RESUMO

Brazil, the country most impacted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the southern hemisphere, use intensive care admissions per day, mobility and other indices to monitor quarantines and prevent the transmissions of SARS-CoV-2. In this study we quantified the associations between residential mobility index (RMI), air pollution, meteorology, and daily cases and deaths of COVID-19 in São Paulo, Brazil. We applied a semiparametric generalized additive model (GAM) to estimate: 1) the association between RMI and COVID-19, accounting for ambient particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), relative humidity, temperature and delayed exposure between 4 and 21 days, and 2) the association between COVID-19 and exposure to for ambient particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), accounting for relative humidity, temperature and mobility. We found that an RMI of 45.28% results in 1212 cases (95% CI: 1189 to 1235) and 44 deaths (95% CI: 40 to 47). Increasing the isolation from 45.28% to 50% would avoid 438 cases and 21 deaths. Also, we found that an increment of 10 µg⋅m-³ of PM2.5 results in a risk of 1.140 (95% CI: 1.021 to 1.274) for cases and 1.086 (95% CI: 1.008 to 1.170) for deaths, while O3 produces a relative risk of 1.075 (95% CI: 1.006 to 1.150) for cases and 1.063 (95% CI: 1.006 to 1.124) for deaths, respectively. We compared our results with observations and literature review, finding well agreement. Policymakers can use such mobility indices as tools to control social distance activities. Spatial distancing is an important factor to control COVID-19, however, measuring face-mask usage would enhance the understanding the pandemic dynamic. Small increments of air pollution result in an increased number of COVID-19 cases and deaths.

Assuntos

Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluição do Ar , COVID-19 , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Poluição do Ar/análise , Poluição do Ar/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Material Particulado/análise , Material Particulado/toxicidade , SARS-CoV-2

RESUMO

O presente estudo tem dois objetivos principais: discutir os impactos, consequências e respostas demográficas do processo de expansão e estruturação de grandes aglomerações urbanas, com especial enfoque no caso do município de Praia Grande/SP na Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista (RMBS); e examinar, com mais detalhes, as nuances da mobilidade populacional e, em particular, das modalidades migratórias (e suas características), como elementos importantes da peculiar inserção regional do referido município enquanto "periferia simultânea" de duas regiões metropolitanas. A partir do uso exaustivo dos dados censitários, em especial dos Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010, analisam-se o crescimento e a expansão territorial de Praia Grande, enfatizando, em nível intramunicipal, o papel das distintas modalidades de migração (intrametropolitana e inter-regional). Além disso, procura-se associá-las a diferentes motivações a partir de um olhar detalhado para o perfil sociodemográfico dos fluxos estabelecidos. Como principais resultados do trabalho, observou-se que o papel de Praia Grande enquanto área de expansão metropolitana da RMBS se encontra lastreado pelos crescentes fluxos migratórios intrametropolitanos provenientes do polo regional, realidade esta que igualmente pode ser vista em outros contextos metropolitanos. No entanto, enquanto peculiaridade de seu processo de ocupação e inserção regional, parte majoritária dessa migração é originária de fora da RMBS, mais precisamente do município de São Paulo, centro de outra importante área de metropolitana, fato que contribui para caracterizar Praia Grande como uma "periferia com dois centros".

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The present study has two main objectives: the first one is to discuss the impacts, consequences and demographic responses of the process of expansion and structuring of large urban agglomerations, with special focus on the case of Praia Grande/SP in the Metropolitan Area of Baixada Santista; the second one, to examine in more detail the nuances of population mobility and, in particular, migratory modalities (and their characteristics), as important elements of the peculiar regional insertion of that municipality as "simultaneous periphery" of two metropolitan areas. Based on the exhaustive use of census data, especially the Demographic Census of 2000 and 2010, this study presents an analysis of the growth and territorial expansion of Praia Grande emphasizing, at intra-municipal level, the role of the different migration modalities (intra-metropolitan and inter-regional). In addition, it seeks to associate them to different motivations from a detailed look at the sociodemographic profile of established flows. As main results of the work, it was observed that the role of Praia Grande as an area of metropolitan expansion of RMBS is supported by the growing intra-metropolitan migratory flows from the regional core, a reality that can also be observed in other metropolitan contexts. However, as a peculiarity of its process of occupation and regional insertion, a major part of this migration comes from outside the RMBS, more precisely, from the municipality of São Paulo, the center of another important metropolitan area, a fact that contributes to characterize Praia Grande as a "periphery with two centers".

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El presente estúdio tiene dos objetivos principales: el primero, discutir los impactos, las consecuencias y las respuestas demográficas del proceso de expansión y estructuración de grandes aglomeraciones urbanas, con énfasis en el caso de Praia Grande (São Paulo) en la Región Metropolitana de Baixada Santista (RMBS); el segundo, examinar con más detalle los matices de la movilidad de la población y, en particular, de las modalidades migratorias (y sus características), como elementos importantes de la peculiar inserción regional del município como una "periferia simultánea" de dos regiones metropolitanas. A partir de los datos del censo, especialmente de los censos de 2000 y 2010, el estúdio presenta un análisis del crecimiento y la expansión territorial de Praia Grande con énfasis en el proceso intramunicipal, el papel de las diferentes modalidades de migración (intrametropolitana e interregional). Además, busca asociar estos movimientos a diferentes motivaciones a partir de una mirada sobre el perfil sociodemográfico de los flujos establecidos. Como resultado principal del trabajo, se observó que el papel de Praia Grande como área de expansión metropolitana de la RMBS es respaldado por el incremento de los flujos migratórios intrametropolitanos con origen en el polo regional, una realidad que también se puede ver en otros contextos metropolitanos. Sin embargo, como peculiaridad de su proceso de ocupación e inserción regional, parte significativa de esa migración se origina fuera de la RMBS, más precisamente, en la ciudad de São Paulo, cientro de otra región metropolitana (la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo), hecho que contribuye a caracterizar el municipio de Praia Grande como una "periferia de dos centros".

Assuntos

Humanos , História do Século XXI , Dinâmica Populacional , Aglomeração Urbana , Migração Humana , População , Reforma Urbana , Brasil , Áreas de Pobreza , Área Urbana , Censos

RESUMO

Studies of environmental exposures and childhood cancers that rely on records often only use maternal address at birth or address at cancer diagnosis to assess exposures in early childhood, possibly leading to exposure misclassification and questionable validity due to residential mobility during early childhood. Our objective was to assess patterns and identify factors that may predict residential mobility in early childhood, and examine the impact of mobility on early childhood exposure assessment for agriculturally applied pesticides and childhood cancers in California. We obtained the addresses at diagnosis of all childhood cancer cases born in 1998-2011 and diagnosed at 0-5 years of age (n = 6478) from the California Cancer Registry (CCR), and their birth addresses from linked birth certificates. Controls were randomly selected from California birth records and frequency matched (20:1) to all cases by year of birth. We obtained residential histories from a public-record database LexisNexis for both case (n = 3877 with age at diagnosis 1-5 years) and control (n = 99,262) families. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the socio-demographic factors in relation to residential mobility in early childhood. We employed a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based system to estimate children's first year of life exposures to agriculturally applied pesticides based on birth vs diagnosis address or residential histories based upon Lexis-Nexis Public Records and assessed agreement between exposure measures using Spearman correlations and kappa statistics. Over 20% of case and control children moved in their first year of life, and 55% of children with cancer moved between birth and diagnosis. Older age at diagnosis, younger maternal age, lower maternal education, not having a Hispanic ethnic background, use of public health insurance, and non-metropolitan residence at birth were predictors of higher residential mobility. There was moderate to strong correlation (Spearman correlation = 0.76-0.83) and good agreement (kappa = 0.75-0.81) between the first year of life exposure estimates for agricultural pesticides applied within 2 km of a residence relying on an address at birth or at diagnosis or LexisNexis addresses; this did not differ by outcome status, but agreement decreased with decreasing buffer size, and increasing distance moved or age at diagnosis. These findings suggest that residential addresses collected at one point in time may represent residential history in early childhood to a reasonable extent; nevertheless, they exposure misclassification in the first year of life remains an issue. Also, the highest proportion of women not captured by LexisNexis were Hispanic women born in Mexico and those living in the lowest SES neighborhoods, i.e. possibly those with the higher environmental exposures, as well as younger women and those with less than high school education. Though LexisNexis only captures a sub-population, its data may be useful for augmenting address information and assessing the extent of exposure misclassification when estimating environmental exposures in large record linkage studies. Future research should investigate how to correct for exposure misclassification introduced by residential mobility that is not being captured by records.

Assuntos

Exposição Ambiental , Praguicidas , Adulto , Idoso , California , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , México , Dinâmica Populacional , Gravidez , Adulto Jovem

RESUMO

Teenage birth rates among young people aged 15-19 years in California, USA, have declined from 47 births per 1000 in 2000 to 24 per 1000 in 2013. Nevertheless, the US counties with the highest teenage birth rates are predominantly rural and have a high proportion of Latinos/as. We conducted 42 interviews with key stakeholders and 12 focus groups with 107 young people in five rural communities to better understand local migration patterns and their influence on intermediate and proximate variables of pregnancy, such as interaction with role models and barriers to access contraception. The migration patterns identified were: residential mobility due to seasonal jobs, residential mobility due to economic and housing changes and migration from other countries to California. These patterns affect young people and families' interactions with school and health systems and other community members, creating both opportunities and barriers to prevent risky sexual behaviours. In rural areas, residential mobility and migration to the USA interconnect. As a result, young people dually navigate the challenges of residential mobility, while also adapting to the dominant US culture. It is important to promote programmes that support the integration of immigrant youth to reduce their sense of isolation, as well as to assure access to sexual health education and reproductive health services.

Assuntos

Dinâmica Populacional , Gravidez na Adolescência/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamento Sexual , Adolescente , California , Anticoncepção , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Gravidez , Gravidez na Adolescência/etnologia , Gravidez na Adolescência/psicologia , Serviços de Saúde Reprodutiva/provisão & distribuição , População Rural

RESUMO

Esse artigo analisa, para uma grande aglomeração urbana, a complexidade da dinâmica migratória, que se revela nas diferentes modalidades de movimentos populacionais e nas características dos indivíduos envolvidos nestes deslocamentos, assim como nos elementos estruturais que os condicionam. Baseado em dados de uma pesquisa domiciliar para a Região Metropolitana de Campinas - RMC, realizada em 2007, e nos dados do Censo Demográfico de 2010, esse estudo analisa os aspectos da mobilidade residencial (e dos indivíduos envolvidos) em várias de suas facetas, especialmente em termos das características e motivações dos atores envolvidos. Mesmo com a redução da migração externa na região, pode-se notar um significativo potencial endógeno de redistribuição da população em função de sua mobilidade dentro da RMC, muito embora, diferentemente de outras regiões metropolitanas, na de Campinas ainda se verifique que a migração externa, em grande medida, se direciona diretamente para a periferia. A análise de características demográficas e socioeconômicas dos que se movem (e não se movem) sugere a existência de coerência entre o que se esperaria observar para uma migração condicionada pelo fator econômico e o posicionamento da RMC no cenário nacional e estadual, assim como pelo processo de produção do seu espaço habitado. A seletividade dos migrantes, em geral, e dos intrametropolitanos, em particular, sugere motivações diferenciadas, das quais, embora ainda não dominante, a questão habitacional se mostra relevante. O estudo também indica que, diferentemente do que ocorria no passado, a periferia metropolitana está se diversificando e incorporando cada vez mais indivíduos e família de mais alta renda...

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Abstract This paper analyzes the complexity of the migratory dynamics of a large urban agglomeration. This complexity can be seen both in the different types of movements involved and in the individual and collective characteristics of the migrants themselves, as well as in the structural elements that may affect them. Based on data from a household survey for the metropolitan area of Campinas (RMC) held in 2007 and from the 2010 Demographic Census, we examine the residential mobility characteristics in many dimensions, especially in terms of the characteristics and motivations of the actors involved. Even with the reduction of external migration into the region, we can identify the existence of a significant potential of internal population redistribution due to people mobility within the RMC. Nevertheless, unlike other metropolitan areas, external migration to a large extent still flows directly into the periphery within this region. The analysis of the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of moving (and not moving) people suggests the existence of a coherence between what we would expect to observe for a migration conditioned by the economic factor and the RMC's positioning in the national and São Paulo state scenarios, as well as by the region´s process of production of space. The selectivity of migrants, in general, and of intrametropolitan migrants, in particular, suggests different motivations according to which, though still not dominant, the housing issue arises as a significant matter. The study also shows that, contrary to what was observed in the past, the metropolitan periphery has been diversifying and incorporating more and more high-income individuals and families...

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Resumen Este artículo analiza las complexidades de las dinámicas migratorias en una gran aglomeración urbana. La complexidad se observa tanto en la variedad de movimientos y en las características individuales y colectivas de los migrantes como en los elementos estructurales que los afectan. Utilizando datos provenientes de una encuesta de hogares realizado en 2007 en la región metropolitana de Campinas (RMC) y de los Censos Demográficos, se examina varias dimensiones de la movilidad residencial en la RMC, particularmente en lo que se refiere a las características y motivaciones de los diferentes actores. Se observa también que, al contrario de lo que ocurre en otras regiones etropolitanas, la periferia de RMC sigue recibiendo flujos migratorios importantes de afuera de la región. El análisis de las características socioeconómicas y demográficas de los migrantes y no-migrantes sugiere una coherencia entre padrones migratorios, la posición ocupada por la RMC en el escenario nacional y del estado de São Paulo, y también del proceso de producción del espacio en la región. La selectividad de migrantes, incluso de los migrantes intrametropolitanos, sugiere la existencia de motivaciones diversas, entre las cuales la vivienda se constituye en elemento importante, aunque no dominante. El estudio también muestra que, al contrario de lo observado en el pasado, la periferia metropolitana está se diversificando y recibiendo un número mayor de familias y clases más abastadas...

Assuntos

Humanos , Aglomeração Urbana , Migração Interna/tendências , Dinâmica Populacional , Brasil , Zonas Metropolitanas , Características de Residência

RESUMO

O objetivo principal deste artigo é analisar a migração na Amazônia brasileira. São analisados os migrantes provenientes de outros países, em especial os transfronteiriços, assim como os migrantes brasileiros. A ideia é observar também qual o impacto destes migrantes na localidade de destino na Amazônia e o papel das cidades fronteiriças neste processo. Serão estas cidades apenas de passagem para a entrada no país ou possuem atrativos suficientes para que uma parte dos migrantes fique nelas? Estariam elas prontas para receber um volume substancial de migrantes? Estes migrantes vêm diretamente de seus países ou possuem experiência prévia em outras Unidades da Federação brasileiras? Para tentar esclarecer isto, são utilizados dados do Censo Demográfico de 2010 e da Contagem Populacional de 2007 para se analisar as características dos migrantes segundo sua origem, assim como seu local escolhido de destino. A partir das análises deste trabalho, percebe-se que o perfil da migração segundo a origem é diferente, e também a escolha do local de destino, possivelmente em função das redes sociais, que têm um papel importante neste processo de atração de migrantes em determinadas áreas.(AU).

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The main goal of this paper is to analyze the migration in the north region of Brazil, mainly characterized by the presence of the Amazon. International migrants are analyzed, in particular the cross-border ones, as well as Brazilian migrants. The idea is to observe the real impact of these migrants in the destination place in the Amazon and the role of border towns in this process. Are these international migrants just passing through the border cities or the mentioned cities have enough attractives in order to some of the migrants stay in them? Were they ready to receive a substantial volume of migrants? These migrants come directly from their countries or have prior experience in other Brazilian places? To clarify this, data from demographic census of 2010 and Population Enumerate of 2007 are used to analyze the characteristics of migrants according to their origin, as well as their chosen place of destination. Based on the analysis of this paper, we can see that the profile of the migrants according to their origin is different, and also the place of destination, possibly due to social networks, which play an important role in this process of attraction of migrants in certain areas.(AU).

RESUMO

Estudo transversal visando estimar a prevalência das formas de deslocamento para o trabalho e identificar fatores associados em trabalhadores do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Um total de 2.265 trabalhadores responderam questionário sobre a forma de deslocamento utilizado para ir ao trabalho: caminhada/bicicleta, ônibus ou de carro/moto. Para estimar a associação entre o desfecho e variáveis sociodemográficas, ocupacionais e comportamental foi utilizada a regressão logística multinomial. O principal meio de deslocamento para o trabalho foi o ônibus (45,7 por cento). Trabalhadores com maior condição socioeconômica tiveram maior probabilidade de deslocamento passivo.

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Cross-sectional study that aimed to estimate the prevalence of forms of commuting to and from work and to identify factors associated among industrial workers in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. A total of 2,265 workers completed a questionnaire on the forms of commuting to and from work (walking/biking, bus or car/motorcycle). Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the association between the outcome and sociodemographic, occupational and behavioral variables. The main form of commuting to and from work was by bus (45.7 percent). Workers with higher socioeconomic condition were more likely to engage in passive commuting.

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Estudio transversal buscando estimar la prevalencia de las formas de desplazamiento para el trabajo e identificar factores asociados en trabajadores del Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (sur de Brasil). Un total de 2.265 trabajadores respondieron cuestionario sobre la forma de desplazamiento utilizado para ir al trabajo: caminata/bicicleta, autobús o en carro/moto. Para estimar la asociación entre el resultado y variables sociodemográficas, ocupacionales y conductual se utilizó la regresión logística multinomial. El principal medio de desplazamiento para el trabajo fue el autobús (45,7 por ciento). Trabajadores con mayor condición socioeconómica tuvieron mayor probabilidad de desplazarse de forma pasiva.

Assuntos

Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Dinâmica Populacional , Indústrias/estatística & dados numéricos , Atividades de Lazer , Meios de Transporte/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Exercício Físico , Saúde Ocupacional , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Meios de Transporte/métodos

RESUMO

Introducción y Objetivo: El desplazamiento forzado por violencia y la situación de pobreza que vive el país exige que se realicen propuestas en poblaciones específicas que tengan en cuenta grupos vulnerables en aspectos importantes como la salud bucal. El propósito fué analizar la situación desalud bucal de la población desplazada y destechada ubicada en el asentamiento “Altos de Oriente”, del municipio de Bello, por medio de evaluación clínica teniendo en cuenta los principales datos sociodemográficos. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio carácter descriptivo, exploratorio, acerca del perfil epidemiológico bucal en un asentamiento de pobladores desplazados y destechados del municipio de Bello (Antioquia- Colombia) en el año 2006. La muestra fueron 58 personas captadas voluntariamente en una jornada de salud. Se tuvieron en cuenta variables sociales y demográficas, el nivel de higiene bucal, el estado dental, periodontal y protésico. Resultados: Se encontró alta historia y prevalencia de caries dental y de enfermedades orales en comparación con la población general colombiana, con algunas diferencias por sexo; así mismo, los resultados informan de un acceso deficiente a los servicios de salud, en especial de salud bucal. Conclusiones: Se analizó la situación de salud bucal en el contexto social y político actual del país así como las repercusiones en la calidad de vida, producto del fenómeno de desplazamiento forzado por la violencia y sus expresiones como la pobreza, la marginalidad y la exclusión social. Estos hallazgos evidencian la necesidad de profundizar en la problemática de poblaciones específicas, para la construcción de propuestas que mejoren las oportunidades de acceso a servicios sociales y a servicios de salud bucal.

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Introduction and Objetives: Purposes are required in specific groups in important aspects such as oral health concerned with the forced displacement by violence and the poverty situation in Colombia. The purpose of this study was evaluate the oral health situation of a homeless community violently displaced by force, living in the “Altos de Oriente” Shelter Camp in the city of Bello, Colombia by means of a clinical evaluation which took into account the main socio-demographic variables. Materials and Methods: A descriptive and exploratory study was carried out in order to assess theoral epidemiological profile of said community during 2006. The sample consisted of 58 subjects who volunteered during a health brigade. The study analyzed social and demographic variables, the level of oral health as well as dental, periodontal and restorative conditions. Results: An increased history and prevalence of caries and oral diseases was found in comparison with the general Colombian population with some differences between genders. Results also indicated deficient access to health services in general and especially to those related to oral health. Conclusions: The oral health situation of the displaced community was analyzed under the current social and political context ofthe country as well as their repercussions in the quality of life, product of the forced displacement phenomena and its expressions such as poverty, marginality and social exclusion. These findings evidence the need to study more deeply the problems of specific populations, in order to design proposals that will improve opportunities to access social and oral health services.

Assuntos

Humanos , Refugiados , Perfil de Saúde , Saúde Bucal , Dinâmica Populacional , População Rural , Violência , Populações Vulneráveis

RESUMO

Through a series of life table analyses, this paper describes the natural history of tuberculosis mortality in a Mexican-origin community over five decades (1935-84) during which the disease underwent a transition from a major underlying cause of death to a disease conditioned mentioned more often on death certificates as contributing to death than causing death. The decline in death rates from 1940 to 1950 was especially remarkable. Successive birth cohorts of Mexican Americans, separated by as little as five years of age, experienced distinctly lower risk of death from tuberculosis as they entered young adulthood. There was a rapid convergence in age-specific patterns of tuberculosis death rates in Mexican Americans toward those of non-Hispanic whites, so that by 1960 tuberculosis was primarily a cause of death in old age rather than young adulthood. The impact of changing environment, both through improvements of conditions within neighborhoods and through residential mobility, on birth cohorts at risk of tuberculosis needs to be examined in further research.

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PIP: This study examines the history of tuberculosis mortality during 1935-84 among a Mexican-origin community in Bexar County, Texas. Data were obtained from death records of the San Antonio Metropolitan Health District. Data coding accounted for the shift in 1949 in formatting underlying cause and primary cause of death. Deaths are estimated from multiple decrement life tables for deaths by age and underlying cause in a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 newborns followed to their deaths. Cause-eliminated life tables show the distributions of deaths if tuberculosis were eliminated. Findings indicate that life expectancy of Mexican-origin people in Bexar County during 1938-42 was about 47 years for males and females. Life expectancy for Anglos was higher but still lower than the national average. By 1980, differences in life expectancies by ethnic group converged. The rapid increases in life expectancy occurred during the 1940s: 12.7 years for Mexican-origin women and 10.3 years for Mexican-origin men. The 1940 risk of tuberculosis death among Mexican-origin people was 5-7 times that of Anglos. Among the 1940s Mexican-origin population, tuberculosis caused heavy fatalities in early adulthood between the ages of 15 and 35 years. By 1960, it was a cause only in old age, as it was among Anglos. Cohort comparisons reveal that the cohort reaching the age of 15 years in 1945 had a mortality probability that was only half as great to age 20 in 1950. The mortality probability declined to near zero by age 25 in 1955. The life table proportion of deaths due to tuberculosis declined linearly and added to life expectancy until 1980. Tuberculosis was the underlying cause of death among 96% of Mexican-origin people in 1938-42 and 41% in 1983-85. Tuberculosis morbidity declined during the 1940s and 1950s due to major housing renewal, slum clearance, code enforcement, and residential mobility.

Assuntos

Hispânico ou Latino , Tuberculose/mortalidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Expectativa de Vida , Tábuas de Vida , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Texas/epidemiologia

RESUMO

PIP: A survey conducted among 187 HIV-infected patients from publicly supported HIV clinics in the Puerto Rican Southern Health Region (SHR) failed to substantiate health planners' concern that this group travels frequently to the US to receive medical services. Respondents were questioned about all places of residence and all sites of HIV treatment in the past 12 months. Movement was defined as being anywhere outside of the SHR for 2 weeks or longer. 7% of the sample had moved at least once in the past year; 4% had moved outside the SHR but within Puerto Rico, while 3% had been in the continental US. Compared to the heterosexual risk group, intravenous drug users and men who have sex with men were 7-8 times more likely to have moved. The attainment of at least a high school education was also significantly and independently associated with increased probability of movement. Medical care was not identified by any of these respondents as the primary reason for travel. 58% indicated they were in their current place of residence to be near family, friends, and relatives. Both the small sample size and the low socioeconomic status of respondents may have limited the ability of this study to identify the so-called "air bridge," however.^ieng

Assuntos

Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Coleta de Dados , Infecções por HIV , Dinâmica Populacional , Terapêutica , América , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Geografia , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Porto Rico , Pesquisa , Características de Residência , Estudos de Amostragem , Viroses

RESUMO

PIP: The data used were derived from the IPPUR/ITBI/IPTU archive, which contains approximately 2 million annual real estate transactions for the period 1968-88 and more for 1990 for the city of Rio de Janeiro. These registers are maintained for levying taxes and they describe the property, the objective of the transaction, the type, location, size, value as well as participation in the financial system of residency (SFH). This information allows the construction of intraurban mobility matrices, first between 96 neighborhoods of the city and then for 24 administrative regions (RAs) of Rio de Janeiro. Problems were abundant: only 1483 (29%) of 5089 transactions for 1985-88 were used, and 35% for 1990 because of poor data quality. The determinants of intraurban mobility were: 1) demographic (life cycle of families), 2) socioeconomic (changes of employment), and 3) environmental and cultural (dilapidation, violence, pollution, and life style). Mobility trends demonstrated that 46.2% of changes were downward moves and only 33.1% were upward moves. Among upward changes 16.8% involved the acquisition of a new apartment, while among downward moves this constituted only 8.9%. SFH financially assisted the purchase of 14% of upward moves vs. 12.9% of downward moves. Among upward deals in the 6 most favored residential areas, 45.3% of transactions occurred in the city. The moves did not indicate a strong segmentation of the market reaffirming the process of residential segregation between rich and poor people. More than half of real estate acquisitions were realized by families residing in the same RA or in the adjacent RA. More than 75% of transactions for residents of 6 RAs were carried out in the same RA or in adjacent ones. The 10 most important moves (1.74% of all potential moves) involved 21.17% of transactions in the city. The most important moves affected the 3 RAs of Barra da Tijuca of the southern zone, which represented 57.1% of all transactions that occurred in the RA, epitomizing upward mobility of the newly rich.^ieng

Assuntos

Habitação , Dinâmica Populacional , Preconceito , Mobilidade Social , População Urbana , América , Brasil , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Geografia , América Latina , População , Características da População , Características de Residência , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do Sul

RESUMO

PIP: This work argues that intraurban mobility resulting from urban renewal in Santo Domingo is one of the city's major problems. Santo Domingo's growth from 30,000 in 1920 to 1,800,000 in the late 1980s was unplanned, and the expansion of urban infrastructure generally followed demographic expansion. The Dominican government has regularly provoked massive dislocations in the course of urban renewal, especially at the end of the Trujillo era and under the governments of Balaguer. More than 50,000 families have been forced to move in the past 30 years, representing 20% of the population. Among the consequences of this policy are a form of rootlessness of the population resulting from lack of title to the land and the constant threat of having to move again. The feeling of impermanence has psychological and cultural effects and also discourages residents from making significant improvements to their housing. The disorder of the city is increased because most of the families forced to move from areas undergoing renewal establish themselves in other marginal zones, which then undergo chaotic growth. From the fall of Trujillo to the disturbances of 1965-66, rural migration to the periphery of the city was massive, and it resumed again with the return of political stability. The massive construction projects beginning in 1967 were intended to beautify areas of high visibility, improve traffic flow, develop aesthetic elements, and remove low income populations from the center for the city. Around one-third of the national budget was devoted to construction in these years. Thousands of families were relocated in new areas belonging to the government at great distances from the city center and with few or no public services. The urban policy encouraged speculation and deterioration of urban management due to confusion between government institutions and private interests. Between 1978-86, government construction policy changed, with the amount of investment reduced and low cost housing emphasized. But massive construction began again with Balaguer's return to power. Some 20,000 families have been displaced and another 14,000 have been told to move. The forced removals have involved around 10% of the population. Their effects have included rapid expansion of the marginal urban periphery, artificially high rents, aggravation of problems in providing public services, loss of identity of neighborhoods, reinforcement of individual strategies at the expense of communal welfare, and weakening of survival resources of the most impoverished sectors.^ieng

Assuntos

Emigração e Imigração , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Programas Governamentais , Política , Dinâmica Populacional , Pobreza , Política Pública , Características de Residência , População Urbana , América , Região do Caribe , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , República Dominicana , Economia , Geografia , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos

RESUMO

PIP: This document reprints provisions of Suriname's 1987 Constitution relating to freedom of movement, equality of the sexes, the right to life, the right to physical integrity, equal opportunity in employment, the family, children, maternity benefits, the right to health care, parental responsibilities, free and compulsory education, illiteracy, and housing. All citizens enjoy freedom of movement within the bounds of the law. All people within the territory may claim protection of their person and property, and discrimination is forbidden on the basis of birth, sex, race, language, religion, education, political beliefs, economic position, or other status. Torture or inhuman treatment and punishment is banned, and the right to life is protected by the law. The state guarantees the right to work, and all employees have the right to equal remuneration for equal work, safe working conditions, and sufficient rest and recreation. The family is protected, and husbands and wives are equal before the law. Children have the right to protection, and working women are entitled to paid maternity leave. The state promotes the right to good health by systematic improvements in living and working conditions and dissemination of health education. The right to education is protected by the provision of free general primary education and efforts of the state to enable all citizens to achieve the highest educational levels possible. The Constitution also calls for the institution of a plan to allow the state to create public housing.^ieng

Assuntos

Constituição e Estatutos , Economia , Educação , Emprego , Política de Planejamento Familiar , Habitação , Direitos Humanos , Dinâmica Populacional , Preconceito , Política Pública , Direitos da Mulher , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Geografia , Mão de Obra em Saúde , População , Características de Residência , Problemas Sociais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do Sul , Suriname

RESUMO

"U.S. job and spatial mobility are compared here for recent returnee migrants from two Mexican areas--Rio Grande, Zacatecas, in the interior; and Nueva Rosita-Muzquiz, Coahuila, near the U.S. border. Results suggest that the interior migrants fit a hierarchical migrant model: they move up the urban hierarchy from U.S. rural areas to towns and cities, experiencing substantial job mobility at first, but little after reaching the urban sector. Border migrants fit a shuttle migrant model: they return to the same job and place year after year, experiencing little or no spatial and occupational mobility, although they tend to hold somewhat higher status jobs."

Assuntos

Emigração e Imigração , Emprego , Geografia , Ocupações , Dinâmica Populacional , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Migrantes , América , América Central , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Características de Residência , Classe Social , Estados Unidos

RESUMO

Problems related to the analysis of data from the 1970 and 1980 censuses of Brazil concerning migration are explored. The author first notes that the 1980 census used new methods of data collection that make comparisons with previous censuses difficult. Procedures to overcome these problems are suggested. The inclusion for the first time in 1980 of data on intra-municipal migration is noted. "A procedure is proposed to estimate the intra-municipal migration during the decade, and to add it to estimates of other types of migration, in order to avoid double counting. Internal migration estimates for the 1960s and 1970s are presented for three States (Pernambuco, Minas Gerais [and] Sao Paulo). Special attention is paid to the different concepts implied by estimates obtained through direct and indirect measurement." (summary in ENG)

Assuntos

Censos , Coleta de Dados , Demografia , Emigração e Imigração , Métodos , Dinâmica Populacional , Estatística como Assunto , América , Brasil , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Geografia , América Latina , População , Características da População , Pesquisa , Características de Residência , América do Sul

RESUMO

PIP: The misinterpretations which can occur when cross sectional data rather than longitudinal data is used to assess patterns of migrant adjustment are demonstrated in a cross sectional, comparative study of housing quality among natives, recent migrants, and longterm migrants in Bogota, Colombia; Seoul, South Korea; and Surabaya, Indonesia. In cross sectional studies, duration of residence is used as a substitute for change over time, and observed differences in adjustment between recent and longterm migrants are generally attributed to length of residence. In actuality, these differences may be the result of changing patterns of selective migration (i.e., earlier migrants may have more education or higher skill levels on arrival or less education or lower skills levels on arrival than more recent migrants) or of selective remigration (i.e., the less successful migrants may leave the community and only the most succcessful go on to become longterm migrants or the most successful leave and only the least successful become longterm migrants). In other words, observed improvements or deteriorations in the socioeconomic status of recent and longterm migrants may reflect changes in migration patterns rather than changes brought about by the length of exposure to the urban environment. In the present investigation, information on a number of control and background variables was collected in order to determine the degree to which differences in housing quality among recent and longterm migrants were influenced by changing patterns of selective migration and by selective remigration. The cities represented diverse cultural and socioeconomic conditions. A multistaged cluster probability sample of male and female, recent and longterm migrants and natives were interviewed in each city. The respondents were 20-44 years of age, and the total sample size was 730 for Bogota, 978 for Seoul, and 606 for Surabaya. A distinctive, but comparable, housing quality index was constructed for each city. Control variables included marital status, age, household size, sex and a number of background variables, such as, education and farm/nonfarm origin. Information on housing investments and residential changes was also collected. For all 3 cities the mean differences in housing quality were slightly, but significantly, better for natives than for migrants. Housing quality for recent and longterm migrants was then compared using the control variables and multiple classification analysis. In Bogota and Seoul housing quality improved with duration of residence, but the relationship was not significant. Further analysis and information about remigration patterns in these cities suggested that, for Bogota, the relationship was influenced slightly by the fact that recent migrants tended to be more educated than earlier migrants and by the fact that there was a tendency for successful migrants to remigrate. However, some improvements appeared to be due to duration of residence. In Seoul the factors influencing the relationship were more difficult to assess, but the conclusion was reached that only a slight improvement in housing occurred over time. In Surabaya housing quality was significantly better for longterm migrants than for recent migrants among migrants with a farm background. The reverse pattern was observed among migrants with a nonfarm background, but this relationship was not significant. Further analysis and a knowledge of local migration patterns suggested that the relationship observed for those with a farm background was influenced by remigration of migrants with low socioeconomic status and that housing quality for migrants in Surabaya had not improved over time.^ieng

Assuntos

Estudos Transversais , Economia , Emigração e Imigração , Habitação , Análise Multivariada , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estatística como Assunto , Fatores de Tempo , Migrantes , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Colômbia , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Ásia Oriental , Geografia , Indonésia , Coreia (Geográfico) , América Latina , População , Características de Residência , América do Sul

RESUMO

PIP: 1000 Blacks and 1001 Whites from the southern Brazilian city Curitiba were studied in relation to migration patterns, ABO and Rh blood groups, and hemoglobin types. Despite a lower socioeconomic level, Blacks migrated more than Whites. Carriers of abnormal hemoglobin types show about the same degree of mobility as those with normal hemoglobin only. As much as 1/2 of the genes present among the Blacks of this city may be of European origin, while persons classified as White may have from 3 to 19% of African ancestry. The results are in agreement with the history of the community and indicate that the process of race admixture is occurring at a high rate despite the relatively low frequency of individuals showing clear signs of African ancestry (as compared the bulk of the Brazilian populations) in Curitiba.^ieng

Assuntos

Emigração e Imigração , Etnicidade , Marcadores Genéticos , Fenótipo , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Criança , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade

RESUMO

PIP: One of the central problems in migration measurement arises as a consequence of the different sources of migration data. Most information regarding migration is obtained from population censuses or population registers that report migration data for a given time interval. Another source of migration data is the sample survey which may be designed to provide information about both migrants and moves. Migration data produced by censuses are usually in the form of transitions. Population registers treat migration as an event and generate data on moves. A fundamental aspect of migration is its change over time. This paper aims at demonstrating how the regularities that appear in migration age compositions can be summarized in a useful manner and to suggest what such regularities may be telling us about patterns of natural increase, family relationships, and mobility levels among migrants. By disaggregating migrants into dependent and independent catagories, the paper illuminates the ways in which the age profile of migrating populations is sensitive to relative changes in dependency levels and in rates of natural increase and mobility. Just as population age compositions reflect particular characteristics of fertility and mortality regimes, so do observed migration age compositions reflect key aspects of family structure and migration patterns. Drawing on techniques used in the analysis of influence on fertility and mortality, Rogers and Castro propose procedures for adopting model migration schedules to infer migration patterns in the absence of accurate migration data. Such model migration schedules may be used to graduate inadequate data, thereby smoothing out irregularities and ascribing to the data summary measures that can be used for comparative analysis. They also may be used to interpolate to single years of age. Observed reliability of empirical migration data and indications of appropriate strategies for their correction are aided by the availability of standard families of migration schedules. Finally, such schedules may also be used to help resolve problems caused by missing data. Examples of the age-sex distribution and interstate migration are given for Mexico and Sweden; model migration proportion schedules are given for selected cities including Rio de Janeiro, Mexico City, Lagos, Greater Khartoum, Stockholm, and Kuwait.^ieng

Assuntos

Distribuição por Idade , Fatores Etários , Emigração e Imigração , Modelos Teóricos , Estatística como Assunto , Migrantes , América , América Central , Demografia , Europa (Continente) , Características da Família , México , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Crescimento Demográfico , Pesquisa , Países Escandinavos e Nórdicos , Suécia

RESUMO

"The paper examines the validity of current theories of intra-city migration, subjecting those theories to the test of explaining new data collected in a total of 13 low-income settlements in three Latin American cities: Bogota, Mexico City, and Valencia, Venezuela. The study focuses attention upon the principal reception points for migrants; the location of previous place of residence for contemporary barrio dwellers; [and] the tenure and dwelling characteristics of previous places of residence. The authors conclude that residential patterns in Latin American cities are less the outcome of migrant choice, as some theories argue, and more the product of constraints imposed upon the land and housing markets."

Assuntos

Habitação , Dinâmica Populacional , Pobreza , População Urbana , Agricultura , América , Colômbia , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Emigração e Imigração , Geografia , América Latina , México , Modelos Teóricos , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Características de Residência , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do Sul , Venezuela

RESUMO

PIP: 2 different dependent variables were used in this analysis of the determinants of labor mobility in India: Mij is the number of males born in state i and enumerated in state j on March 5, 1961; and Mij is the number of males who were born in state i and had been living in state j for less than 1 year, as of March 5, 1961. A number of mobility studies dealing with advanced as well as less developed economies have found distance to be 1 of the most important variables in explaining the spatial allocation of migrants. Distance serves as a proxy for both the money and the nonmoney costs of migration. In India the distance elasticity of migration was negative and highly significant. The results suggest that either the money or the non-money costs of migration for which distance is a proxy, or both, are important deterrents to migration in India. If migrants are, "certeris paribus," moving away from low income states and to high income states, then the sign associated with origin income variable should be negative while that associated with the destination income variable should be positive. In every regression the coefficients of the income variables were highly significant and had the expected signs, suggesting that migrants in India tend to move from low income to high income states. Migration tended to be away from and to population states. While migration was away from highly urbanized states, it did not seem to be toward highly urbanized places in India. Migration did tend to be in the direction of places which are urbanizing rapidly and away from places which are urbanizing slowly. Evidence exists that in India mobility tends to increase with increased education, a finding contrary to what was found for Ghana, Egypt, and Brazil. In addition, migration in India tended to be toward places which display relatively high levels of educational achievement. This result was similar to those obtained for Ghana, Egypt, and Brazil. Poorly educated individuals, despite the possibility that they may be unable to compete effectively for the available jobs in such places, may be attracted to regions of high educational attainment in the hope of improving their or their childrens' education and thereby bettering their prospects.^ieng

Assuntos

Escolaridade , Emigração e Imigração , Emprego , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Renda , Modelos Teóricos , Densidade Demográfica , Dinâmica Populacional , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Urbanização , África , África Subsaariana , África do Norte , África Ocidental , América , Ásia , Brasil , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Egito , Geografia , Gana , Mão de Obra em Saúde , Índia , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Pesquisa , Características de Residência , Classe Social , América do Sul , População Urbana