in the PM10 ranged from 59 to 359 µg kg-1 in agricultural soils, from 382 to 454 µg kg-1 in unpaved roads inside farm fields, and from 39 to 639 µg kg-1 in unpaved roads outside farm fields. Content of AMPA in the PM10 ranged from 387 to 7228 µg kg-1 in agricultural soils, from 900 to 4138 µg kg-1 in unpaved roads inside farm fields, and 98 to 500 µg kg-1 in unpaved roads outside farm fields. AMPA concentration in PM10 was higher than that of glyphosate due to the longer persistence of AMPA than glyphosate. Glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in PM10 were higher than in soil, which is an additional risk that should be considered when the effect of PM10 emitted by agricultural soils and unpaved roads on human health are evaluated. Our results show that the amount and chemical composition of PM10 emitted by wind erosion from unpaved roads should be studied in other regions.

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A growing body of evidence demonstrates that children at schools who are exposed to increased concentrations of air pollutants may have a higher risk for several health problems, including cognitive deficits. In this paper we estimate the exposure to air pollution sources at 186,080 schools in Brazil. Specifically, we accounted for the exposure to three proxies of air pollution source emissions, including distance to roadways, the extent of roadways within a buffer around each school, and the number of wildfire occurrences within a buffer around each school. About 25% of the Brazilian schools evaluated in our study are located within a distance ≤250 m of a major roadway, have ≥2 km of roadway within a buffer of 1 km, and have ≥7 wildfires records within a buffer of 10 km. Our results indicate significant prevalence ratio of these schools exposed to air pollution sources when we stratified the analyses by socioeconomic factors, including geographic (public schools had an increased likelihood of being exposed), economic (low-income areas had an increased likelihood of being exposed), health (overall, areas with low public health status had an increased likelihood of being exposed), and educational conditions (overall, areas with low educational indicator had an increased likelihood of being exposed). For example, we estimated that private schools were 15% (95% CI: 13-17%) less likely to be located within 250 m of a major roadway compared with public schools; schools in areas with low child mortality were 35% (95% CI: 34-37%) less likely to be within 250 m of a major roadway; and schools in regions with low expected years of schooling were 25% (95% CI: 22-28%) more likely to be located within 250 m of a major roadway. The analysis of the spatial patterns shows that a substantial number of schools (36-54%, depending on the air pollution source) has a positive autocorrelation, suggesting that exposure level at these schools are similar to their neighbors. Estimating children's exposure to air pollutants at school is crucial for future public policies to develop effective environmental, transportation, educational, and urban planning interventions that may protect students from exposure to environmental hazards and improve their safety, health, and learning performance.

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Fatalities involving wildlife on roads and highways due to collisions with automotive vehicles represent a severe threat to the conservation of several species of terrestrial vertebrates throughout the world. However, in addition to the negative impact caused by collisions, there are also serious social and economic implications that arise from this situation. This study aims at qualifying and quantifying the collisions with fauna in the Serra da Macaca Park Road (SP-139), since the end of the revitalization work that the road was underwent – in 2015 – over a stretch of 33 km that crosses the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), as well as identifying the predisposing factors that lead to such accidents. The ecological analyses were generated by a combination of the records kept by the fiscalization service of the Fundação Florestal and samples collected in the field. In total, the loss of 80 individuals belonging to 27 species was recorded over an estimated period of three years. Reptiles were the most affected group, followed by mammals. A significant part of the animals was unable to be recognized to the species level, since the taxonomic identification was conducted based on the morphology of the external characteristics and several of the carcasses were completely dilacerated. We identified that the temporal variations in the fatalities are related mainly to the intensity of the traffic in the road and to the differential response of herpetofauna to the stimuli of seasonality.

As fatalidades de animais silvestres nas rodovias, decorrentes de colisões com veículos automotores, constitui grave ameaça à conservação de diversas espécies de vertebrados terrestres em todo o mundo. Entretanto, além do impacto negativo causado pelos atropelamentos, existem também implicações socioeconômicas muito sérias advindas desse tipo de conflito. O presente estudo teve como objetivo qualificar e quantificar os atropelamentos de fauna ocorridos na Estrada Parque Serra da Macaca (SP-139), desde a conclusão das suas obras de revitalização – no ano de 2015 – em um trecho de 33 km que atravessa o Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), assim como delimitar localmente os principais fatores predisponentes. As análises ecológicas foram geradas pela combinação dos registros catalogados pelo serviço de fiscalização da Fundação Florestal com as amostras coletadas em campo. Na contagem total, detectou-se a perda de 80 indivíduos pertencentes a 27 espécies, em um período aproximado de três anos. O grupo dos répteis foi o mais afetado, seguido pelos mamíferos. Uma parte significativa dos animais não pôde ser reconhecida ao nível de espécie, visto que a identificação foi realizada com base na morfologia dos caracteres externos e muitas das carcaças estavam dilaceradas. Constatou-se que as variações temporais das fatalidades estão ligadas principalmente à intensidade de tráfego na via, e à resposta diferencial da herpetofauna aos estímulos da sazonalidade.

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ABSTRACT Fatalities involving wildlife on roads and highways due to collisions with automotive vehicles represent a severe threat to the conservation of several species of terrestrial vertebrates throughout the world. However, in addition to the negative impact caused by collisions, there are also serious social and economic implications that arise from this situation. This study aims at qualifying and quantifying the collisions with fauna in the Serra da Macaca Park Road (SP-139), since the end of the revitalization work that the road was underwent - in 2015 - over a stretch of 33 km that crosses the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), as well as identifying the predisposing factors that lead to such accidents. The ecological analyses were generated by a combination of the records kept by the fiscalization service of the Fundação Florestal and samples collected in the field. In total, the loss of 80 individuals belonging to 27 species was recorded over an estimated period of three years. Reptiles were the most affected group, followed by mammals. A significant part of the animals was unable to be recognized to the species level, since the taxonomic identification was conducted based on the morphology of the external characteristics and several of the carcasses were completely dilacerated. We identified that the temporal variations in the fatalities are related mainly to the intensity of the traffic in the road and to the differential response of herpetofauna to the stimuli of seasonality.

RESUMO Breve panorama dos atropelamentos de fauna na Estrada Parque Serra da Macaca (SP-139), estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As fatalidades de animais silvestres nas rodovias, decorrentes de colisões com veículos automotores, constitui grave ameaça à conservação de diversas espécies de vertebrados terrestres em todo o mundo. Entretanto, além do impacto negativo causado pelos atropelamentos, existem também implicações socioeconômicas muito sérias advindas desse tipo de conflito. O presente estudo teve como objetivo qualificar e quantificar os atropelamentos de fauna ocorridos na Estrada Parque Serra da Macaca (SP-139), desde a conclusão das suas obras de revitalização - no ano de 2015 - em um trecho de 33 km que atravessa o Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), assim como delimitar localmente os principais fatores predisponentes. As análises ecológicas foram geradas pela combinação dos registros catalogados pelo serviço de fiscalização da Fundação Florestal com as amostras coletadas em campo. Na contagem total, detectou-se a perda de 80 indivíduos pertencentes a 27 espécies, em um período aproximado de três anos. O grupo dos répteis foi o mais afetado, seguido pelos mamíferos. Uma parte significativa dos animais não pôde ser reconhecida ao nível de espécie, visto que a identificação foi realizada com base na morfologia dos caracteres externos e muitas das carcaças estavam dilaceradas. Constatou-se que as variações temporais das fatalidades estão ligadas principalmente à intensidade de tráfego na via, e à resposta diferencial da herpetofauna aos estímulos da sazonalidade.

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Mining activities have significantly affected the Neotropical freshwater ichthyofauna, the most diverse in the world. However, no study has systematized knowledge on the subject. In this review, we assembled information on the main impacts of mining of crude oil, gold, iron, copper, and bauxite on aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing Neotropical freshwater fishes. The information obtained shows that mining activities generate several different disturbances, mainly via input of crude oil, metals and other pollutants, erosion and siltation, deforestation, and road construction. Mining has resulted in direct and indirect losses of fish diversity in several Neotropical waterbodies. The negative impacts on the ichthyofauna may change the structure of communities, compromise entire food chains, and erode ecosystem services provided by freshwater fishes. Particularly noteworthy is that mining activities (legal and illegal) are widespread in the Neotropics, and often located within or near protected areas. Actions to prevent and mitigate impacts, such as inspection, monitoring, management, and restoration plans, have been cursory or absent. In addition, there is strong political pressure to expand mining; if - or when - this happens, it will increase the potential of the activity to further diminish the diversity of Neotropical freshwater fishes.(AU)

As atividades de mineração têm impactado significativamente a ictiofauna de água doce Neotropical, a mais diversa do mundo. Porém, nenhum estudo sistematizou o conhecimento sobre o assunto. Nesta revisão, reunimos informações sobre os principais impactos da mineração de petróleo, ouro, ferro, cobre, e bauxita sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos, com ênfase nos peixes de água doce Neotropicais. As informações obtidas mostram que as atividades de mineração geram diferentes distúrbios, principalmente por meio de petróleo bruto, metais e outros poluentes, erosão e assoreamento, desmatamento e construção de estradas. A mineração resultou em perda direta e indireta de diversidade de peixes de vários corpos d'água Neotropicais. Os impactos negativos sobre a ictiofauna podem alterar a estrutura das comunidades, comprometer cadeias alimentares inteiras, bem como degradar os serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos pelos peixes de água doce. Particularmente importante é que as atividades de mineração (legais e ilegais) são generalizadas na região Neotropical, e frequentemente estão localizadas dentro ou perto de áreas protegidas. Ações de prevenção e mitigação de impactos, como planos de fiscalização, monitoramento, manejo e restauração, têm sido precárias ou ausentes. Além disso, há forte pressão política para expandir a mineração; se - ou quando - isso acontecer, aumentará o potencial da atividade em diminuir ainda mais a diversidade de peixes de água doce Neotropicais.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Fatalities involving wildlife on roads and highways due to collisions with automotive vehicles represent a severe threat to the conservation of several species of terrestrial vertebrates throughout the world. However, in addition to the negative impact caused by collisions, there are also serious social and economic implications that arise from this situation. This study aims at qualifying and quantifying the collisions with fauna in the Serra da Macaca Park Road (SP-139), since the end of the revitalization work that the road was underwent in 2015 over a stretch of 33 km that crosses the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), as well as identifying the predisposing factors that lead to such accidents. The ecological analyses were generated by a combination of the records kept by the fiscalization service of the Fundação Florestal and samples collected in the field. In total, the loss of 80 individuals belonging to 27 species was recorded over an estimated period of three years. Reptiles were the most affected group, followed by mammals. A significant part of the animals was unable to be recognized to the species level, since the taxonomic identification was conducted based on the morphology of the external characteristics and several of the carcasses were completely dilacerated. We identified that the temporal variations in the fatalities are related mainly to the intensity of the traffic in the road and to the differential response of herpetofauna to the stimuli of seasonality.(AU)

As fatalidades de animais silvestres nas rodovias, decorrentes de colisões com veículos automotores, constitui grave ameaça à conservação de diversas espécies de vertebrados terrestres em todo o mundo. Entretanto, além do impacto negativo causado pelos atropelamentos, existem também implicações socioeconômicas muito sérias advindas desse tipo de conflito. O presente estudo teve como objetivo qualificar e quantificar os atropelamentos de fauna ocorridos na Estrada Parque Serra da Macaca (SP-139), desde a conclusão das suas obras de revitalização no ano de 2015 em um trecho de 33 km que atravessa o Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), assim como delimitar localmente os principais fatores predisponentes. As análises ecológicas foram geradas pela combinação dos registros catalogados pelo serviço de fiscalização da Fundação Florestal com as amostras coletadas em campo. Na contagem total, detectou-se a perda de 80 indivíduos pertencentes a 27 espécies, em um período aproximado de três anos. O grupo dos répteis foi o mais afetado, seguido pelos mamíferos. Uma parte significativa dos animais não pôde ser reconhecida ao nível de espécie, visto que a identificação foi realizada com base na morfologia dos caracteres externos e muitas das carcaças estavam dilaceradas. Constatou-se que as variações temporais das fatalidades estão ligadas principalmente à intensidade de tráfego na via, e à resposta diferencial da herpetofauna aos estímulos da sazonalidade.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Mining activities have significantly affected the Neotropical freshwater ichthyofauna, the most diverse in the world. However, no study has systematized knowledge on the subject. In this review, we assembled information on the main impacts of mining of crude oil, gold, iron, copper, and bauxite on aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing Neotropical freshwater fishes. The information obtained shows that mining activities generate several different disturbances, mainly via input of crude oil, metals and other pollutants, erosion and siltation, deforestation, and road construction. Mining has resulted in direct and indirect losses of fish diversity in several Neotropical waterbodies. The negative impacts on the ichthyofauna may change the structure of communities, compromise entire food chains, and erode ecosystem services provided by freshwater fishes. Particularly noteworthy is that mining activities (legal and illegal) are widespread in the Neotropics, and often located within or near protected areas. Actions to prevent and mitigate impacts, such as inspection, monitoring, management, and restoration plans, have been cursory or absent. In addition, there is strong political pressure to expand mining; if - or when - this happens, it will increase the potential of the activity to further diminish the diversity of Neotropical freshwater fishes.(AU)

As atividades de mineração têm impactado significativamente a ictiofauna de água doce Neotropical, a mais diversa do mundo. Porém, nenhum estudo sistematizou o conhecimento sobre o assunto. Nesta revisão, reunimos informações sobre os principais impactos da mineração de petróleo, ouro, ferro, cobre, e bauxita sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos, com ênfase nos peixes de água doce Neotropicais. As informações obtidas mostram que as atividades de mineração geram diferentes distúrbios, principalmente por meio de petróleo bruto, metais e outros poluentes, erosão e assoreamento, desmatamento e construção de estradas. A mineração resultou em perda direta e indireta de diversidade de peixes de vários corpos d'água Neotropicais. Os impactos negativos sobre a ictiofauna podem alterar a estrutura das comunidades, comprometer cadeias alimentares inteiras, bem como degradar os serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos pelos peixes de água doce. Particularmente importante é que as atividades de mineração (legais e ilegais) são generalizadas na região Neotropical, e frequentemente estão localizadas dentro ou perto de áreas protegidas. Ações de prevenção e mitigação de impactos, como planos de fiscalização, monitoramento, manejo e restauração, têm sido precárias ou ausentes. Além disso, há forte pressão política para expandir a mineração; se - ou quando - isso acontecer, aumentará o potencial da atividade em diminuir ainda mais a diversidade de peixes de água doce Neotropicais.(AU)

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The essential objective of a road is framed in allowing the circulation of vehicles from a point of origin to a destination, being essential to fulfil completely this function, consider aspects such as: functionality, safety, economy, comfort, environmental integration and harmony or aesthetics. For this effect, a geometric design based on consistency must be achieved, which arranges the elements of the road and their geometric characteristics, helping to minimize adverse effects on the driver's expectations, perceiving homogeneity on the route, without abrupt variation in the level of attention necessary and thus be able to adapt to the changing geometric conditions of the road. In order to assess the consistency in the geometric design, different criteria and methodologies strongly related to the level of accident rates have been developed, which in turn are based on the analysis of the evolutions of the operating speeds. By virtue of the above, speed is therefore of vital importance to carry out any type of evaluation or analysis of traffic, since it is an important indicator of the quality of the service offered to users, because of it is function of the physical characteristics of the road and its environment. Among the main characteristics of vehicular traffic that can be studied from speed data, we have: the intensity of circulation, vehicle speeds and travel time, origin and destination of trips, vehicular accidents, among others. The purpose of this document is to present a database of speed obtained on a road located in the Pasto (Nariño department) in southwestern Colombia. The analysed road sector has a total length of 27.5 km and is developed in a predominantly mountainous topography. The data collected corresponds to the geometric characteristics of the road, as well as the design, traffic and operating speeds of each element throughout the sector. The data series corresponds to 312 elements of the geometric design, which are located continuously along sector. The design and road speed for each element, was determined from the geometric characteristics of the road; meanwhile, the operating speed was determined using spot speed data, which was obtained from field measurements with the Bushnell Radar Gun. For the determination of the Operating Speed in each element of the layout and for each class of vehicle considered (cars, buses and two-axle trucks), in each direction of movement, a minimum sample size of 64 Spot Speed data was used. The speed dataset is of great importance, because it provides traffic and transport engineering with relevant information for investigations such as: analysis of traffic accidents, establishment of design elements, traffic operation plans, regulation and control, zones with speed problems, study of traffic flows and finally, the assignment of design speeds for similar and future projects.

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Resumen Entre los impactos negativos sobre la biodiversidad que causan las obras viales, como las carreteras, se tiene la mortandad de fauna por atropello. En el presente estudio se determina la mortandad de anfibios, reptiles, aves y mamíferos por atropello, en tres carreteras que confluyen en el distrito de Tambogrande (Piura en el norte de Perú) y establecer los sitios de mayor incidencia. Los datos se colectaron entre enero y junio de 2018 en 24 recorridos una vez por semana entre las 7:00 y 14:00 horas. Los recorridos se realizaron sobre una moto lineal a 25 km/h, los datos registrados fueron coordenadas geográficas del punto de atropello principalmente. La mortandad de vertebrados en los transectos se analizó usando el Índice Kilométrico de Abundancia. Los sitios de alta incidencia de atropellos se determinaron con un análisis de densidad de Kernel. Se hallaron 437 animales atropellados pertenecientes a 29 especies. Los animales atropellados más abundantes fueron los mamíferos seguidos de aves, reptiles y anfibios. El IKA promedio fue de 0.2 (IC 95% 0.1 - 0.3) N° de atropellos/Km. Se presentaron 24 puntos de alta incidencia en el área de estudio cercanos entre sí. Utilizando la información de este trabajo se sugiere construir ocho pasos de fauna para vertebrados según estándares internacionales y complementados con señalética adecuada.

Abstract Among the negative impacts on biodiversity caused by road works, such as road and highways, are the killed caused by collisions with vehicles. In this study, the mortality of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals by collision with vehicles is determined, on three roads that converge in the Tambogrande district (Piura in northern Peru), and the places with the highest incidence are established. Observations were between January and June of 2018 with a frequency of 24 trips once a week between the hours of 7.00 and 14.00. The trips were taken on a motorcycle at 25 km/h. Geographical coordinates of the point of collisions were recorded. The vertebrates mortality in transects lines was analyzed using the Kilometric Abundance Index (KAI). High incidence places were determined with a Kernel Density Analysis. 437 animals were found dead corresponding to 29 species. The animal group most affected was mammals followed by birds, reptiles and amphibians in that order. The mean KAI was 0.2 (95% CI 0.1 - 0.3) N° of incidences/km. We determinate 24 points of high incidence, they were close to each other. Based in our results, we propose to build eight animal crossing structures for vertebrates complemented with appropriate transit signals.

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Esta pesquisa buscou analisar as formas de apropriação da Avenida Perimetral/Paulo Luís da Assunção, quais equipamentos de lazer as pessoas mais utilizam, quais os horários esses usuários frequentam o espaço e os fatores que afetam a permanência neles. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório, foi utilizada a triangulação para a realização da análise e interpretação dos dados. A partir dos resultados, constatou-se que as principais atividades desenvolvidas na Avenida são circulação, lazer, como conversar, brincar, jogar bola, tomar tereré, exercitar-se, entre outros. Conclui-se que a revitalização da Avenida trouxe benefícios para a população, como espaços para as práticas de esporte e lazer, embelezamento dos bairros, segurança e tranquilidade para a população, configurando espaços de sociabilidade, promovendo encontros, estabelecendo vínculos e relações de amizade.

This research sought to analyze the forms of appropriation of Perimetral Avenue/Paulo Luís da Assunção, which leisure facilities people use the most, what time these users attend the space and the factors that affect their permanence in them. It is a qualitative research of exploratory character, the triangulation was used for the accomplishment of the analysis and interpretation of the data. From the results, it was verified that the main activities developed in the Avenue are circulation, leisure, such as talking, playing, playing ball, taking tereré, exercising, among others. It is concluded that the revitalization of the Avenue brought benefits to the population, as spaces for sports and leisure practices, neighborhood beautification, security and tranquility for the population, configuring spaces of sociability, promoting meetings, establishing bonds and friendly relations.

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RESUMO: Introdução: Falta de atenção ao conduzir (FAC) veículo é tida como fator de risco em ascensão para Acidentes de Transporte Terrestre (ATT). Objetivo: Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar a tendência do número de vítimas em acidentes por FAC e do número de infrações por uso de aparelho telefônico celular nas rodovias federais brasileiras e problematizar a categoria FAC tal como vem sendo empregada no país. Método: Estudo de séries temporais, com dados de acidentes com vítimas disponibilizados pela Polícia Rodoviária Federal, cuja causa tenha sido FAC, no período de 2007 a 2016, e dados de infrações por dirigir utilizando celular. Resultados: Identificou-se tendência de aumento mensal do número de vítimas de acidentes por FAC no país até meados de 2011 (variação percentual mensal - VPM = 0,57%), seguida de diminuição significante (VPM = -0,45%). As macrorregiões apresentaram comportamento similar, com exceção do Sudeste. Houve tendência de aumento mensal do número de infrações pelo uso de celular pelo condutor de 2007 a 2013. Conclusão: A tendência é de aumento mensal do número de vítimas decorrentes de FAC no Brasil e na maioria das macrorregiões até 2011, com posterior tendência de declínio. A inexatidão da expressão "falta de atenção" compromete a qualidade dos dados e, por consequência, o adequado dimensionamento das vítimas atribuível a esse fator de risco. A díade celular-condução pode estar na origem de acidentes com vítimas por FAC no país.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Distracted driving (DD) of a motor vehicle is considered an increasing risk factor for land transport accidents. Objective: To identify the tendency in the number of victims in DD accidents and in the number of offences due to cell phone use on Brazilian federal highways, as well as analyze the DD category in depth as it is being used in the country. Method: A time series study with data on accidents with victims, made available by the Federal Highway Police, whose cause was distracted driving, from 2007 to 2016 and data on offences for driving using a cell phone. Results: There was a tendency towards a monthly increase in the number of distracted driving accident victims in the country up to mid-2011 (percentage monthly variation - PMV = 0.57%), followed by a significant decrease (PMV = -0.45%). Macro-regions showed similar behavior, except in the Southeast. There was a monthly increase in the number of offences caused by drivers using cell phones from 2007 to 2013. Conclusion: There was a tendency towards monthly increases in the number of victims of distracted driving in Brazil and in most macro-regions up to 2011, followed by a subsequent downward tendency. The inaccurate nature of the expression "distraction" compromises the quality of the data and, consequently, the adequate estimation of victims attributable to this risk factor. The cell phone-driving dyad could be the root cause of accidents with victims caused by distracted driving in the country.

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BACKGROUND: Aedes aegypti-borne diseases are becoming major public health problems in tropical and sub-tropical regions. While socioeconomic status has been associated with larval mosquito abundance, the drivers or possible factors mediating this association, such as environmental factors, are yet to be identified. We examined possible associations between proximity to houses and roads and immature mosquito abundance, and assessed whether these factors and mosquito prevention measures mediated any association between household environmental factors and immature mosquito abundance. METHODS: We conducted two cross-sectional household container surveys in February-March and November-December, 2017, in urban and rural areas of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. We used principal components analysis to identify factors from 12 variables to represent the household environment. One factor which included number of rooms in house, electricity, running water, garbage service, cable, television, telephone, latrine, well, and sewer system, was termed "environmental capital." Environmental capital scores ranged from 0 to 5.5. Risk factors analyzed included environmental capital, and distance from nearest house/structure, paved road, and highway. We used Poisson regression to determine associations between distance to nearest house/structure, roads, and highways, and measures of immature mosquito abundance (total larvae, total pupae, and positive containers). Using cubic spline generalized additive models, we assessed non-linear associations between environmental capital and immature mosquito abundance. We then examined whether fumigation, cleaning containers, and distance from the nearest house, road, and highway mediated the relationship between environmental capital and larvae and pupae abundance. RESULTS: We completed 508 household surveys in February-March, and we revisited 469 households in November-December. Proximity to paved roads and other houses/structures was positively associated with larvae and pupae abundance and mediated the associations between environmental capital and total numbers of larvae/pupae (p ≤ 0.01). Distance to highways was not associated with larval/pupal abundance (p ≥ 0.48). Households with the lowest and highest environmental capital had fewer larvae/pupae than households in the middle range (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence that proximity to other houses and paved roads was associated with greater abundance of larvae and pupae. Understanding risk factors such as these can allow for improved targeting of surveillance and vector control measures in areas considered at higher risk for arbovirus transmission.

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RESUMO A erosão do solo em carreadores de cana-de-açúcar é um problema que não pode ser desprezado, dado o aumento de área plantada com essa cultura no território brasileiro. No presente artigo, são estimadas as perdas de solo, através do emprego da Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo (EUPS), de quatro trechos de carreadores de cana de uma fazenda no município de Itirapina (SP). Os resultados mostraram estimativas de perdas que variaram de 60,6 a 90,1 t.ha-1 para o tipo de solo Neossolo Quartzarênico.

ABSTRACT Soil erosion in earth roads of sugar cane is a problem that cannot be ignored, given the increase in planted area to this crop in Brazil. In this article soil losses are estimated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), at four stretches of sugar cane earth roads of a farm at Itirapina (São Paulo State). Results showed that loss estimates ranged from 60.6 to 90.1 t.ha-1 for typic Quartzipsamment soil.

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Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a tendência do número de mortos, feridos graves e feridos leves por acidentes de trânsito nas rodovias federais brasileiras, segundo macrorregião, antes e depois do início da Década de Ação pela Segurança no Trânsito (DAST). Trata-se de estudo de séries temporais interrompidas com dados sobre acidentes com vítimas, fatais ou feridas, disponibilizados pela Polícia Rodoviária Federal para o período de 2007 a 2017. Utilizou-se o método de Prais-Winsten para o cálculo da variação percentual mensal (VPM) do número de mortos, feridos graves e feridos leves. Antes da DAST, havia uma tendência de aumento mensal do número de mortos nesses acidentes no país (VPM de 0,71%) e em todas as regiões, com destaque para o Sul (VPM de 1,01%) e Centro-oeste (VPM de 0,84%). Verificou-se tendência inversa após o início da DAST, com diminuição significante no Brasil (VPM de -1,24%) e macrorregiões. Para cada pessoa que morre em um acidente em rodovia federal, há, pelo menos, 12 outras, em média, que sofrem lesões não fatais. Houve tendência de aumento do número de vítimas com ferimentos graves (VPM de 0,53%) e leves (VPM de 0,8%) no Brasil e nas macrorregiões no período que antecedeu a DAST. Após a introdução da DAST, houve uma tendência de diminuição nas frequências absolutas significantes desses desfechos nos níveis nacional e regional. Conclui-se que, antes da DAST, houve tendência de aumento mensal do número de vítimas fatais e feridas por acidentes de trânsito nas rodovias federais. Após o início da DAST, em 2011, observou-se tendência inversa, ou seja, de declínio desses desfechos nos locais estudados.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la tendencia del número de muertos, heridos graves y heridos leves por accidentes de tráfico en las carreteras federales brasileñas, según macrorregión, antes y después del inicio de la Década de Acción por la Seguridad en el Tráfico (DAST). Se trata de un estudio de series temporales interrumpidas con datos sobre accidentes con víctimas, fatales o heridas, reveladas al público por la Policía de Carreteras Federal para el período de 2007 a 2017. Se utilizó el método de Prais-Winsten para el cálculo de la variación de porcentaje mensual (VPM) del número de muertos, heridos graves y heridos leves. Antes de la DAST, había una tendencia de aumento mensual del número de muertos en esos accidentes en el país (VPM de 0,71%) y en todas las regiones, resaltando la Sur (VPM de 1,01%) y Centro-oeste (VPM de 0,84%). Se verificó una tendencia inversa tras el comienzo de la DAST, con una disminución significativa en Brasil (VPM de -1,24%) y en sus macrorregiones. Por cada persona que muere en un accidente en una carretera federal, hay por lo menos otras 12, de media, que sufren lesiones no fatales. Hubo tendencia de aumento en el número de víctimas con heridas graves (VPM de 0,53%) y leves (VPM de 0,8%) en Brasil y en las macrorregiones durante el período que precedió la DAST. Tras la introducción de la DAST, hubo una tendencia de disminución en las frecuencias absolutas significativas de esos desenlaces en los niveles nacional y regional. Se concluye que antes de la DAST hubo una tendencia de aumento mensual en el número de víctimas fatales y heridas por accidentes de tráfico en las carreteras federales. Tras el inicio de la DAST, en 2011, se observó una tendencia inversa, o sea, de declive de esos desenlaces en los lugares estudiados.

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the trend in the number of fatalities, severe injuries, and minor injuries from traffic accidents on Brazil's federal highways according to the country's major geographic regions before and after the start of the Decade of Action for Road Safety (DARS). This was an interrupted time series study of data on accidents with fatal or injured victims provided by the Brazilian Federal Highway Police from 2007 to 2017. The Prais-Winsten method was used to calculate the monthly percentage change (MPC) in the number of fatalities, severe injuries, and minor injuries. Before the DARS, there was an upward monthly trend in the number of fatalities in these accidents in the country as a whole (MPC 0.71%) and in all five regions, especially in the South (MPC 1.01%) and Central-West (MPC 0.84%). There was an inverse trend after the start of the DARS, with a significant decrease in Brazil as a whole (MPC -1.24%) and in the major geographic regions. For each person that dies in an accident on a federal highway, at least 12 others suffer non-fatal injuries. There was an upward trend in the number of victims with severe injuries (MPC 0.53%) and minor injuries (MPC 0.8%) in Brazil and in the major geographic regions in the period prior to the DARS. After the start of the DARS, there was a significant downward trend in the absolute frequencies of these outcomes at the national and regional levels. In conclusion, before the DARS, there was an upward monthly trend in the number of fatal and injured victims of traffic accidents on Brazil's federal highways. After the start of the DARS, in 2011, there was an inverse trend, namely a decline in these outcomes in the country.

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BACKGROUND: Global change produces pervasive negative impacts on biodiversity worldwide. Land use change and biological invasions are two of the major drivers of global change that often coexist; however, the effects of their interaction on natural habitats have been little investigated. In particular, we aimed to analyse whether the invasion of an introduced grass (Bromus tectorum; cheatgrass) along roads verges and the disturbance level in the natural surrounding habitat interact to influence the degree of B. tectorum invasion in the latter habitats in north-western Patagonia. METHODS: Along six different roads, totalling approximately 370 km, we set two 50 m × 2 m sampling plots every 5 km (73 plots in total). One plot was placed parallel to the road (on the roadside) and the other one perpendicular to it, towards the interior of the natural surrounding habitat. In each plot, we estimated the B. tectorum plant density in 1 m2 subplots placed every 5 m. In the natural habitat, we registered the vegetation type (grassy steppe, shrub-steppe, shrubland, and wet-meadow) and the disturbance level (low, intermediate, and high). Disturbance level was visually categorized according to different signs of habitat degradation by anthropogenic use. RESULTS: B. tectorum density showed an exponential decay from roadsides towards the interior of natural habitats. The degree of B. tectorum invasion inside natural habitats was positively related to B. tectorum density on roadsides only when the disturbance level was low. Shrub-steppes, grassy steppes and shrublands showed similar mean density of B. tectorum. Wet-meadows had the lowest densities of B. tectorum. Intermediate and highly disturbed environments presented higher B. tectorum density than those areas with low disturbance. DISCUSSION: Our study highlights the importance of the interaction between road verges and disturbance levels on B. tectorum invasion in natural habitats surrounding roads of north-western Patagonia, particularly evidencing its significance in the invasion onset. The importance of invasion in road verges depends on disturbance level, with better conserved environments being more resistant to invasion at low levels of B. tectorum density along road verges, but more susceptible to road verges invasion at higher levels of disturbance. All the habitats except wet-meadows were invaded at a similar degree by B. tectorum, which reflects its adaptability to multiple habitat conditions. Overall, our work showed that synergies among global change drivers impact native environments favouring the invasion of B. tectorum.