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Alcohol use represents a global health problem, especially for Latin American youth. As part of the Global Smart Drinking Goals campaign, a family-based preventive intervention was adapted and piloted in Mexico based on an existing evidence-based program, Guiding Good Choices. In this study, we explored the malleability and session-specific mean-level changes in protective and risk factors targeted by the adapted family intervention as related to the prevention of underage alcohol use and abuse. The sample consisted of 177 parents working at four private local companies who had children between the ages of 8 and 16. Data were collected before and after each program session. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine growth trajectories and session-specific mean differences for selected etiologic factors. Significant effects on protective and risk factors were found. Among protective factors, positive family involvement showed the most considerable linear growth over time, while clear standards for youth showed the largest within-session increase. The greatest linear decrease in risk was observed for family conflict, which also showed the greatest pre-, and post-session reduction. Our findings suggest that the adapted program helped families develop protection against, and reduce risk of, alcohol use in their adolescent children. Results from this exploratory pilot study provide support for further rigorous evaluation and dissemination of the adapted intervention for Hispanic families.

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As part of the Global Smart Drinking Goals campaign launched in 2018 in 6 "City Pilots" around the world, the Businesses That Care (BTC; Empresas Que se Cuidan in Spanish) prevention system was developed and implemented in Zacatecas, Mexico. BTC is a private business sector adaptation of the Communities That Care prevention system. BTC is designed to address underage alcohol use through a combination of a company-led prevention system, an adapted family-based prevention program with parents employed at participating companies, and environmental prevention strategies for company employees. BTC was designed to be congruent with other health and safety efforts in the region (e.g., media campaign, road safety, and school prevention efforts). This study presents the feasibility and adoption of the BTC system in Zacatecas. Process implementation measures indicated successful participant recruitment, retention, and adherence to intervention protocols. The first 4 stages of BTC implementation were completed within 14 months, with Stage 5 being interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. BTC Prevention Committee members, made up of employees from BTC participating companies, received 9 out of 10 BTC trainings/workshops during this time. Results provide evidence of the acceptability and feasibility for private companies to implement a prevention system approach for reducing youth alcohol use.

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BACKGROUND: Crack-cocaine dependence is a serious public health issue, related to several psychiatric and psychosocial problems. Crack-cocaine users are usually embedded in a context of great social vulnerability, often associated with violence, poverty, family conflict and easy and early access to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled a consecutive sample of 577 patients admitted to 20 therapeutic communities located in Southern Brazil, between September 2012 and September 2013. A structured interview assessed life-time exposure to risk and protective factors for drug use, such as parental monitoring in childhood, deviant behaviors and peer pressure. RESULTS: Presence of family conflict (p = 0.002), maltreatment (p = 0.016), and deviant behavior prior to age 15 in a bivariate analysis predicted an earlier age of crack-cocaine initiation, whereas adolescents experiencing parental monitoring during adolescence started use later (p < 0.001). In the multivariate model, perceptions related to ease of access of illicit drugs (marijuana: p = 0.028, 95% CI = - 3.81, - 0.22; crack-cocaine: p < 0.001, 95% CI = - 7.40, - 4.90), and deviant behavior (threatening someone with a gun: p = 0.028, 95% CI = - 2.57, - 0.14) remained independent predictors of early age of crack-cocaine initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Early onset of crack-cocaine use seems to be associated with exposure to family conflict, easy access to drugs and deviant behavior. Treatment and preventive programs should take these factors into account when designing and implementing community interventions.

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AIMS: The Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTCYS) is an assessment for youth risk and protective factors focused on antisocial behaviors, drug abuse, violence, and delinquency. The systematic review aimed to analyze psychometric validations and cross-cultural adaptation processes of CTCYS to prepare its Brazilian validation. METHODS: PubMed, SpringerLink, Scopus, and Web of Science were the databases included. The study followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol. RESULTS: Twenty articles were selected based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. In general, the construct validity indexes were considered adequate, and the measures of risk and protective factors were equivalent between ethnic groups, gender, and populations at risk. Reliability values for most scales are good, averaging about 0.78. We found cultural adaptations from six different countries with some satisfactory results, but not so good as the original properties of CTCYS and the adjustments to other ethnic groups or subpopulations in the United States. CONCLUSION: This survey may be a potentially reliable and valid instrument to assess risk and protection in different cultures and populations. However, there is still a gap in the instrument's cross-cultural adaptation processes.

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Many effective community health service delivery systems implemented in the USA assess risk and protective factors (RPFs) for youth problem behaviors in a community, and report these data back to local coalitions for prevention planning. This study examined whether community prevention coalitions in Chile and Colombia perceived these reports of RPFs-based on the results of the Communities That Care Youth Survey-to be understandable, valid, useful, and worth disseminating. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data collected from 7 focus groups with 75 coalition members. Results indicated heterogeneity between and within coalitions in terms of participants' understanding of RPFs. However, most participants found reports of RPFs to be easy to understand, thorough, 'true' to their communities, and useful for diagnosing and prioritizing needs, action planning, and mobilizing others in their communities. Findings suggest the viability of preventive systems that rely on community-level RPF data, for use in Latin America.

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Este artigo apresenta fatores de risco e de proteção presentes no desenvolvimento infantil, familiar e escolar de uma criança com baixo desempenho escolar. Participaram do estudo uma criança de oito anos, sua mãe e sua professora. Para a avaliação do desenvolvimento da criança, da família e da escola, foram utilizadas medidas de autorrelato, estratégias lúdicas, testes psicológicos e entrevistas. A criança apresentou boas condições emocionais e cognitivas, mas seu desenvolvimento psicomotor indicou fragilidades. No desenvolvimento familiar, foram identificadas práticas parentais de punição inconsistente e monitoria negativa. No contexto escolar, há valores condizentes com um espaço de promoção do desenvolvimento infantil, mas as práticas pedagógicas se mostram insuficientes para otimizar a aprendizagem da criança.

This article presents risk and protection factors present in the child, family and school development of a child with low school performance. The study included an eight-year-old child, her mother and her teacher. Self-report measures, playful strategies, psychological tests and interviews were used to assess the development of the child, the family and the school. The child presented good emotional and cognitive conditions, but her psychomotor development indicated weaknesses. In the family development, parental practices of inconsistent punishment and negative monitoring were identified. In the school context, there are values consistent with a space for promoting child development, but pedagogical practices are insufficient to optimize the child's learning.

Este artículo presenta factores de riesgo y protección presentes en el desarrollo del niño, la familia y la escuela de una niña con bajo rendimiento escolar. El estudio incluyó a una niña de ocho años, su madre y su maestra. Para evaluar el desarrollo de la niña, la familia y la escuela, se utilizaron medidas de autoinforme, estrategias lúdicas, pruebas psicológicas y entrevistas. La niña presentó buenas condiciones emocionales y cognitivas, pero su desarrollo psicomotor indicaba debilidades. En el desarrollo familiar, se identificaron prácticas parentales de castigo inconsistente y monitoreo negativo. En el contexto escolar, existen valores consistentes con un espacio para promover el desarrollo infantil, pero las prácticas pedagógicas son insuficientes para optimizar el aprendizaje de los niños.

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Suicide rates in Mexico have increased and have more than doubled in the state of Aguascalientes over the past 10 years. Few studies have been able to control for family, neighborhood, and occupational environment factors that may confound the association between psychosocial characteristics and suicidal behavior. We study suicidal behavior among adolescents and young adults in Mexico utilizing epidemiologic research strategies to overcome prior research deficiencies. In a case-control study with youth and adults 14-42 years of age, recent cases of severe suicidal behavior (n = 150) were individually matched with up to three controls who had never had a suicidal attempt by age and sex, as well as within familial, neighborhood, and occupational contexts (n = 353). Data were collected through standardized face-to-face interviews to measure suicidal behavior and several covariates, including family relations, psychological resources, hopelessness, depression, self-esteem, stress, impulsivity, anxiety, and substance use. All measures demonstrated good to excellent precision and accuracy. Compared with their matched controls, cases perceived life events as more stressful and had worse depression and familial relationships; poorer development of affective, religious, and social resources; higher levels of hopelessness and impulsive behavior; and lower self-esteem. Evidence from multivariate analysis suggests highly probable MDE combined with low self-esteem and the use of two or more drugs in the past month more clearly differentiate cases and controls and, therefore, may best predict suicidal attempt among adolescents and young adults in Aguascalientes, Mexico.

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Substance use among teenage students and factors associated were investigated through a survey using a questionnaire adapted from the WHO's Program on Research and Reporting on the Epidemiology of Drug Dependence, additional questions on family factors and personal risks, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, adapted to Brazil. The target population consisted of 3891 10-22-year-old students from the city of Embu das Artes, São Paulo, Brazil. The prevalence of lifetime substance use was 26.7%. Most commonly used substances were energy drinks combined with alcohol (19%), solvents (11.2%) and marijuana (4.8%). Almost 60% of the students had already tried alcohol and 18.2% had tried tobacco. Factors associated to lifetime substance use were: lower self-esteem, going to nightclubs at least twice a week, use of alcohol, trying tobacco, bad relationship with the mother, permissive mothers, practicing sports as an obligation, working, and higher socioeconomic level. Concerning frequent/heavy substance use, chances were found to be higher among students who had use tobacco and alcohol, going to nightclubs at least twice a week, and those with lower self-esteem. Preventive actions concerning drug use should focus on avoiding the first experimentation, approaching family relationships, and improving students' self-esteem.

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Este estudo objetivou avaliar relações entre habilidades sociais e pensamentos negativos com fatores de proteção e de risco na adultez emergente. Participaram 521 adultos entre 18 e 30 anos (M = 22,68; DP = 3,21). Os participantes foram agrupados com base em seus escores de habilidades sociais e presença de pensamentos negativos frente a interações sociais. Foram desenvolvidas ANOVAS para comparação das médias entre os grupos. Comparações de grupos demonstraram diferenças significativas entre eles, em que o grupo socialmente competente apresentou medias superiores de fatores de proteção e inferiores nos fatores de risco em relação aos demais. Habilidades sociais podem ser consideradas fator de proteção, sua presença está associada a melhores índices de autoestima, autoeficácia e qualidade nos relacionamentos.

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between social skills, negative thoughts and protective and risk factors. The study included 521 emerging adults aged between 18 and 30 years (M = 22.68 years, SD = 3.21). To evaluate the relationship between variables, the participants were grouped based on their scores of social skills and presence of negative thoughts regarding social interaction. ANOVAS were conducted to compare means among groups. Results pointed out that the most socially skilled group had a greater presence of protective factors and lower of risk factors in relation to other groups. Social skills may be considered as a protective factor because they are related to increased self-esteem, self-efficacy and quality in relationships, helping in the formation of supportive networks.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las relaciones entre las habilidades sociales y los pensamientos negativos con factores protectores y de riesgo en la adultez emergente. Participaron 521 adultos entre 18 y 30 años (M = 22.68, SD = 3.21). Los participantes fueron agruparon en base a sus puntuaciones de las habilidades sociales y la presencia de pensamientos negativos en las interacciones sociales. ANOVAs fueron desarrollados para comparar las medias entre los grupos. Comparaciones de grupo mostraron diferencias significativas entre ellos, el grupo socialmente competente tuve mayores promedios de los factores de protección y más bajos en los factores de riesgo en relación con los demás. Las habilidades sociales pueden considerarse como un factor protector, su presencia se asocia con mejores niveles de autoestima, la autoeficacia y calidad en las relaciones.

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El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar las diferentes formas clínicas en que se manifiestan las conductas suicidas, ponerlas en conexión con los diferentes trastornos mentales, mostrar los signos de alarma y discutir las posibles decisiones clínicas que se le ofrecen al terapeuta. La demanda terapéutica en relación con el suicidio está constituida por tres tipos de pacientes: a) aquellos que han sobrevivido a un intento de suicidio; b) los que acuden a la consulta manifestando ideación suicida; y c) los que tienen ideación suicida pero aún no la han expresado verbalmente. La alianza terapéutica empática con el paciente y la colaboración con la familia desempeñan un papel muy importante. Se señalan los objetivos terapéuticos en las diversas circunstancias y la necesidad de centrarse en el cambio de los factores modificables para contrarrestar el peso de los no modificables. Se indican algunas sugerencias para la investigación futura.

The aim of this paper is to show the different clinical forms in which suicidal behaviors manifest, put them in connection with various mental disorders, display warning signs, analyze risk and protective factors and discuss the possible clinical decisions that therapist can take. Relevant information about factors associated with completed and attempted suicide is discussed. Therapeutic demand regarding suicidal behaviors includes three types of patients: a) patients who have survived a suicide attempt; b) patients who seek treatment because of persistent thoughts of suicide; and c) patients with suicidal ideation but without having expressed it to anyone. The empathic therapeutic alliance with the patient and collaboration with family play a very important role. Therapeutic goals according to problems frequently encountered in the clinic, as well as the need to focus on changing modifiable factors to counteract the weight of non-modifiable factors, are commented. Suggestions for future research are outlined.

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O consumo de álcool na adolescência é um fenômeno multideterminado, sendo que nele as relações familiares têm um papel destacado, tanto como fator protetor quanto como de risco. As adolescentes têm mudado seu padrão de consumo e aos poucos vem igualando ao dos meninos. Foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico na base Web of Science, entre 2006-2011, com os descritores girls, alcohol, family, com o objetivo de apresentar uma revisão sistemática do tema. Exibem-se dados bibliométricos, que indicam uma tendência de crescimento da produção científica nos últimos anos. Aprofundam-se os resultados em uma análise qualitativa, destacando-se o papel que a proximidade emocional com os pais e o monitoramento parental exercem enquanto fatores de proteção para as adolescentes.

Alcohol consumption by teenagers is a multi-determined phenomenon. Family relations play a prominent role in it and can be both a protection and a risk factor. Teenager girls have been changing their consumption pattern, becoming more and more similar to boys'. A bibliographic survey was carried out at Web of Science database, from 2006 to 2011, with the descriptors girls, alcohol and family, aiming to present a systematic review of the topic. Bibliometric data are shown, indicating a trend of growth in scientific production in the last years. The results are deepened through qualitative analyses of some articles. The role of emotional proximity with parents and parental monitoring is highlighted as protection factors for girls.

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O consumo de álcool na adolescência é um fenômeno multideterminado, sendo que nele as relações familiares têm um papel destacado, tanto como fator protetor quanto como de risco. As adolescentes têm mudado seu padrão de consumo e aos poucos vem igualando ao dos meninos. Foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico na base Web of Science, entre 2006-2011, com os descritores girls, alcohol, family, com o objetivo de apresentar uma revisão sistemática do tema. Exibem-se dados bibliométricos, que indicam uma tendência de crescimento da produção científica nos últimos anos. Aprofundam-se os resultados em uma análise qualitativa, destacando-se o papel que a proximidade emocional com os pais e o monitoramento parental exercem enquanto fatores de proteção para as adolescentes.(AU)

Alcohol consumption by teenagers is a multi-determined phenomenon. Family relations play a prominent role in it and can be both a protection and a risk factor. Teenager girls have been changing their consumption pattern, becoming more and more similar to boys'. A bibliographic survey was carried out at Web of Science database, from 2006 to 2011, with the descriptors girls, alcohol and family, aiming to present a systematic review of the topic. Bibliometric data are shown, indicating a trend of growth in scientific production in the last years. The results are deepened through qualitative analyses of some articles. The role of emotional proximity with parents and parental monitoring is highlighted as protection factors for girls.(AU)

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Tendo em vista que o Censo Brasileiro (2010) revelou uma variedade de arranjos domésticos e de configurações familiares, entre os quais a presença de famílias pobres monoparentais femininas, com significativa prevalência, resolvemos pesquisar os fatores de risco e de proteção dessas famílias. Formulamos alguns objetivos, como: identificar os dilemas, as dimensões e as problematizações do cotidiano dessas famílias; descrever e refletir sobre o seu funcionamento e a sua dinâmica; identificar processos e ressaltar fatores apontados como de risco e de proteção por vários autores, como Yunes, Szymansky, Junqueira, Deslandes, Pesce, Assis e Poletto, identificar como esses fatores interatuam e propor que essas reflexões sirvam como subsídio teórico/prático para quem trabalha com Psicodrama...

As the 2010 Brazilian Census revealed a wide range of domestic arrangements and family configurations, among which poor families run by single mothers are highly prevalent, we have decided to explore the risk and protective factors of such families. We set out the following aims: to identify the everyday dilemmas, dimensions and issues of these families; to describe and reflect on their functioning and dynamics; to identify their processes and emphasise risk and protective factors as described by authors like Yunes, Szymansky, Junqueira, Deslandes, Pesce, Assis and Poletto; to identify how these factors interact; and, to make these reflections available as theoretical and practical reference points for those who work with psychodrama...

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O nascimento de uma criança exige reorganização dos papéis na família. Seesse nascimento é marcado pela chegada de um filho com possível deficiência, poderáprovocar um desequilíbrio no lar, devido à ruptura das expectativas dos pais em relaçãoà chegada de um bebê ideal. O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar umarevisão dos resultados de pesquisas e discuti-los, no sentido de promover uma reflexãosobre as características da Síndrome de Down (SD) e o seu impacto no desenvolvimentoinfantil e na família, focando-se nos fatores de risco e proteção que interferem ouestimulam na saúde dessa população. O modelo da Teoria Bioecológica doDesenvolvimento Humano, que tem como pressuposto a inter-relação de diversos fatoresindividuais e ambientais, constitui-se o fio organizador desta pesquisa. Deduzindo dessacorrente teórica, o nascimento de uma criança com SD exige uma adaptação do contextofamiliar, devido às características da própria síndrome, pois as crianças com SD estão expostas a fatores ambientais que podem influenciar o seu desenvolvimento. Contudo, aliteratura vem apontando o avanço do conhecimento na área, corroborando para aidentificação dos fatores de risco e de proteção que podem atuar no desenvolvimento dapopulação infantil com SD. Conclui-se que os fatores potencialmente de risco epotencialmente de proteção para essa população infantil são muito semelhantes a essesfatores que atingem a população sem nenhuma deficiência. Ressalta-se, também, aimportância dos fatores do macrossistema para a população com possível deficiência,mais especificamente para as pessoas com SD, pois o progresso do conhecimentosobre esta síndrome e a criação de políticas públicas específicas poderão elevar a suaqualidade e expectativa de vida(AU)

The birth of a child requires a rearrangement of roles in the family. However,if this birth is marked by the arrival of a child with a disability, it may cause instability inthe family, due to the break of parental expectations about an ideal baby. The presentarticle aims at presenting a review of research findings and discussing them in order topromote a reflection on the characteristics of Down syndrome (DS) and its impact onchild development and family, focusing on the risk and protection factors that affectthis population´s health. The Bioecological theory of Human Development, whichestablishes inter - relationship of individual and environmental factors, has been usedas theoretical framework for the discussions of the results.From this theory, the Birthof a child with Down syndrome requires an adaptation of the family context, sincechildren with DS are exposed to environmental factors that may influence theirdevelopment. Nevertheless, scientific literature points out to the advances of knowledgein the area, and it identifies risk and protective factors that can work for the developmentof children with DS. In conclusion, the risk and protection factors potentially of childrenwith DS are very similar to the children without disabilities. An important emphasisshould be placed on factors of the macrosystem for the population with disabilities,more specifically for people with DS, as the advancement of knowledge about thissyndrome and the development of specific public policies can increase life quality andexpectancy(AU)

El nacimiento de un niño requiere la reorganización de hogar. Si estenacimiento está marcado por la llegada de un niño, con posible deficiencia, puedecausar un desequilibrio en la familia, debido a la ruptura de las expectativas de lospadres respecto a la llegada de un bebé ideal. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentaruna revisión de los resultados de las investigaciones y discutirlas con el fin de promoveruna reflexión sobre las características del Síndrome de Down (SD ) y su impacto en eldesarrollo del niño y de la familia, centralizándose en los factores riesgo y de protecciónque afectan o estimulan la salud de esta población. El modelo de la Teoría Bioecológicade Desarrollo Humano, presupone que la interrelación de diversos factores individuales y ambientales, es lo que constituye el hilo conductor de esta investigación. De acuerdocon esta teoría, el nacimiento de un niño con síndrome de Down requiere un ajuste enel contexto familiar, debido a las características del propio síndrome, ya que los niñoscon síndrome de Down están expuestos a factores ambientales que pueden afectar asu desarrollo. Sin embargo, la literatura señala el avance del conocimiento en el área,corroborando la identificación de factores de riesgo y de protección que pueden trabajarpara el desarrollo de la población infantil con síndrome de Down. Se concluye que lospotenciales factores de riesgo y de protección para esta población infantil son muysimilares a los factores que afectan a la población sin discapacidad. Es de destacartambién, la importancia de los factores del macrosistema para las personas con algunadiscapacidad, especialmente para aquellas con SD, pues el avance del conocimientosobre este síndrome y la creación de políticas públicas podrán aumenta su calidad yla esperanza de vida(AU)

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Tendo em vista que o Censo Brasileiro (2010) revelou uma variedade de arranjos domésticos e de configurações familiares, entre os quais a presença de famílias pobres monoparentais femininas, com significativa prevalência, resolvemos pesquisar os fatores de risco e de proteção dessas famílias. Formulamos alguns objetivos, como: identificar os dilemas, as dimensões e as problematizações do cotidiano dessas famílias; descrever e refletir sobre o seu funcionamento e a sua dinâmica; identificar processos e ressaltar fatores apontados como de risco e de proteção por vários autores, como Yunes, Szymansky, Junqueira, Deslandes, Pesce, Assis e Poletto, identificar como esses fatores interatuam e propor que essas reflexões sirvam como subsídio teórico/prático para quem trabalha com Psicodrama.(AU)

As the 2010 Brazilian Census revealed a wide range of domestic arrangements and family configurations, among which poor families run by single mothers are highly prevalent, we have decided to explore the risk and protective factors of such families. We set out the following aims: to identify the everyday dilemmas, dimensions and issues of these families; to describe and reflect on their functioning and dynamics; to identify their processes and emphasise risk and protective factors as described by authors like Yunes, Szymansky, Junqueira, Deslandes, Pesce, Assis and Poletto; to identify how these factors interact; and, to make these reflections available as theoretical and practical reference points for those who work with psychodrama.(AU)

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El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las reacciones psicopatológicas de las víctimas según las circunstancias de la agresión sexual, la historia previa y el apoyo familiar/social. La muestra constó de 269 mujeres adultas víctimas de una agresión sexual en la infancia o en la vida adulta. Se evaluaron las reacciones postraumáticas, la sintomatología ansioso-depresiva, la autoestima, las conductas sexuales y el funcionamiento cotidiano. Los resultados mostraron una alta prevalencia de malestar emocional (63,6%), de baja autoestima (59,7%), de TEPT (44,5%), de sentimientos de culpa (48,3%) y de evitación sexual (38,9%), así como problemas de adaptación. La gravedad de la sintomatología estaba relacionada con las circunstancias de la agresión sexual, tales como la penetración vaginal/anal o las heridas provocadas, la historia de victimización, los sucesos estresantes recientes y la falta de apoyo socio-familiar. Sin embargo, las conductas de evitación sexual no estaban relacionadas con circunstancias específicas de la agresión sexual.

The aim of this paper was to describe the psychopathological reactions of the victims according to the circumstances surrounding sexual aggression, the previous clinical record, and the role of family/social support. The sample consisted of269 adult female victims who suffered any kind of sexual aggression either in childhood or in adult life. Participants were assessed with the PTSD Severity Scale, the STAI, the BDI, the Self-Esteem Scale and the Misadjustment Scale. The results showed a high prevalence of emotional trouble (63.6%), low self-esteem (59.7%), PTSD (44.5), guilt feelings (48.3%), sexual avoidance (38.9%), as well as a poor adaptation to daily life activities. The severity of emotional problems was related to the circumstances of sexual aggression, such as vaginal/anal penetration or physical injuries, the history of victimization, the recent stressful life events and the lack of family/social support. However sexual avoidance behaviors were not associated with circumstances of sexual aggression.

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BACKGROUND: Depression in adolescents is often overlooked and misdiagnosed; however, it is an important mental health problem which is associated with major functional impairments across daily domains of living, and considerable morbidity. The aim of this research is to examine the prevalence of self-reported depressive symptoms among Jamaican adolescents, and the associated sociodemographic factors. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: This cross-sectional study included 3003 students between 10 and 15 years old in Jamaica. Survey methodology was used in the collection of the data. RESULTS: Of the sample of students, 47% were males. One hundred and thirty-four (4.5%) reported having depressive symptoms. The factors significantly associated with depressive symptoms were negative community attributes (B = 1.1; p = 0.001), protective factors within the home (B = 0.72; p = 0.000), gender (B = 1.92; p = 0.000), and learning problems (B = 3.1; p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: Results indicate rates of depressive symptomatology reported among adolescents in Jamaica are consistent with rates reported in the literature.

ANTECEDENTES: La depresión en los adolescentes es a menudo pasada por alto y mal diagnosticada, a pesar de que constituye un problema de salud mental importante. El mismo se halla asociado con deterioros funcionales mayores en todos los dominios de la vida diaria, y conlleva una morbosidad considerable. El objetivo de esta investigación es examinar la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos autoreportados entre adolescentes jamaicanos, así como pasar revista a los factores sociodemográficos asociados. MÉTODO: Este estudio transversal incluyó 3003 estudiantes jamaicanos entre 10 y 15 años de edad. La metodología de encuestas fue usada en la recogida de datos. RESULTADOS: De la muestra de estudiantes, 47% eran varones. Ciento treinta y cuatro (4.5%) reportaron tener síntomas depresivos. Los factores significativamente asociados con los síntomas de depresión fueron atributos comunitarios negativos (B = 1.1; p = 0.001), factores de protección en el hogar (B = 0.72; p = 0.000), género (B = 1.92; p = 0.000), y problemas de aprendizaje (B = 3.1; p = 0.000). CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados indican que las tasas de sintomatología depresiva reportadas entre los adolescentes en Jamaica concuerdan con las tasas reportadas en la literatura.

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RESUMO

There is growing interest and importance in addressing the logistical and ethical challenges of conducting research with disenfranchised populations, including homeless and working street youth. Drawing upon established international standards on human rights, we review legal and ethical codes for research on disenfranchised populations established by national and international research and professional organizations. Then we explore how university-based researchers can apply these standards to children and adolescents growing up in situations characterized by physical and psychological neglect, lack of adult supervision, limited protection from local law enforcement, and drug use and violence. We reflect upon on our experiences in conducting research with vulnerable Brazilian youth to illustrate the challenges of implementing ethical guidelines in real-world situations and propose possible solutions to ethical dilemmas encountered in the field.

Hay interés creciente e importancia en los desafíos logísticos y éticos de la dirección de una investigación con poblaciones en situación de vulnerabilidad, incluso los denominados sin hogar y la juventud callejera. Utilizando las normas internacionales establecidas en los derechos humanos, para esta investigación, se retomaron los códigos legales y éticos en estas poblaciones establecidas por organizaciones profesionales y de investigación nacional e internacional. Nosotros exploramos cómo los investigadores basados en las universidades pueden aplicar estas normas a los niños y adolescentes que crecen en las situaciones caracterizados por el abandono físico y psicológico, falta de vigilancia adulta, protección limitada de la ley local, uso de droga y violencia. Nosotros reflejamos en nuestras experiencias, dirigiendo la investigación con la juventud brasileña vulnerable, para ilustrar los desafíos de llevar a cabo las pautas éticas en las situaciones del mundo real y proponer las posibles soluciones a los dilemas éticos encontrados en el campo.

RESUMO

Esta investigación examinó el aporte de tres prácticas parentales en la explicación de la conducta agresiva. El interés era indagar asociaciones entre estos factores, las diferencias por nivel socioeconómico y las diferencias en los reportes de ambos padres sobre la conducta agresiva de sus hijos. Participaron 256 parejas, con hijos adolescentes. Los resultados muestran que el estrés parental, el trato rudo y el monitoreo se asocian significativamente con la conducta agresiva. El estrés parental fue el factor con mayor peso predictor. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para los tres factores en los niveles socioeconómicos alto y bajo, pero no entre el medio y el alto. En los reportes de los padres, no se encontraron diferencias para estrés y trato rudo, pero sí para el monitoreo.

This research studied the joint contribution of three parenting practices in the explanation of aggressive behavior. The main interest was to investigate the associations between these factors, the socioeconomic status, and the differences between the reports provided by parents in regards to the aggressive behavior of their children. The sample included 256 couples whose children were teenagers with an age range between 12 and 18 years old. The results show that parental stress, the harsh treatment, and monitoring are significantly associated with aggressive behavior of children. Parental stress was the factor with the highest degree of prediction. Significant differences were found for the three factors in high and low socioeconomic levels, but in medium and high were not. As for the versions of the parents, there were no significant differences in stress and rough management, but monitoring.