RESUMO
The objective of this study was to categorise diseases associated with FeLV infection in cats. A total of 154 cats were submitted to necropsy, histopathology exam and anti-FeLV immunohistochemistry (IHC), and 83 (50.9â¯%) were IHC FeLV-positive. The cats age means of 4.1 years, including 3.6â¯% kittens, 34.9â¯% junior, 37.4â¯% prime, 18.1â¯% mature, 2.4â¯% senior, 3.6â¯% unknown age. Neoplastic diseases were most prevalent with leukaemia and lymphoma being most predominant, followed by viral diseases, bacterial, trauma, degenerative, intoxications, parasitic, malformation and others. FeLV+ cats were 5.73 times more likely to be diagnosed with neoplasms than other diseases. The odds ratio (OR) of FeLV+ cats developing leukaemia (OR = 7.75) and lymphoma (OR = 6.75) was higher than other neoplasms. FeLV infection was more prevalent in the mixed breed, junior to prime, male, with neoplastic diseases, including leukaemia and lymphoma. Therefore, understanding the diseases associated with FeLV is of paramount importance in Brazil due to its high prevalence, and it may encourage the implementation of prophylactic measures to reduce its dissemination.
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Doenças do Gato , Vírus da Leucemia Felina , Leucemia Felina , Gatos , Animais , Vírus da Leucemia Felina/isolamento & purificação , Brasil/epidemiologia , Masculino , Doenças do Gato/virologia , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Feminino , Prevalência , Leucemia Felina/epidemiologia , Leucemia Felina/virologia , Linfoma/epidemiologia , Linfoma/veterinária , Linfoma/virologia , Infecções por Retroviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Retroviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Retroviridae/virologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/veterinária , Neoplasias/virologia , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/veterinária , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/epidemiologia , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/virologiaRESUMO
Lymphoma is one of the most frequently diagnosed tumors in FeLV-infected cats. Extranodal lymphomas include lymphomas in ocular and periocular tissues, such as the third eyelid (TEL), which is an uncommonly diagnosed type of lymphoma in cats. This study aimed to describe the clinicopathological features of lymphoma in the TEL of two FeLV-infected cats. A retrospective study in two anatomic pathology laboratories was performed, and two cases met the inclusion criteria. A 4-year-old, female cat (case 1), positive for FIV gp40 antigen and FeLV gp70 antigen by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and a male cat of 22 months old (case 2), positive both serologically for FeLV p27 antigen and for FeLV gp70 antigen by IHC, were referred to veterinary clinics with unilateral swelling and mass in the TEL, which had rapid growth in case 2. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis established the final diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in both cases. The cat in case 2 died 4 months after the diagnosis, with clinical worsening prior to death. Necropsy was not performed in either case, which precluded the definition of a primary or secondary involvement. However, the ocular lesions were the reason for consultation in both cases and it may have been an initial manifestation of a multicentric disease. Thus, FeLV-infected cats with clinical finding of eyelid swelling or mass formation should have lymphoma as a differential diagnosis, and a complete physical examination should be performed to detect extraocular involvement.
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BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are the two main mental disorders with unknown etiology that significantly impact individuals' quality of life. The potential pro-inflammatory role in their pathogenesis is postulated and Human Endogenous Retrovirus W (HERV-W) is an emerging candidate to modulate this pathogenic finding. HERVs, ancient retroviruses in the human genome, may play roles in inflammation and disease pathogenesis. Despite HERVs' involvement in autoimmune diseases, their influence on mental disorders remains underexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the level of HERV-W-env expression and the systemic inflammatory profile through the concentration of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and INF-γ cytokines in BD and SZ patients. RESULTS: All participants showed HERV-W-env expression, but its expression was higher in mental disorder patients (p < 0.01) than in control. When separated, SZ individuals exhibited higher HERV-W expression than the control group (p < 0.01). Higher serum levels of TNF-α and IL-10 were found in BD (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.001, respectively) and SZ (p = 0.01) and p = 0.01, respectively) than in the control group, while SZ showed decreased levels IFN-γ and IL-2 as compared to controls (p = 0.05) and BD patients (p = 0.05), respectively. Higher TNF-α/IL-4 and TNF-α/IL-10 ratios, and lower IFN-γ/IL-10 were observed in BD and SZ patients than controls. Significant negative correlation between HERV-W-env expression and IL-10 (r=-0.47 p < 0.05), as well as positive correlations between HERV-W-env expression and TNF-α/IL-10 or IFN-γ/IL-10 ratios (r = 0.48 p < 0.05 and r = 0.46 p < 0.05, respectively) were found in BD patients. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest not only a potential link between HERV-W-env expression both in BD and SZ, but also a possible involvement of systemic inflammatory status in BD patients.
Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar , Citocinas , Retrovirus Endógenos , Esquizofrenia , Regulação para Cima , Humanos , Esquizofrenia/virologia , Esquizofrenia/imunologia , Transtorno Bipolar/imunologia , Transtorno Bipolar/virologia , Retrovirus Endógenos/genética , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Citocinas/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inflamação , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-10/sangue , Interferon gama/sangue , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, an endemic disease in dairy cattle of Argentina. However, little is known about the seroprevalence of BLV in beef cattle. In this study, we conducted a cross-sectional study including farms from thirteen provinces of Argentina. A total of 5827 bovine serum samples were collected from 76 farms and analyzed using an in-house developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Information about herd management was collected through a questionnaire, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to detect risk factors associated with BLV infection. Herd-level seroprevalence was 71.05%, while the mean animal-level seroprevalence was 7.23% (median = 2.69%; min = 0, max = 75). Only two provinces had no positive BLV samples. The other eleven provinces showed more than 50% of their farms infected with BLV. The multivariate model revealed that BLV prevalence was significantly associated with the use of animals raised in the same farm for cattle replacement (P = 0.005), breeding cows by natural mating with a bull (P < 0.001), and weaning calves after 6 months of age (P = 0.011). This extensive study revealed that BLV seroprevalence in Argentine beef farms has increased during the last years and allowed identifying some management practices associated with BLV prevalence. These data deserve special attention because BLV infection in beef cattle seems to lead to a dissemination pattern similar to that observed during the last decades in dairy cattle, especially considering that Argentina is the sixth beef producer in the world, with about 5% of global beef production.
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Doenças dos Bovinos , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina , Vírus da Leucemia Bovina , Feminino , Bovinos , Animais , Masculino , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Estudos Transversais , Anticorpos Antivirais , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for viral antigen is commonly used for the diagnosis of progressive feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection but is not able to determine the true prevalence of infection when used as the sole test. Additional testing to detect proviral DNA will identify regressive (antigen negative) FeLV infections as well as progressive infections. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of progressive and regressive FeLV infection, outcome-associated factors, and hematologic changes. A cross-sectional study was performed on 384 cats selected from routine hospital care. Blood samples were subjected to complete blood count, ELISA for FeLV antigen and FIV antibody, and nested PCR amplifying the U3- LTR region and gag gene, which are conserved in most exogenous FeLV. The prevalence of FeLV infection was 45.6% (CI95% 40.6-50.6%). The prevalence of progressive infection (FeLV+P) was 34.4% (CI95% 29.6-39.1%), that of regressive infection (FeLV+R) was 10.4% (CI95% 7.4-13.4%), for discordant but positive results 0.8% (CI95% 0.75-0.84%), for FeLV+P coinfected with FIV 2.6% (CI95% 1.2-4.0%), and FeLV+R coinfected with FIV 1.5% (CI95% 0.3-2.7%). Male cats were three times more likely to be in the FeLV+P group. Cats coinfected with FIV were 4.8 times more likely to belong to the FeLV+R group. In the FeLV+P group, the main clinical changes were lymphoma (38.5%), anemia (24.4%), leukemia (17.9%), concomitant infections (15.4%), and feline chronic gingivostomatitis - FCGS (3.8%). In the FeLV+R group, the main clinical signs were anemia (45.4%), leukemia (18.2%), concomitant infections (18.2%), lymphoma (9.1%), and FCGS (9.1%). Cats in the FeLV+P and FeLV+R groups showed mainly thrombocytopenia (56.6% and 38.2%), non-regenerative anemia (32.8% and 23.5%), and lymphopenia (33.6% and 20.6%). Hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), platelet count, lymphocytes, and eosinophils in the FeLV+P and FeLV+R groups had lower medians than the control group (FeLV/FIV-uninfected, healthy). Erythrocyte and eosinophil counts were statistically different among the three groups, with the medians of the FeLV+P and FeLV+R groups being lower than those of the control group. In addition, the median PCV and band neutrophil counts were higher in FeLV+P than in FeLV+R. Our results show a high prevalence of FeLV, different factors associated with the course of infection, and more frequent and severe hematologic changes in progressive infections compared with regressive infections.
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Doenças do Gato , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina , Leucemia Felina , Leucemia , Linfoma , Gatos , Animais , Masculino , Vírus da Leucemia Felina , Prevalência , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Leucemia Felina/diagnóstico , Leucemia/veterinária , Linfoma/veterinária , Fatores de Risco , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Maedi-Visna (MV) is a chronic progressive multisystem disease that may be asymptomatic for several months or years, but progress rapidly, and may result in death, when signs and symptoms evolve. Viral elimination occurs mainly through direct contact with positive animal secretions. There is no vaccine or treatment, and prophylaxis is necessary for the health of the herd. The present study aimed to verify the seropositivity of MV and evaluate the factors associated with the risk in sheep herds in Paraná. A total of 1549 serum samples were collected from 90 properties. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to each property, and the variables were analyzed using the Epi-info program and R environment. Of the 1549 samples analyzed, 22 were positive (1.4%) for the micro-AGID test in 13.3% of the properties. Our study demonstrated variables associated with the prevention and the risk of seropositivity to MVV. Conducting a breeding season, supplying concentrated feed, and separating the breeding stock before birth were factors associated with protection, whereas the previous occurrence of problems with lice, breeding on pasture, and keeping cats close to the flock were factors associated with risk. The seropositivity observed in the present study suggests the circulation of MVV in sheep herds in Paraná, which reinforces the need to implement prevention and control measures since the level of technification may be associated with the occurrence of anti-MVV antibodies in herds.(AU)
A Maedi-Visna (MV) é uma doença multissistêmica de caráter crônico-progressivo, os animais infectados podem passar meses e anos sem demonstrarem sinais clínicos e, após desenvolverem sinais, evoluem rapidamente para a morte. A eliminação viral ocorre principalmente por meio do contato direto com secreções de animais positivos. Não existe vacina ou tratamento, sendo necessária a profilaxia para a sanidade do rebanho. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a soropositividade para o MV e avaliar os fatores associados ao risco em rebanhos ovinos do Paraná. Foram colhidas 1549 amostras de soro, oriundas de 90 propriedades. A cada propriedade foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico, cujas variáveis foram analisadas pelo programa Epi-info e ambiente R. Das 1549 amostras analisadas, 22 foram positivas (1,4%) ao teste de micro-IDGA, em 13,3% das propriedades. Nosso estudo demonstrou variáveis associadas à proteção e ao risco para a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-MVV nas propriedades podem estar relacionadas à tecnificação da mesma. Realização de estação de monta, fornecimento de ração concentrada e separação das matrizes antes do parto foram fatores associados à proteção, enquanto que a ocorrência prévia de problemas com piolhos, criação a pasto e manter gatos junto ao rebanho foram fatores associados ao risco. A soropositividade observada no presente estudo sugere a circulação do MVV nos rebanhos ovinos do Paraná, o que reforça a necessidade de implementação de medidas de prevenção e controle, uma vez que a tecnificação pode interferir na ocorrência de anticorpos anti-MVV nos rebanhos.(AU)
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Animais , Ovinos/virologia , Pneumonia Intersticial Progressiva dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Brasil , Fatores de Risco , Vírus Visna-Maedi/patogenicidadeRESUMO
To date, only a few studies have examined the impacts of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) subgroups on disease development in spontaneously infected cats. The present study identified FeLV-A and FeLV-B subgroups in cats with lymphoma and leukemia and explored the phylogenetic relationships of env sequences. Twenty-six cats with lymphoma (n=16) or leukemia (n=10) were selected. FeLV p27 antigen positivity was determined using ELISA, and proviral DNA in blood samples was detected using nested PCR. Positive animals in both tests were classified as cases of FeLV progressive infection and subjected to a second nested PCR for env amplification and subgroup determination. Six samples of FeLV-A and five samples of FeLV-B were sequenced using the Sanger method, and the results were used to build a phylogenetic tree and estimate evolutionary divergence. Among cats with lymphoma, 68.8% carried FeLV-AB and 31.2% FeLV-A. Among cats with leukemia, 70% carried FeLV-AB and 30% FeLV-A. Regarding cat characteristics, 50% were young, 30.8% young adults, and 19.2% adults; 88.5% were mixed-breed and 11.5% pure breed; and 42.3% were males and 57.7% were females. Among lymphomas, 62.5% were mediastinal, 31.3% multicentric, and 6.3% extranodal. Regarding histological classification, lymphoblastic and small non-cleaved-cell lymphomas were the most frequently detected. Among leukemia cases, 30% were acute lymphoid, 30% chronic myeloid, and 40% acute myeloid. Phylogenetic analysis showed that FeLV-A SC sequences were closely related to the Arena, Glasgow-1, and FeLV-FAIDS variants. Meanwhile, FeLV-B SC sequences were divergent from one another but similar to the endogenous FELV env gene (enFeLV). In conclusion, FeLV-AB is prevalent in cats with lymphoma and leukemia, highlighting the genetic diversity involved in the pathogenesis of these neoplasms in Brazil.
Assuntos
Leucemia Felina , Linfoma , Masculino , Feminino , Gatos , Animais , Vírus da Leucemia Felina/genética , Filogenia , Provírus/genética , Linfoma/veterináriaRESUMO
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 274 cats in Southern Brazil to estimate the prevalence of Mycoplasma haemofelis PCR, associated factors, and its correlation with ELISA for FeLV and FIV. The apparent prevalence of M. haemofelis was 6.6% (18/274) (95% CI: 3.6-9.5%), of which 33.3% (6/18) had co-infection with FeLV, 5.6% (1/18) with FIV, and 5.6% (1/18) with both. Male cats were more likely to be positive for M. haemofelis [OR: 7.07 (1.97-25.34)]. Only three M. haemofelis-positive cats showed related clinical changes, such as mucosal pallor. A statistically significant difference was observed between M. haemofelis-positive cats and the negative control group for age, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and rod neutrophil counts. Mycoplasma haemofelis is prevalent in southern Brazil, with a higher risk in male cats. Most cats could be classified as asymptomatic carriers since they were healthy.
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Doenças do Gato , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina , Infecções por Mycoplasma , Gatos , Masculino , Animais , Vírus da Leucemia Felina , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/epidemiologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Nocardiosis is an infection caused by ubiquitous opportunistic bacteria and is rare in felines. In retrospective studies of the infection in the species, pyothorax was found in only about 5% of the cases described, with the most frequent forms being cutaneous and subcutaneous. This report describes Nocardia spp. as an etiologic agent of pyothorax in a feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-positive female cat. A 10-year-old female mixed-breed cat, positive for FeLV, with chronic kidney disease IRIS stage 2, was examined with a severe dyspneic onset, suspected of pleural effusion. It also had skin lesions in the interscapular region. The patient underwent thoracentesis, and a dense, creamy, fetid, and flocculated liquid was collected. Radiography was performed after draining the pleural fluid, which showed images suggestive of atelectasis of the left lung lobes and pneumonia. The collected material was sent for analysis, which found that it was a septic exudate. In addition, it was referred for bacterial culture in a special medium due to suspicion of nocardiosis. Long-term treatment with amoxicillin + clavulanic acid resolved the clinical case.
A nocardiose é uma infecção causada por bactérias oportunistas ubíquas e é rara em gatos. Em estudos retrospectivos da infecção na espécie, o piotórax foi encontrado em apenas cerca de 5% dos casos descritos, sendo as formas mais frequentes a cutânea e a subcutânea. Este relato descreve Nocardia spp. como agente etiológico do piotórax em um gato vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV)-positivo. Um gato mestiço de 10 anos de idade, positivo para o FeLV, com doença renal crônica IRIS estágio 2, foi examinado com dispneia grave, com suspeita de derrame pleural. Apresentava lesões cutâneas na região dorsal entre as escápulas. Após sedação, tricotomia e antissepsia, o paciente foi submetido à toracocentese e coletado líquido denso, cremoso, fétido e floculado. A radiografia foi realizada após drenagem do líquido pleural, que mostrou imagens sugestivas de atelectasia dos lobos pulmonares esquerdos e pneumonia. O material coletado foi encaminhado para análise, que constatou tratar-se de exsudato séptico. Além disso, foi encaminhado para cultura bacteriana em meio especial por suspeita de nocardiose. O tratamento prolongado com amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico foi suficiente para a resolução do caso clínico.
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Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that infects domestic and wild cats around the world. FeLV infection is associated with the development of neoplasms, bone marrow disorders and immunosuppression. Viral subgroups arise from mutations in the FeLV genome or from recombination of FeLV with ancestral endogenous retroviruses in the cat genome. The retroviral endogenisation process has allowed generation of a diversity of endogenous viruses, both functional and defective. These elements may be part of the normal functioning of the feline genome and may also interact with FeLV to form recombinant FeLV subgroups, enhance pathogenicity of viral subgroups, or inhibit and/or regulate other retroviral infections. Recombination of the env gene occurs most frequently and appears to be the most significant in terms of both the quantity and diversification of pathogenic effects in the viral population, as well as affecting cell tropism and types of disease that occur in infected cats. This review focuses on available information regarding genetic diversity, pathogenesis and diagnosis of FeLV as a result of the interaction between endogenous and exogenous viruses.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Retrovirus Endógenos , Leucemia Felina , Infecções por Retroviridae , Gatos , Animais , Vírus da Leucemia Felina/genética , Vírus da Leucemia Felina/metabolismo , Retrovirus Endógenos/genética , Leucemia Felina/genética , Genes env , Infecções por Retroviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Retroviridae/genética , Doenças do Gato/genéticaRESUMO
El Perú es un área endémica al virus linfotrópico T humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1) y para su confirmación diagnóstica se usa pruebas serológicas que pueden dar resultados no concluyentes. Objetivos: evaluar una prueba de PCR múltiplex anidada para diagnosticar el HTLV-1. Métodos: la validación de la PCR se realizó con primers dirigidos a las regiones Pol y LTR del HTLV-1. Se empleó el gen ß-globina como control endógeno interno y el límite de detección se evaluó con células MT2. Los parámetros de precisión diagnóstica se evaluaron frente a 95 muestras sanguíneas de Referencia. Resultados: la prueba evaluada obtuvo un límite de detección de 0,5 ng/µL de ADN sensibilidad diagnóstica=97,1%, especificidad diagnóstica y analítica=100%, vpn=97,2%, vpp, repetibilidad y reproducibilidad=100%; Kappa, Índice Youden=0,97. Conclusiones: la prueba evaluada presenta un alto rendimiento diagnóstico y debido a su bajo costo se recomienda su implementación en el algoritmo del diagnóstico de HTLV-1 en Perú.
Peru is an endemic area for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and for its diagnostic confirmation serological tests are used, which can give inconclusive results. Objectives: to evaluate a nested multiplex PCR test to diagnose HTLV-1. Methods: PCR validation was performed with primers targeting the Pol and LTR regions of HTLV-1. The ß-globin gene was used as an internal endogenous control and the detection limit was evaluated with MT2 cells. Diagnostic accuracy parameters were evaluated against 95 Reference blood samples. Results: the evaluated test obtained a detection limit of 0.5 ng/µL of DNA; diagnostic sensitivity=97.1%, diagnostic and analytical specificity=100%, vpn=97.2%, vpp, repeatability and reproducibility=100%; Kappa, Youden Index=0.97. Conclusions: the evaluated test has a high diagnostic performance and due to its low cost, its implementation in the HTLV-1 diagnosis algorithm in Peru is recommended.
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Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) are derived from ancient exogenous retroviral infections that have infected our ancestors' germline cells, underwent endogenization process, and were passed throughout the generations by retrotransposition and hereditary transmission. HERVs comprise 8% of the human genome and are critical for several physiological activities. Yet, HERVs reactivation is involved in pathological process as cancer and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the multiple aspects of HERVs' role within the human genome, as well as virological and molecular aspects, and their fusogenic property. We also discuss possibilities of how the HERVs are possibly transactivated and participate in modulating the inflammatory response in health conditions. An update on their role in several autoimmune, inflammatory, and aging-related diseases is also presented.
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Doenças Autoimunes , Retrovirus Endógenos , Neoplasias , Infecções por Retroviridae , Humanos , Retrovirus Endógenos/genética , Infecções por Retroviridae/genética , Neoplasias/genética , Genoma Humano , Doenças Autoimunes/genéticaRESUMO
Previous attempts to develop a vaccine against bovine leukemia virus (BLV) have not been successful because of inadequate or short-lived stimulation of all immunity components. In this study, we designed an approach based on an attenuated BLV provirus by deleting genes dispensable for infectivity but required for efficient replication. The ability of the vaccine to protect from natural BLV infection was investigated in the context of dairy productive conditions in an endemic region. The attenuated vaccine was tested in a farm in which the prevalence rose from 16.7% in young cattle at the beginning of the study to more than 90% in adult individuals. Sterilizing immunity was obtained in 28 out of 29 vaccinated heifers over a period of 48 months, demonstrating the effectiveness of the vaccine. As indicated by the antiviral antibody titers, the humoral response was slightly reduced compared to wild-type infection. After initial post-vaccination bursts, the proviral loads of the attenuated vaccine remained most frequently undetectable. During the first dairy cycle, proviral DNA was not detected by nested-PCR in milk samples from vaccinated cows. During the second dairy cycle, provirus was sporadically detected in milk of two vaccinated cows. Forty-two calves born from vaccinated cows were negative for proviral DNA but had antiviral antibodies in their peripheral blood. The attenuated strain was not transmitted to sentinels, further supporting the safety of the vaccine. Altogether, these data thus demonstrate that the vaccine against BLV is safe and effective in herd conditions characterized by a very high incidence. This cost-effective approach will thus decrease the prevalence of BLV without modification of production practices. After facing a series of challenges pertaining to effectiveness and biosafety, the vaccine is now available for further large-scale delivery. The different challenges and hurdles that were bypassed may be informative for the development of a vaccine against HTLV-1.
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Leucose Enzoótica Bovina , Vírus da Leucemia Bovina , Animais , Antivirais , Bovinos , Feminino , Provírus , Vacinas AtenuadasRESUMO
Resumen Los virus de inmunodeficiencia y leucemia felina representan un problema de gran envergadura para los felinos domésticos debido a la multiplicidad de sintomatologías que manifiestan. El objetivo del presente estudio fue establecer, retrospectivamente, la prevalencia en la presentación de ViLeF y VIF en pacientes de seis clínicas de pequeños animales en Bogotá y Chía, en relación con factores como su edad, raza y género. Se realizó un estudio transversal y retrospectivo, mediante la recopilación de datos de 1.014 historias clínicas de pacientes felinos que ingresaron a seis clínicas de la ciudad de Bogotá y Chía, para determinar la prevalencia de VIF y ViLeF y la asociación de estas con factores como edad, género y raza, entre 2015 y 2019, a través de la prueba OR. La detección de los virus se realizó mediante una prueba rápida basada en inmunocromatografía. La mayor prevalencia para cada enfermedad por año fue: 12,3% para VIF en 2012 y 18% para ViLeF en 2019. Los machos presentaron mayores seroprevalencias para ambas enfermedades durante la mayoría los años evaluados. Factores como raza (criolla: VIF: 1,85; ViLeF: 2,01), género (macho: VIF: 1,53 OR; ViLeF: 1,64) y edad (> 7 años: VIF: 3,82; ViLeF: 3,21) se relacionaron positivamente con la presentación de ambas enfermedades en la población felina evaluada.
Abstract Immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus represent major problems for domestic felines due to the multiplicity of symptoms they manifest. The objective of the present study was to establish, retrospectively, the prevalence in the presentation of FeLV and FIV in patients from six small animal clinics in Bogota and Chia, related to factors such as age, race, and gender. A cross-sectional and retrospective study was carried out, collecting data from 1.014 clinical records of feline patients who were admitted to six clinics in the city of Bogota and Chia, to determine the prevalence of FIV and FeLV and their association with factors such as age, gender, and race, between 2015 and 2019 through the OR test. The detection of the viruses was carried out through a rapid test based on immunochromatography. The highest prevalence for each disease per year was 12,3% for FIV in 2012 and 18% for FeLV in 2019. Males presented higher seroprevalences for both diseases during most of the years evaluated. Factors such as race (Creole: FIV: 1,85; FeLV: 2,01), gender (male: FIV: 1.53 OR, FeLV: 1,64), and age (> 7 years: FIV: 3.82; FeLV: 3.21) were positively related to the presentation of both diseases in the feline population evaluated.
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Vírus , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Leucemia , Doença Crônica , Doença , Cromatografia de Afinidade , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina , Vírus da Leucemia Felina , Diagnóstico , Retroviridae , Hospitais VeterináriosRESUMO
ABSTRACT HTLV-1 is a retrovirus that has an impact on human health due to its T-lymphocyte tropism. It occurs worldwide, but is more prevalent in tropical regions. Although most infected individuals will remain asymptomatic, the infection may manifest with complications such as uveitis, myelopathy, and leukemia, among others. The diagnosis is a chieved by the detection of anti-HTLV antibodies and a confirmatory test (Western Blot or proviral load). Although there is no specific treatment, medical treatments are aimed towards the management of secondary diseases. Three cases are described of pediatric patients diagnosed with HTLV-1 infection and associated autoimmune manifestations.
RESUMEN El virus linfotrópico humano de células T tipo I (HTLV-1) es un retrovirus que causa impacto en la salud del ser humano debido al tropismo para infectar a linfocitos T. Está distribuido mundialmente, pero es más prevalente en regiones tropicales. La mayoría de las personas afectadas permanecen asintomáticas, sin embargo, al manifestarse puede causar complicaciones como uveítis, mielopatía y leucemia, entre otras. Su diagnóstico se hace mediante la determinación de anticuerpos anti-HTLV y prueba confirmatoria (Western Blot o carga proviral). No tiene tratamiento específico, las medidas están dirigidas a la prevención y el manejo de las afecciones secundarias. Se describen tres pacientes en edad pediátrica con diagnóstico de infección por HTLV-1 y manifestaciones autoinmunes.
Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Criança , Vírus Oncogênicos , Retroviridae , Vírus , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Doença de Crohn , Doenças do Sistema Digestório , GastroenteropatiasRESUMO
HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are present in different high-risk populations, such as sexual workers and injecting drug users (IDUs). HTLV-1 is endemic in areas of Middle East, Southern Japan and Latin America, whereas HTLV-2 infection is endemic among some Native Americans and some Central African tribes. The pathogenic consequences and clinical manifestations of these two viruses differ significantly, demanding an adequate identification; therefore, proper diagnosis of HTLV-1 and 2 infection is crucial. To get a final diagnosis of HTLV-1 or 2 infection, it is recommended that positive serologic samples should be confirmed by PCR assays or western blot (WB) analysis. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop and implement a simple reaction for the rapid identification of HTLV-1 and 2. Nested real-time PCR technique followed by high resolution melting was performed based on the tax/rex sequences of HTLV-1 (M2) and HTLV-2 (MoT) cell lines perfectly discriminating between HTLV-1 from HTLV-2, by distinct melting curve profiles. The sensitivity assay of this method revealed that at least 1 viral copy of HTLV-1 or 1·5 viral copy of HTLV-2 could be amplified. Later, this method was validated using 200 blood samples from corpses. In agreement with previous epidemiological, the HTLV-1 and 2 prevalence was 1·5% (CI 95%: 0·31-4·3) and 0·5% (CI 95%: 0·013-2·75), respectively. The strategy proposed herein has some advantages over other PCR-based tests because it not only reduces considerably time and the costs of the total diagnosis but also allows detection and discrimination of HTLV-1 and 2 in the same reaction.
Assuntos
Infecções por HTLV-II , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Western Blotting , Infecções por HTLV-II/diagnóstico , Infecções por HTLV-II/epidemiologia , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 2 Humano/genética , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Linfócitos TRESUMO
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). One of the major questions in HTLV-1 studies is related to the understanding of causes that lead to different clinical manifestations. However, it is well known that the viral genes tax and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) are related to viral infectivity and the development of neurological and hematological diseases. Currently, there is evidence that HTLV-1 infected cells can release small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) involved in the mechanisms of viral particles spreading. Therefore, we evaluated the expression levels of tax and HBZ viral transcripts in serum-derived sEVs from HTLV-1 carriers, as well as the role of these vesicles in the modulation of the immune response. Three HAM/TSP carriers presented detectable levels of tax and HBZ transcripts in sEVs and were positively correlated to the proviral load (PVL) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The viral transcripts were only detectable in individuals with a PVL higher than 6,000/105 PBMCs. Additionally, it was observed that HBZ presented a 2-12-folds increase over tax expression units. Gene expression and secretory protein analysis indicated that PBMCs from blood donors and HTLV-1 carriers exposed to increasing doses of tax+ HBZ+ sEVs showed a dose-dependent increase in interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-8 transcripts and proteins. Interestingly, the increase in IL-8 levels was close to those seen in HTLV-1-infected PBMCs with high PVL. Taken together, these findings indicate that the expression of viral transcripts in serum-derived sEVs of HTLV-1 carriers is related to the PVL presented by the infected individual. Additionally, tax+ HBZ+ sEVs can induce the production of inflammatory cytokines in patients with low PVL, which may be related to the development of symptoms in HTLV-1 infection.
RESUMO
O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar a presença de DNA do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina (FIV) em gatos domesticos (Feliz catus) assintomáticos. Foi realizada a tecnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em 50 animais. Para tal, foram coletadas amostras de sangue, por venopunção da jugular, de forma asséptica para armazenamento de 1-2 mL de sangue total. Os animais que participaram do estudo fizeram parte do projeto de castração "Vida digna" da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia. E a escolha dos animais foi realizada de maneira aleatória, sem distinção por sexo ou idade, resultando em 29 foram fêmeas e 21 machos. Para o diagnóstico, foi realizada a extração do DNA, em seguida as amostras foram testadas em duas reações de PCR utilizando- se dois conjuntos de primers do Gene gag de FIV. Achou-se uma prevalência de 2% (1/50), confirmando assim a presença do vírus na cidade de Belém. Assim, evidenciando a importância de testar os felinos mesmo sendo assintomáticos. Desta forma, faz-se necessário a realização de trabalhos futuros que amplie o número amostral dos animais testados para assim elucidar o perfil epidemiológico da doença na região de Belém do Pará, considerando a relevância clínica desta infecção e a correta conduta médica veterinária para evitar novas infecções.
The objective of this work was to detect the presence of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) proviral DNA in asymptomatic domestic cats (Feliz catus). The polymerase chain reaction technique was performed from 50 animals. For this, blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture, aseptically for storage of 1-2 mL of whole blood. The animals that participated in the study were part of the castration project "Vida digna" at the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia. And the choice of animals was performed randomly, without distinction by sex or age, resulting in 29 females and 21 males. For diagnosis, DNA extraction was performed, then the samples were tested in two PCR reactions using two sets of FIV gag gene primers. A prevalence of 2% (1/50) was observed, thus confirming the presence of the virus in the city of Belém. Thus, highlighting the importance of testing the felines even if they are asymptomatic. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out future work that expands the sample number of animals tested in order to elucidate the epidemiological profile of the disease in the region of Belém do Pará, considering the clinical relevance of this infection and the correct veterinary medical conduct to avoid new infections.
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Portador Sadio/veterinária , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Gatos/imunologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/imunologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to show that human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) infection produces symptoms resembling those described for HTLV-1-associated myeloneuropathy and to highlight the role of sexual transmission in the silent dissemination of HTLV-2. METHODS: Patient samples were tested by particle agglutination and indirect immunofluorescence assay. The HTLV type was defined by molecular techniques. Nucleotide sequence analysis of HTLV-2 long terminal repeat region, T cell CD3/CD4 and T cell CD3/CD8 counts and typing of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles A, B, C and DRB1 were also performed. RESULTS: HTLV-2 subtype b infection was confirmed in two blood donors and their sexual partners. Two patients exhibited distinctive signs and symptoms of progressive neurological disease. Three infected patients carried HLA-C*04. Both patients with neurological disease also carried HLA-A*31 and HLA-DRB1*07 alleles. CONCLUSIONS: Herein we describe for the first time sexual transmission of HTLV-2 in a non-endemic region of Argentina, highlighting the relevance of this transmission route in HTLV-2 silent dissemination out of the clusters of endemicity. We also provide evidence that HTLV-2 infection causes symptoms resembling those described for HTLV-1-associated myeloneuropathy. The evidence presented herein points to the critical need for public health strategies to reduce the spread of this neglected infection.