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Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of human morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of ischemic stroke involves complex events, including oxidative stress and inflammation, that lead to neuronal loss and cognitive deficits. Palmatine (PAL) is a naturally occurring (Coptidis rhizome) isoquinoline alkaloid that belongs to the class of protoberberines and has a wide spectrum of pharmacological and biological effects. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of Palmatine on neuronal damage, memory deficits, and inflammatory response in mice submitted to permanent focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery (pMCAO) occlusion. The animals were treated with Palmatine (0.2, 2 and 20 mg/kg/day, orally) or vehicle (3% Tween + saline solution) 2 h after pMCAO once daily for 3 days. Cerebral ischemia was confirmed by evaluating the infarct area (TTC staining) and neurological deficit score 24 h after pMCAO. Treatment with palmatine (2 and 20 mg/kg) reduced infarct size and neurological deficits and prevented working and aversive memory deficits in ischemic mice. Palmatine, at a dose of 2 mg/kg, had a similar effect of reducing neuroinflammation 24 h after cerebral ischemia, decreasing TNF-, iNOS, COX-2, and NF- κB immunoreactivities and preventing the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Moreover, palmatine (2 mg/kg) reduced COX-2, iNOS, and IL-1ß immunoreactivity 96 h after pMCAO. The neuroprotective properties of palmatine make it an excellent adjuvant treatment for strokes due to its inhibition of neuroinflammation.

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Achira, Canna edulis Ker, a plant native to South America, is the source of a starch used for food and industrial purposes. Since 2016, Colombian growers of the main cropping regions, Cundinamarca (CU), Nariño (NA), and Huila (HU) are experiencing yield losses due to rhizome rots. Surveys of the affected areas evidenced wilting and collapsed plants, with oxidized rhizomes and affected root masses. Disease incidence per field was around 10%, but diseased plants were found in all 44 visited farms. To study this problem, wilting plants were collected, and symptomatic tissues, pseudo-stems, roots, and rhizomes, were cut and disinfested in 1.5% hypochlorite, rinsed in sterile water, and plated onto PDA amended with 0.01% tetracycline. A total of 121 isolates were recovered; of these, 77 Fusarium-like isolates stood out, given their recovery frequency (64.7%) and cross-region distribution. To morphologically study the isolates, carnation leaf agar cultures of NA01, NA16, NA48, CU08-1 and HU02, were made. Isolates had hyaline, mostly aseptated microconidia, oval in shape, developing in false heads with short monophialides. Macroconidia were hyaline and falcate, straight to slightly curved, 2 to 4 septate, with apical cells curved and basal cells foot shaped. For NA01 the average size and width of the microconidia was 4.3 x 3.2 µm (n=80), while macroconidia averaged 18.9 × 5.7 µm (n =80); NA16 was slightly bigger (6.5 x 3 and 22.9 x 5.5 um respectively). This morphology resembles Fusarium oxysporum (Fox) (Leslie et al. 2006). Identity confirmation was obtained by Sanger sequencing of the rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the translation elongation factor 1α (TEF1α) loci using protocols of White et al. 1994, and O'Donnell et al. 1998. Blast comparisons against NCBI databases, showed a very high identity (>99.5%) to MN528565.1 (ITS), and KU985430.1 (TEF 1α), both, F. oxysporum sequences. The identity of NA01 and CU08 was further confirmed by sequencing the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II (RPB1) locus (O'Donnell et al. 2015), observing more than 99% identity to CP052885.1 (RPB1) a F. oxysporum strain. BLAST check against the Fusarium MLSD database confirmed the identity. The obtained sequences were deposited in NCBI as MN963788, MN963793, MN963801, MN963782, MN963786 (ITS); OK143597, OK141601, OK143596 MW594202, OK169575 (TEF1α); and ON297670 and MZ670431 RPB1). To confirm causality, pathogenicity assays were conducted using NA01, NA48 and CU08. To this end, 25, 35 day-olds sprouted rhizomes, from each of the "purple", "green" and "white" varieties, were inoculated by drench with 30 ml of conidium suspension (1x106 conidia/ml) (Schmale 2003). Control rhizomes (25 per variety) were treated with sterile distilled water. Greenhouse conditions were 25 °C, 40% RH, and photoperiod 12h. Disease symptoms were detected 10 days after inoculation and evolved to resemble those from the field. While symptom and severity of infection varied with the isolate and host combination used, pathogen re-isolation and identification was successful fulfilling Koch´s postulates. Control plants remained healthy. The data shows that F. oxysporum species complex is the causal agent of this achira root and rhizome rot. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this problem in Colombia and clarifies local reports of Fusarium sp. causing disease in this crop (Caicedo et al. 2003). The disease affects the food security of local communities and strategies for control are being developed.

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OBJECTIVE: In this study we evaluated the influence of Alpinia officinarum rhizome extract (AO) on the alleviation of testicular damage induced by cisplatin in rats. METHODS: The study groups included the control group, AO-administered group, cisplatin-administered group, and three groups administered with cisplatin and AO (different concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). On the 14th day we removed the testes of the rats, and the testicular organ parameters were measured. Moreover, through the malondialdehyde concentration we assessed the oxidative stress and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the testes and ran a histopathological analysis. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and severe testicular damage on the AO-administered group showed no harm compared with the control group. AO- treatment in cisplatin-received rats led to the reduction of oxidative stress, enhancement of SOD activity, and prevention of testicular damage. The lowest testis damage was attributed to the group which received 400 mg/kg of AO compared to 100 and 200 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the Cis+/AO+400 group had the best antioxidant effect. The findings could lead to changes in cancer care guidelines that incorporate phytochemicals, making cancer therapies safer.

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Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) plants are native to Southeast Asia and are part of the Zingiberaceae family. Global consumption and production of this plant are expanding. In countries such as Colombia, turmeric is a promising cultivar. Curcuminoids derived from its rhizomes are used in food, pharmaceuticals, and natural cosmetics. Curcuminoids constitute approximately 3 wt% of the rhizome. Many residues rich in cellulose and starch can thus be recovered. This study characterizes a novel starch isolated from Colombian turmeric cultivars. The morphological parameters of the starch were determined using microscopic techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Proximate analysis and infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) were used to analyze the chemical composition, while physical analyses included thermal characterization, swelling power testing, solubility, water retention capacity, and colorimetry evaluation. The new starch granules were ellipsoidal in shape and ranged in diameter from 19.91 to 38.09. A trace amount of remaining curcumin was identified through chemical and physical characterization. The swelling power was 3.52 ± 0.30, and its water retention capacity was 3.44 ± 0.30. Based on these findings, turmeric can be useful in both food and non-food applications. Because starch was extracted from other Zingiberaceae plants, this study also includes a brief review of the related literature.

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Com o presente artigo pretendemos problematizar e explorar o conceito de jogo, entendendo-o como algo amplo, rizomático e não fechado em uma única forma de interpretação. Além do que, o conceito de jogo pode já ter sido cristalizado em decorrência da sua consolidação, assim, seu desenvolvimento só se torna possível na medida em que se há um arruinamento para devir novas potencialidades. Foi, então, a partir dos pensamentos de Deleuze e Guattari sobre: conceito e rizoma, de onde partimos para desenvolver o conceito de macro-jogo e microjogo, em uma tentativa de potencializar as discussões por um viés interdisciplinar e de cunho filosófico. Diante de tais questões, foi possível compreender a importância do olhar interdisciplinar para a resolução de problemas provenientes de áreas distintas do conhecimento, rompendo com a dicotomia entre teoria e prática tão evidente e presente em diversas áreas do conhecimento, entre elas, a Educação Física e as artes

Our intend with this article is to question and explore the concept of game, understanding it as something broad, rhizomatic and not closed in a single form of interpretation. In addition, the game concept may have already been crystallized as a result of its consolidation, thus, its development only becomes possible as long as new potentialities are ruined. It was, then, from the thoughts of Deleuze and Guattari on concept and rhizome, from which we started to develop the concept of macro-game and micro-game, in an attempt to enhance the discussions through an interdisciplinary and philosophical approach. Facing these questions, it was possible to understand the importance of the interdisciplinary look to solve problems coming from different areas of knowledge, breaking the dichotomy between theory and practice so evident and present in several areas of knowledge, including Physical Education and the arts.

Con el presente artículo pretendemos problematizar y explorar el concepto de juego, entendiéndolo como algo amplio, rizomático y no cerrado en una única forma de interpretación. Además, el concepto de juego puede haber sido ya cristalizado como resultado de su consolidación, por lo que su desarrollo sólo se hace posible en la medida en que hay una ruína para idear nuevas potencialidades. Se basó, pues, en las reflexiones de Deleuze y Guattari sobre el concepto y el rizoma, a partir de las cuales desarrollamos el concepto de macro-juego y micro-juego, en un intento de enriquecer los debates mediante un enfoque interdisciplinario y filosófico. Ante estas cuestiones, se pudo comprender la importancia de la mirada interdisciplinaria para resolver los problemas que surgen de las diferentes áreas del conocimiento, rompiendo la dicotomía entre teoría y práctica tan evidente y presente en várias áreas del conocimiento, incluyendo la Educación Física y las artes.

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Resumo Trata-se de experimentações de pensar a produção de subjetividades na cidade por meio dos afetos entre os corpos (humano, arquitetural e territorial) para potencializar a promoção do bem-estar humano com melhoria da saúde pública. A Organização Mundial de Saúde aponta a saúde como "um estado de completo bem-estar físico, mental e social e não somente ausência de afecções e enfermidades". Desse modo, busca investigar cidades saudáveis relacionando ambiente construído e social com os sujeitos das cidades, enfocando as múltiplas e complexas particularidades da saúde no espaço em transformação e movimento. Para tanto, este estudo trata de três experiências de orientação desenvolvidas com trabalhos finais de graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, utilizando a abordagem metodológica rizomática de Deleuze e Guattari, com a prática da deriva situacionista e experimentação da cartografia de afetos, que potencializaram intervenções em áreas do entorno de rios das cidades de Bragança Paulista e Presidente Prudente. Assim, por meio da tessitura da produção de afetos nas zonas de intensidades das multiplicidades, heterogeneidades e singularidades espaciais existentes permitiu vibrar todos que se aproximaram para engajarem em uma proposta espacial libertária nos microespaços de resistência, ativando-as, promovendo invisibilidades sociais e, dessa maneira, poder potencializar a cidade saudável.

Abstract Experiments of thinking the production of subjectivities in the city through the affects between the bodies (human, architectural and territorial) to enhance of human well-being with improvement of public health. The World Health Organization points to health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not just the absence of illness and disease." This paper seeks to investigate healthy cities relating as a built and social environment with city subjects focusing on the multiple and complex health particularities in transformation and movement. Therefore, this study deals with three experience orientations developed with final undergraduate works in Architecture and Urbanism, using a rhizomatic methodological approach of Deleuze and Guattari, with the practice of situationist derive and experimentation of affections cartographies, to strengthen interventions in the side of rivers in Bragança Paulista and Presidente Prudente cities. Thus, through the process of the production of affects in the intensities zones, multiplicities, heterogeneities and singularities of space allowed to vibrate all who approached to engage in a libertarian spatial proposal in the microspaces of resistance, activating them, promoting social invisibilities and, in this way, empower the healthy city.

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Este ensaio teórico busca uma reflexão crítica sobre o marketing ambiental, pelo olhar da psicossociologia, para discutir sobre o conceito de ecosofia, enfocando como ocorrem os processos de agenciamento de enunciação de um "rizoma verde" na captura de modos de ser "ecológico" ou "ecopsicossocial". Desta forma, o presente trabalho visa trazer uma proposta contra-hegemônica, consubstanciada pelo olhar da esquizoanálise, de modo a romper antigas formas de pensar e produzir conhecimento na pesquisa em ciências humanas e sociais. O objetivo central é pensar sob a égide do conceito das três ecologias - conforme postulado por Félix Guattari - por meio dos paradigmas da sociedade de controle e do Capitalismo Mundial Integrado (CMI) como são produzidas as "subjetividades verdes" que exploram recursos naturais e produtilizam a natureza. A pesquisa é bibliográfica, fundamentada nas pistas teóricas trilhadas por Félix Guattari, Gilles Deleuze e por outros autores que dialogam com seus pensamentos. As pistas sugerem uma discussão psicossocial que desvela novos rumos para a ressignificação do marketing ambiental, apontando para a necessidade de se pensar um novo "marketing ecosófico" baseado nas três ecologias, bem como pensado sob um novo paradigma ético-político e estético, no qual as relações socioambientais sejam priorizadas.(AU)

This theoretical essay seeks a critical reflection on environmental marketing, through the view of psychosociology, to discuss under the concept of ecosophy as occur the processes of agency of enunciation of a "green rhizome" in the capture of modes of being "ecological" or "ecopsicossocial". Thus, the study aims to bring a counter-hegemonic proposal, consubstantiated by the schizoanalytic view, in order to break with old ways of thinking and produce knowledge in research in human and social sciences. The central objective is to think under the aegis of the concept of the three ecologies - as postulated by Félix Guattari- through the paradigms of the control society and Integrated World Capitalism (IWC) howare produced the "green subjectivities" thatexploit natural resources and produce nature. The research is bibliographical, based on the theoretical tracks traced by Félix Guattari, Gilles Deleuze and other authors who dialogue with their thoughts. The clues suggest a psychosocial discussion that reveals new directions for the re-signification of environmental marketing, pointing to the need to think about a new "ecosophy-marketing" based on the three ecologies, as well as thinking under a new ethical paradigm - political and aesthetic, in which socio-environmental relations are prioritized.(AU)

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O movimento desta escrita acompanha o movimento de produção de tese intitulada: Novos coletivos de resistência em produção: o que pode um corpo político poético? É uma escrita rizoma. Portanto, uma escrita resistência e não sobre resistência. Anuncia os recolhimentos de campo, as transmutações e os encontros com os coletivos de resistência que se conectam às produções de mulheres poetas, pretas e moradoras da periferia da cidade de Belém-PA. Assim, é uma batalha, uma partilha e uma saúde. O artigo parte do encontro entre a pesquisadora, e poeta, da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), sua orientadora e militante do SUS, e as mulheres, manas, e poetas, de Belém e Manaus - AM, que fazem parte do coletivo Slam Dandaras do Norte, e que protagonizam encontros-batalhas de poesia, para produzir encontros poéticos, manifestos e atos que potencializem suas existências, demandas políticas, alegrias e produção de si.

The movement of this writing accompanies the thesis production movement entitled: New resistance groups being produced: what can a poetic political body? It is a rhizome writing. So a writing resistance, and not about resistance. It announces the field recollections, the transmutations and the encounters, with the resistance collectives that connect to the poetic productions of women poets, blacks and dwellers of the periphery of the city of Belém-PA. So it's a battle, a sharing and a health. The article starts with the cartographic experimentation between the researcher and poet, the University of São Paulo's School of Public Health (USP), its director and militant of the SUS, and the women, dudes, and poets of Belém and Manaus-AM, who are part of the collective Slam Dandaras do Norte, who play poetry encounters, to produce poetic encounters, manifestos and acts that potentiate their existences, political demands, joys and self-production.

El movimiento de esa escritura acompana el movimiento de producción de tesis titulada: Nuevos colectivos de resistencia en producción: iqué puede un cuerpo político poético? Es una escritura rizoma. Por lo tanto, una escritura resistencia y no sobre resistencia. Anuncia lo que há sido recogido en el campo, las transmutaciones y los encuentros con los colectivos de resistencia que se conectan a las producciones poéticas de mujeres poetas, negras y moradoras de la periferia de la ciudad de Belém-PA. Así, es una batalla, un compartir y una salud. El artículo parte de la experimentación cartográfica entre la investigadora y poeta, de la Facultad de Salud Pública de la Universidad de São Paulo (USP), su orientadora y militante del SUS, y las mujeres, manas, y poetas, de Belém y Manaus-AM, que forman parte del colectivo Slam Dandaras del Norte, y que protagonizan encuentros-batallas de poesía, para producir encuentros poéticos, manifiestos y actos que potencien sus existencias, demandas políticas, alegrias y producción de sí.

Le mouvement de cette écriture accompagne le mouvement de production de thèse intitulé: Nouveaux collectif de résistance en production: que peut un corps politique poétique? C'est un rhizome écrit. Donc, une résistance à l 'écriture et non une résistance excessive. Annonce le rassemblements sur le terrain, transmutations et rencontres avec des groupes de résistance qui se connectent aux productions de poètes, femmes noires et femmes vivant à la périphérie de ville de Belém-PA. C'est donc une bataille, un partage et une santé. L'article commence à partir du rencontre entre le chercheur et poète de la Faculté de Santé Publique de L'université de São Paulo (USP), son directeur et militant du SUS, et femmes, manas et poètes, de Belém et de Manaus-AM, qui font partie du collectif Slam Dandaras do Norte, et qui rencontres poétiques - batailles de poésie, pour produire des rencontres poétiques, des manifestes et des actes qui potentialisent leur existence, leurs revendications politiques, leurs joies et leur production.

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Este artigo aborda a problemática da intersetorialidade no campo da saúde mental no Brasil, analisando suas práticas na cidade de Belo Horizonte, em Minas Gerais, e Natal, no Rio Grande do Norte. A partir das ideias de Deleuze e Guattari e tomando como campo de análise as pesquisas realizadas pelas autoras nas duas cidades, pensamos a estratégia da intersetorialidade como um rizoma, como uma rede que se autoengendra por agenciamentos com os mais variados elementos da realidade, permitindo ao mesmo tempo rastrear as reproduções e os deslocamentos inventivos que se libertam das estruturas cristalizadas presentes da ação intersetorial. Concluímos que, embora em regiões distintas, com territórios singulares, a intersetorialidade ainda encontra os seguintes desafios: falta de articulação entre sistemas e serviços, precariedade de comunicação entre as equipes, sensação de sobrecarga de trabalho dos profissionais, risco de psicologização dos casos e falta de avaliação das ações em conjunto após os encaminhamentos.

This article discusses intersectioriality in the field of brazilian mental health, analyzing its practices in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais and in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. Based on the ideas of Deleuze and Guattari and taking the analysis made in the researches made by the authors in the two cities, we approach the strategy of intersectoriality as a rhizome, like a network that is self-engendered by assemblages with the most varied elements of reality, allowing at the same time to trace the reproductions and the inventive displacements that detaches of crystallized structures of intersectorial action. We conclude that, although in different regions, with unique territories, the intersectoriality still faces the following challenges: lack of articulation between systems and services, precarious communication between teams, feeling of work overload, risk of psychologizing of cases and lack of evaluations together after the referrals.

Este artículo aborda el problema de la interseccionalidad en el campo de la salud mental en Brasil, examinando sus prácticas en la ciudad de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais y en Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. A partir de las ideas de Deleuze y Guattari y tomando como análisis de la investigación de campo realizada por los autores en las dos ciudades, pensamos que la estrategia intersectorial como un rizoma, con una red que autoengendra por ensamblajes con varios elementos de la realidad, permitiendo al mismo tiempo la reproducción y los movimientos de la invención que liberan las estructuras cristalizadas presente en la acción intersectorial. Llegamos a la conclusión de que, aunque en diferentes regiones y las zonas unicas, la intersectorialidad encuentra los siguientes desafíos: falta de coordinación entre los sistemas y servicios, la precariedad de la comunicación entre los equipos, sensación de sobrecarga de trabajo, la psicologización riesgo de casos y la falta de evaluaciones las acciones juntos después de referencias.

Ce texte cherche à discuter l'intersectionnalité dans le domaine de la santé mentale au Brésil, en analysant leurs pratiques dans la ville de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais et Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. Pour ce faire, les nous avons pris les idées Deleuze et Guattari' et le champ de anlayses des recherches menées par les auteurs dans les deux villes. Dasns ce contexte, nous pensons la stratégie intersectorielle comme un rhizome, comme un réseau qui si produit par des assemblages avec divers éléments de la réalité, en permettant lalecture de les reproductions et des mouvements inventifs qui libèrent des structures cristallisées présente d'action intersectorielle. Nous concluons que, bien que dans différentes régions, avec des territoires individuels, l'intersectorialité trouve encore les défis suivants: manque de coordination entre les systèmes et services, la précarité de la communication entre les équipes, le sens de la surcharge de travail professionnel, la psychologisation de scas et le manque des évaluations des actions ensemble après les références.

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Abstract In this study, the antioxidant activities of different parts of lotus (Nelumbo nuficera Gaertn) rhizome were compared. The total phenolic content of lotus rhizome was determined, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay and β-carotene-linoleic acid assay were performed to assess the antioxidant activity of lotus rhizome. Results showed that there was a significant difference in total phenolic content and antioxidant activity between any two of four parts of lotus rhizome. The order of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in different parts of lotus rhizome was as follows: peel of old lotus rhizome > peel of young lotus rhizome > flesh of old lotus rhizome > flesh of young lotus rhizome. The total phenol content is significantly positive correlated with the antioxidant activity in different parts of lotus rhizome. This study has provided a basis for further exploring the antioxidant components in lotus rhizome.

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O artigo aborda a dimensão da formação continuada de uma escola pública na modalidade de jovens e adultos: "EMEF EJA Admardo Serafim de Oliveira". Tal formação se expressa por meio de uma prática ética-estética-política em produzir educação pública, cujos desafios escolares cotidianos são problematizados semanalmente com professores, equipe gestora, pesquisadores e convidados. Nesse modo, a micropolítica formativa se faz intensiva em meio a modos de vidas arborescentes e rizomáticos no processo de formar, desformar em meio a múltiplas forças; provocando análises e implicações dos próprios atos; propondo maneiras outras de potencializar a vida e, criando um campo de ação analítico e ativo com a educação pública.(AU)

The article discusses the extent of the continuous formation of a public school in youth and adults: "EMEF EJA Admardo Serafim de Oliveira." Such training is expressed through an ethical-aesthetic-political practice in producing public education, whose school everyday challenges are problematized weekly with teachers, management team, researchers and guests. In this mode, the micropolitics of the formation is done through intensive modes of arborescent and rhizomatic lives in the process of forming, deform amid multiple forces; provoking analysis and implications of their own actions; proposing other ways to enhance life and creating an analytical and active field of action with public education.(AU)

El artículo aborda la dimensión de la formación continuada de una escuela pública en la modalidad de jóvenes y adultos: "EMEF EJA Admardo Serafim de Oliveira". Tal formación se expresa por medio de una práctica ética-estética-política en producir educación pública, cuyos desafíos escolares cotidianos son problematizados semanalmente con profesores, equipo gestor, investigadores e invitados. De este modo, la micropolítica formativa se hace intensiva mediante modos de vidas arborescentes y rizomáticos en el proceso de formar, desformar en medio de múltiples fuerzas; provocando análisis e implicaciones de los propios actos; proponiendo otras maneras de potencializar la vida y, creando un campo de acción analítico y activo con la educación pública.(AU)

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AbstractLimonium brasiliense (Boiss.) Kuntze, Plumbaginaceae, is an herb popularly known as guaicuru, guaicurá or baicuru. The species inhabits salt marshes from the coastal region of southern Brazil, including Rio de Janeiro, to Uruguay and Argentina. Although widely used in folk medicine in the state of Rio Grande do Sul to treat genitourinary infections and to regulate menstrual periods, L. brasiliense has been little studied. The present morpho-anatomical study was undertaken to resolve some doubts in the literature as to the nature of the part of the plant that is used for medicinal purposes, a true rhizome or a root. The morpho-anatomical characteristics were analyzed with the aid of light and scanning electron microscopy. The botanical material was characterized as a rhizome with internodes that are evident in the younger but not the older portions. Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of a multilayered periderm with a cortex, ray parenchyma, and pith, formed by collenchyma tissue with abundant intercellular spaces in the outer portions of the cortex, responsible for the rigidity of the body, and with walls impregnated with phenolic compounds. The vascular bundles are collateral with elliptical to elongated cells, and with few conducting and sclerenchymal elements. Groups of sclereids are dispersed through the cortex and pith. These morpho-anatomical characteristics define the structure as a rhizome.

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The water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) glucose, fructose, and sucrose are well-known to the great public, but fructans represent another type of WSC that deserves more attention given their prebiotic and immunomodulatory properties in the food context. Although the occurrence of inulin-type fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) was proposed in the fruit of some banana accessions, little or no information is available neither on the exact identity of the fructan species, nor on the fructan content in different parts of banana plants and among a broader array of banana cultivars. Here, we investigated the WSC composition in leaves, pulp of ripe fruits and rhizomes from mature banana plants of 11 accessions (I to XI), including both cultivated varieties and wild Musa species. High performance anion exchange chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-IPAD) showed the presence of 1-kestotriose [GF2], inulobiose [F2], inulotriose [F3], 6-kestotriose and 6G-kestotriose (neokestose) fructan species in the pulp of mature fruits of different accessions, but the absence of 1,1-nystose and 1,1,1 kestopentaose and higher degree of polymerization (DP) inulin-type fructans. This fructan fingerprint points at the presence of one or more invertases that are able to use fructose and sucrose as alternative acceptor substrates. Quantification of glucose, fructose, sucrose and 1-kestotriose and principal component analysis (PCA) identified related banana groups, based on their specific WSC profiles. These data provide new insights in the biochemical diversity of wild and cultivated bananas, and shed light on potential roles that fructans may fulfill across species, during plant development and adaptation to changing environments. Furthermore, the promiscuous behavior of banana fruit invertases (sucrose and fructose as acceptor substrates besides water) provides a new avenue to boost future work on structure-function relationships on these enzymes, potentially leading to the development of genuine banana fructosyltransferases that are able to increase fructan content in banana fruits.

RESUMO

O tema da rede social, do trabalho em rede, da rede socioassistencial, do funcionamento em rede é extremamente atual nos discursos oficiais das políticas públicas para a infância e a adolescência e também no âmbito da Assistência Social. De onde vem o termo rede? Qual sua história? Como o termo e a noção de rede estão sendo empregados no que diz respeito ao plano da construção da realidade social, permeando diversas questões: políticas, econômicas, culturais e psíquicas, no âmbito das políticas públicas sociais?Seria possível estabelecer um conceito de rede, para além do mero termo ou noção geral? A intenção desse artigo é discutir alguns pressupostos filosóficos da noção de rede e também problematizar criticamente seu emprego como termo e conceito, tomando-o como uma prática discursiva capaz de criar realidades sociais novas. Pensando nos pressupostos que poderiam lastrear anoção e o conceito de rede, realizamos uma pequena incursão pela área da filosofia. (AU)

Ideas such social networking, networking, social assistance networkmodel, are extremely used in official speeches of public policies for childrenand adolescents and also in Social Work.Where does the term “network come from”? What is his story? How the wordand concept of the network are being used and permeating several issues aspolitic, economics cultural and psychological, especially in the field of social policies? It would be possible to define a concept of “network”, beyond mere general term or concept? The intention of this paper is to discuss somephilosophical assumptions of the network idea and also critically discuss his function as a term and concept, taking it as a discursive practice capable of creating new social realities. In order to do it, we conducted a small incursion into the area of philosophy exploring the assumptions that could explain thenotion and concept of network. (AU)

RESUMO

The present study evaluated the toxicity of Microgramma vacciniifolia rhizome lectin (MvRL) to Artemia salina, human tumour cell lines (larynx epidermoid carcinoma Hep-2, NCI-H292 lung mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and chronic myelocytic leukaemia K562), and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), as well as to Biomphalaria glabrata embryos and adults. MvRL was toxic to A. salina (LC50=159.9 µg/mL), and exerted cytotoxic effects on NCI-H292 cells (IC50=25.23 µg/mL). The lectin (1-100 µg/mL) did not affect the viability of K562 and Hep-2 tumour cells, as well as of PBMCs. MvRL concentration of 1, 10, and 100 µg/mL promoted malformations (mainly exogastrulation) in 7.8%, 22.5%, and 27.7% of embryos, respectively, as well as delayed embryo development in 42.0%, 69.5%, and 54.7% of embryos, respectively. MvRL at a concentration of 100 µg/mL killed B. glabrata embryos (17.7%) and adults (25%). Further, MvRL damaged B. glabrata reproductive processes, which was evidenced by observations that snails exposed to the lectin (100 µg/mL) deposited fewer eggs than those in the control group, and approximately 40% of the deposited eggs exhibited malformations. Comparison of these results with that from A. salina assay indicates that MvRL is adulticidal at the concentration range which is toxic to environment. In conclusion, the cytotoxicity of MvRL on tumour cell and absence of toxicity to normal cell indicate its potential as chemotherapeutic drug. Also, the study revealed that the lectin is able to promote deleterious effects on B. glabrata embryos at environmentally safe concentrations.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A new species of gall midge, Lopesia eichhorniae sp. nov. (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera), associated with rhizomes of Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth (Pontederiaceae) is described. This is the first record of Lopesia galls in this species of macrophyte, quite common in natural and artificial lakes in Southeast Brazil. Illustrations of the adults (male and female), pupa, larva, and gall of the new species are presented.(AU)

Uma espécie nova de cecidomiídeo galhador, Lopesia eichhorniae sp. nov. (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera), associada a rizomas de Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth (Pontederiaceae) está sendo descrita neste trabalho. Esse é o primeiro registro de galhas de Lopesia nessa espécie de macrófita, muito comum em lagos naturais e artificiais na região Sudeste do Brasil. Ilustrações de adultos e imaturos da espécie nova e de suas galhas são apresentadas.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A new species of gall midge, Lopesia eichhorniae sp. nov. (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera), associated with rhizomes of Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth (Pontederiaceae) is described. This is the first record of Lopesia galls in this species of macrophyte, quite common in natural and artificial lakes in Southeast Brazil. Illustrations of the adults (male and female), pupa, larva, and gall of the new species are presented.

Uma espécie nova de cecidomiídeo galhador, Lopesia eichhorniae sp. nov. (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera), associada a rizomas de Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth (Pontederiaceae) está sendo descrita neste trabalho. Esse é o primeiro registro de galhas de Lopesia nessa espécie de macrófita, muito comum em lagos naturais e artificiais na região Sudeste do Brasil. Ilustrações de adultos e imaturos da espécie nova e de suas galhas são apresentadas.

Assuntos

RESUMO

En el presente artículo, se comprueba cómo la adopción de ciertas categorías teórico-críticas impide la visibilidad de ciertos escritores que no se adecuan a ellas. Es el caso del poeta argentino Héctor Viel Temperley, invisible cuando se enfoca la literatura desde las categorías sociológico-estructurales de Pierre Bourdieu, que entienden el campo intelectual como un mercado de puestos fijos donde grupos de escritores ocupan espacios prefijados. Enfocado desde nociones deleuzianas como nomadismo, rizoma, desterritorialización y minoración y de las operaciones de visibilidad de Rancière, pasó a ser visible y a ocupar un lugar de privilegio para la crítica argentina de poesía.(AU)

This article shows that working with certain theoretical-critical categories makes invisible those writers who do not fit within them. We will concentrate on the Argentine poet Héctor Viel Temperley, who becomes invisible when you consider literature from sociological categories such as Pierre Bourdieu's "structure of the intellectual field", that understands it as a market with fix positions where groups of writers occupy pre-established places. Considering him from Deleuzian notions such as nomadism, rhizome, deterritorialization, and minoration, as well as from Rancière's idea of visibility operations, becomes not only visible but occupies a specially privileged place for Argentine poetry critics.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

En el presente artículo, se comprueba cómo la adopción de ciertas categorías teórico-críticas impide la visibilidad de ciertos escritores que no se adecuan a ellas. Es el caso del poeta argentino Héctor Viel Temperley, invisible cuando se enfoca la literatura desde las categorías sociológico-estructurales de Pierre Bourdieu, que entienden el campo intelectual como un mercado de puestos fijos donde grupos de escritores ocupan espacios prefijados. Enfocado desde nociones deleuzianas como nomadismo, rizoma, desterritorialización y minoración y de las operaciones de visibilidad de Rancière, pasó a ser visible y a ocupar un lugar de privilegio para la crítica argentina de poesía.

This article shows that working with certain theoretical-critical categories makes invisible those writers who do not fit within them. We will concentrate on the Argentine poet Héctor Viel Temperley, who becomes invisible when you consider literature from sociological categories such as Pierre Bourdieu's "structure of the intellectual field", that understands it as a market with fix positions where groups of writers occupy pre-established places. Considering him from Deleuzian notions such as nomadism, rhizome, deterritorialization, and minoration, as well as from Rancière's idea of visibility operations, becomes not only visible but occupies a specially privileged place for Argentine poetry critics.

Assuntos