RESUMO
Background: In 2001, Skakkebæk et al. proposed that certain male reproductive disorders might be grouped into a syndrome called testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), as they all appear to be associated with disruption of the embryonic and foetal programming of gonadal development. TDS may be manifested in early life by the presence of genital malformations (hypospadias and cryptorchidism) and in adult life as disorders represented by low sperm counts and testicular cancer. Changes in androgen hormones during the foetal development, in addition to resulting in TDS, can also cause permanent changes in anopenile anogenital distance (AGDap) and anoscrotal anogenital distance (AGDas). Aims: The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between late manifestations of TDS and reduced anogenital/anoscrotal distance. Materials and Methods: The present study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. The research included papers from 2001 to 2020, comprising a total of 737 articles, and 13 articles were selected. Results: Linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the two anogenital distance measures, which showed a significant positive association (P = 0.039). A meta-analysis was also performed and compared AGDap and AGDas between control and case groups, with cases defined as men with any late TDS manifestation. These data showed a significant reduction in AGDas in the affected population (P = 0.04), but no differences in the AGDap measure (P = 0.59). Conclusion: Our study confirmed a significant relationship between reduced AGDas and late manifestations of TDS, providing further support to the association between prenatal androgen deficiency and late-onset reproductive disorders.
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Bovine leptospirosis is a chronic disease that causes various reproductive disorders and consequent economic losses worldwide, particularly embryo death. Although Leptospira spp. has already been detected in the genital tract of cows, little is known about the uterine cellular immune response or the intrinsic factors that could contribute to that reproductive failure. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess the uterine cellular inflammatory response after the quantification of cytokine IL-6 in bovine uteri naturally infected with leptospires compared to uninfected. Our results demonstrated that uterine tissues infected with leptospires have higher levels of IL-6 compared to uninfected tissues (p < 0.001). It suggests that the presence of leptospires in the bovine uterus can induce a cellular inflammatory response, which may be related to embryo death and consequent subfertility.
Assuntos
Leptospira , Leptospirose , Gravidez , Humanos , Feminino , Animais , Bovinos , Perda do Embrião , Interleucina-6 , Leptospirose/veterinária , ÚteroRESUMO
Background and Aim: Flemish cattle in Brazil are on the brink of extinction and are found only in one herd in Lages, Santa Catarina State. This study aimed to uncover the reasons for the recurring abortions in the Flemish cattle herd. Materials and Methods: Seventeen Flemish fetuses underwent postmortem examinations, with samples collected for histopathology and microbiology culture tests, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for Neospora caninum, and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) test for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) from 2015 to 2020. Results: Of the 17 fetuses, N. caninum was the most common diagnosis and was found in 88% (15/17). One fetus (5.8%) had a coinfection with N. caninum and Citrobacter amalonaticus, leading to fibrinonecrotic pericarditis. All fetuses tested negative for BVDV by RT-PCR. Of the 107 dams tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay, 26 (25.2%) were anti-N. caninum seropositive, with 17 (65.4%) aborting and 5 (19.2%) having estrus repetition. Reverse transcription-PCR results showed that 9 (8.4%) of the serum samples collected from dams tested positive, which tested follow-up test 3 months later, indicating a BVDV transient infection. The factors that contributed to neosporosis included dogs' access to pastures and improper disposal of fetal remains, which made it easier for dogs to consume them. Conclusion: This study warns the occurrence of N. caninum as a cause of reproductive disorders that can lead to abortion in the studied Flemish cattle herd.
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Discovered as a contaminant of adenovirus stocks in the 1960s, adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a mono-stranded DNA virus that depends on helper factors to replicate. Even though AAV is endemic in the human population (35-80%), it is remarkable that many issues concerning the natural infection by this virus remain unanswered. In this study, we reflect on the main basic aspects of AAV biology and provide an overview of the studies exploring the impact of AAV infection on human health, focusing on three major research areas including, (i) cervical and (ii) liver cancer, and (iii) reproductive system disorders. Conflicting results have been obtained into the association of AAV infection with the occurrence of adverse reproductive outcomes, such as placental complications, spontaneous abortion, and fertility disorders, or with a protective role in HPV-related cervical carcinogenesis. Noteworthy, recent reports have identified AAV insertional mutagenesis as a novel risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. This latest finding raises concern regarding the widespread usage of AAV vectors in liver-targeted gene therapy.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Gravidez , Humanos , Feminino , Dependovirus/genética , Placenta , Colo do Útero , Vetores GenéticosRESUMO
This study reports the occurrence and appearance of various reproductive tract pathologies of small ruminants diagnosed using ultrasound. An eight-year retrospective study of collected ultrasound data was carried out in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil from September 2012 to July 2020. A total of 3463 animals from 16 sheep flocks and 10 dairy goat flocks, raised under extensive and intensive management systems, respectively, were used in the study. All animals were submitted to an ultrasound examination of their reproductive tract. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test (p < 0.05), to compare disorder frequencies within and between species. Ewes (4.14%) had fewer reproductive disorders than does (8.98%), while rams (43.63%) and bucks (56.25%) presented no significant differences. Hydrometra was the most frequent finding in does, represented by 50.98% of cases; while, in ewes, recent fetal loss (22.85%) and cystic endometrial hyperplasia (20.00%) were the most frequent. In bucks, the findings showed no clear differences; while, for rams, the most frequent finding was testicular microlithiasis (75.00%). Ultrasonography offers clinically useful information about the reproductive tract via the images it provides; knowledge of which makes it possible to improve the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of genital pathologies.
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Neosporosis, an infectious disease caused by the protozoan Neospora caninum, has been associated with economic losses in cattle rearing worldwide. However, previous studies have not presented any evidence regarding the association between serological status of neosporosis and alteration of the reproductive parameters. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether N. caninum is associated with reproductive disorders and to evaluate the possible risk factors of the infection. Blood samples from 202 dairy cows, 51 with a history of reproductive disorders (case group) and 151 without (control group), were collected from different farms in Brazil. Epidemiological questionnaires were conducted with all the farmers. Serum samples were subjected to an indirect fluorescent antibody test to detect antibodies against the parasite. In total, 28.22% (57/202) of the cows were seropositive: 47.06% (24/51) from the case group and 21.85% (33/151) from the control group. By logistic regression, cows aged ≥48 months and cows with history of abortion were 4.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.91-12.05; p = 0.001) and 2.3 (95% CI = 1.06-5.1; p = 0.034) times more likely to be seropositive, respectively. Furthermore, our results show an association between N. caninum seropositivity and abortion in dairy cows from Brazil with poor management conditions and N. caninum seropositivity risk factors for reproductive disorders.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Neospora , Aborto Animal/epidemiologia , Aborto Animal/parasitologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Bovinos , Feminino , GravidezRESUMO
Background: Cattle are susceptible to chronic leptospirosis infection, that results in reduced milk production and reproductive disorders such as abortions, stillbirths, fetal malformation, and mummified fetuses, causing significant economic losses.Commercially available vaccines against leptospirosis offer limited protection to cattle because they contain only the mostprevalent serovars worldwide, even though they are not prevalent in the specific region. This study aimed to evaluate theprevalence of specific antibodies against Leptospira serogroups, reproductive disorders and the risk factors in dairy herdsfrom different mesoregions of Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: An epidemiological survey was conducted, and serum samples from the bovine population representative of three mesoregions (MR1, MR2, and MR3) were studied; the samples were collected and tested forleptospirosis using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for 12 serogroups checking for the presence of agglutination.A total of 442 blood samples were collected from dairy cattle from November to December 2019 (MR1, 187; MR2, 88;and MR3, 167), including cows vaccinated with different commercial vaccines during the three months before sample collection (n = 295) and non-vaccinated against leptospirosis (n = 147). At the time of collection, an interview was conductedwith the owners with questions about the health of the animals, management, habitat, feeding and reproduction. Chi-squaretests univariate analysis with the SPSS® version 20.0 were performed to estimate the association of serogroup Djasimanseroreactivity with the occurrence of reproductive problems and related risk factors. The mean prevalence of antibodiesagainst leptospires was 78.7% (MR1, 74.9 %; MR2, 84.1 %; and MR3, 80.2 %). Serogroup prevalence was different in...
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Aborto Animal/etiologia , Fatores de Risco , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Leptospirose/etiologia , Leptospirose/veterinária , Brasil , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/métodos , Áreas AlagadasRESUMO
Dairy production and cattle reproductive parameters exhibit a strong relationship, which can be disrupted by infectious agents, such as Neospora caninum, that affect the reproductive tract of these animals. Neosporosis is a major cause of abortion in cattle worldwide and is responsible for substantial economic losses. We evaluated the impact of N. caninum infection on the reproductive parameters of 434 Holstein dairy cows from a herd in Brazil that had been closed for 4 years through the assessment of serological testing and reproductive parameters. Dairy cows older than 24 months and that required at least 2.2 inseminations to become pregnant had a higher frequency of seropositive results. Analysis of the medians of positive and negative cows revealed that seropositive cows tended to require more insemination efforts to achieve pregnancy and showed a 2-month increase in age at first calving. According to the reproductive parameters, the correlation coefficient was higher in seronegative animals, while no such correlation was detected in seropositive cows. Thus, we concluded that N. caninum negatively affects the reproductive parameters of dairy cows kept in a closed herd.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Coccidiose , Neospora , Reprodução , Aborto Animal/epidemiologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Coccidiose/epidemiologia , Coccidiose/veterinária , Indústria de Laticínios , Feminino , Inseminação Artificial/veterinária , GravidezRESUMO
This study aims to report the detection of N. caninum DNA in a newborn lamb (1) with neurological signs and congenital neosporosis and in a stillborn lamb (2), both born from the same ewe in a herd of Southern Brazil. The lambs were born during different pregnancies of a Suffolk ewe seropositive to N. caninum and seronegative to T. gondii. Histopathological lesions were observed only in the central nervous system of the lambs. The newborn lamb (1) showed mild and focal gliosis in the frontal lobe. In the hippocampal region of the stillborn lamb (2), lymphoplasmacytic perivascular cuffs and N. caninum cysts were observed in the cytoplasm of neurons and confirmed by IHC. PCR was performed using brain samples to detect the protozoa N. caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. The infection with N. caninum was confirmed in the newborn lamb (1) by PCR and in the stillborn lamb (2) by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and PCR tests.
Assuntos
Coccidiose , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/veterinária , Neospora , Doenças dos Ovinos , Ovinos/parasitologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Coccidiose/epidemiologia , Coccidiose/transmissão , Coccidiose/veterinária , Feminino , Neospora/isolamento & purificação , Gravidez , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/transmissãoRESUMO
Leptospirosis in horses is often associated with reproductive disorders. In the southern states of Brazil, horses are used for various jobs and cultural practices; nevertheless, serological surveillance for Leptospira is rare. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in horses in southern Brazil, as well as to identify the risk factors for infection and its impacts on reproduction. We performed microscopic agglutination tests for 12 serovars that corresponding 9 serogroup (Sejroe, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, Pyrogenes, Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Tarassovi and Ballum) in 595 samples from 60 herds. A brief history was obtained to analyze risk factors for reproductive disorders. A total of 45.9% of the tested horses were seropositive, of which the most frequent serogroups were Icterohaemorrhagiae (Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni serovars) and Ballum (Ballum serovar). Simple infections were found in 45.4% of seropositive animals, while mixed infections occurred in 54.6% of horses. There was a correlation between seropositivity and age and sex, that is, seropositivity was more frequent in animals over 6 years old and in females. There was no correlation between seropositivity and reproductive disorders. We conclude that there is a high seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in southern Brazil with predominance of Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, mainly in older animals. Location, breeds, contact with dogs or other domestic animals are not risk factors, whereas gender is a risk factor. Reproductive disorders are not due to leptospirosis in the study region.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Leptospira/imunologia , Leptospirose/veterinária , Reprodução , Fatores Etários , Testes de Aglutinação/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cães , Feminino , Doenças dos Cavalos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/fisiopatologia , Cavalos , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Leptospirose/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/microbiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/fisiopatologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/veterinária , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Ruminantes , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
Os distúrbios ejaculatórios em garanhões são caracterizados como o não desencadeamento da ejaculação mesmo quando todos os demais parâmetros relacionados ao comportamento sexual apresentam-se normais. Os principais distúrbios ejaculatórios estão subdivididos em: não ejaculação, ejaculação prematura, ejaculação incompleta e urospermia. O tratamento é dependente da causa primária de cada alteração, desse modo, é fundamental uma avaliação criteriosa do garanhão no momento da colheita de sêmen, observando se existem sinais de desconforto, dor ou medo. Ao efetuar a monta o garanhão deposita todo o peso corporal nos membros posteriores, de modo que qualquer alteração dolorosa nesses membros se tornam muito mais intensas nesse momento e podem afetar a libido após sucessivas tentativas frustradas. É importante observar também se durante a monta o garanhão realiza os movimentos característicos de propulsão e de ejaculação para se realizar um diagnóstico diferencial entre falha ejaculatória e obstruções do aparelho reprodutor. O objetivo desta revisão é informar aos leitores das principais causas de distúrbios ejaculatórios e quais os melhores métodos de diagnóstico.
The ejaculatory disorders in stallions are characterized as the non-triggering of ejaculation even when sexual behavior seems normal. The main ejaculatory disorders are subdivided into: no ejaculation, premature ejaculation, incomplete ejaculation and urospermia. Treatment depends on the primary cause of each disorder, so a careful evaluation of the stallion at the time of semen collection is essential, noting if there are signs of discomfort, pain or fear. During breeding the stallion deposits all body weight on the hind limbs, so that any painful changes in these limbs become more intense at this time and can affect the libido after successive failed attempts. It is also important to observe if during mounts the stallion performs the characteristic movements of thrusting and ejaculation to perform a differential diagnosis between ejaculatory failure and obstructions of the reproductive system. The purpose of this review is to inform readers of the main causes of ejaculatory disorders and which are the more useful diagnostic methods.
Los disturbios eyaculatorios en sementales se caracterizan como el no desencadenamiento de la eyaculación incluso cuando todos los demás parámetros relacionados con el comportamiento sexual se presentan normales. Los principales trastornos eyaculatorios están subdivididos en: no eyaculación, eyaculación prematura, eyaculación incompleta y urospermia. El tratamiento es dependiente de la causa primaria de cada alteración, por lo que es fundamental una evaluación cuidadosa del semental en el momento de la cosecha de semen, observando si existen signos de incomodidad, dolor o miedo. Al efectuar la monta el semental deposita todo el peso corporal en los miembros posteriores, de modo que cualquier alteración dolorosa en esos miembros se vuelve mucho más intenso en ese momento y pueden afectar la libido después de sucesivos intentos frustrados. Es importante observar también si durante la monta el semental realiza los movimientos característicos de propulsión y de eyaculación para realizar un diagnóstico diferencial entre fallo eyaculatorio y obstrucciones del aparato reproductor. El objetivo de esta revisión es informar a los lectores de las principales causas de disturbios eyaculatorios y cuáles son los mejores métodos de diagnóstico.
Assuntos
Masculino , Animais , Cavalos/anormalidades , Cavalos/fisiologia , Comportamento Sexual Animal/fisiologia , Ejaculação/fisiologia , Ereção Peniana/fisiologia , Reprodução/fisiologiaRESUMO
Os distúrbios ejaculatórios em garanhões são caracterizados como o não desencadeamento da ejaculação mesmo quando todos os demais parâmetros relacionados ao comportamento sexual apresentam-se normais. Os principais distúrbios ejaculatórios estão subdivididos em: não ejaculação, ejaculação prematura, ejaculação incompleta e urospermia. O tratamento é dependente da causa primária de cada alteração, desse modo, é fundamental uma avaliação criteriosa do garanhão no momento da colheita de sêmen, observando se existem sinais de desconforto, dor ou medo. Ao efetuar a monta o garanhão deposita todo o peso corporal nos membros posteriores, de modo que qualquer alteração dolorosa nesses membros se tornam muito mais intensas nesse momento e podem afetar a libido após sucessivas tentativas frustradas. É importante observar também se durante a monta o garanhão realiza os movimentos característicos de propulsão e de ejaculação para se realizar um diagnóstico diferencial entre falha ejaculatória e obstruções do aparelho reprodutor. O objetivo desta revisão é informar aos leitores das principais causas de distúrbios ejaculatórios e quais os melhores métodos de diagnóstico.(AU)
The ejaculatory disorders in stallions are characterized as the non-triggering of ejaculation even when sexual behavior seems normal. The main ejaculatory disorders are subdivided into: no ejaculation, premature ejaculation, incomplete ejaculation and urospermia. Treatment depends on the primary cause of each disorder, so a careful evaluation of the stallion at the time of semen collection is essential, noting if there are signs of discomfort, pain or fear. During breeding the stallion deposits all body weight on the hind limbs, so that any painful changes in these limbs become more intense at this time and can affect the libido after successive failed attempts. It is also important to observe if during mounts the stallion performs the characteristic movements of thrusting and ejaculation to perform a differential diagnosis between ejaculatory failure and obstructions of the reproductive system. The purpose of this review is to inform readers of the main causes of ejaculatory disorders and which are the more useful diagnostic methods.(AU)
Los disturbios eyaculatorios en sementales se caracterizan como el no desencadenamiento de la eyaculación incluso cuando todos los demás parámetros relacionados con el comportamiento sexual se presentan normales. Los principales trastornos eyaculatorios están subdivididos en: no eyaculación, eyaculación prematura, eyaculación incompleta y urospermia. El tratamiento es dependiente de la causa primaria de cada alteración, por lo que es fundamental una evaluación cuidadosa del semental en el momento de la cosecha de semen, observando si existen signos de incomodidad, dolor o miedo. Al efectuar la monta el semental deposita todo el peso corporal en los miembros posteriores, de modo que cualquier alteración dolorosa en esos miembros se vuelve mucho más intenso en ese momento y pueden afectar la libido después de sucesivos intentos frustrados. Es importante observar también si durante la monta el semental realiza los movimientos característicos de propulsión y de eyaculación para realizar un diagnóstico diferencial entre fallo eyaculatorio y obstrucciones del aparato reproductor. El objetivo de esta revisión es informar a los lectores de las principales causas de disturbios eyaculatorios y cuáles son los mejores métodos de diagnóstico.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Cavalos/anormalidades , Cavalos/fisiologia , Ejaculação/fisiologia , Comportamento Sexual Animal/fisiologia , Ereção Peniana/fisiologia , Reprodução/fisiologiaRESUMO
Objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência, sinais clínicos e fatores de risco associados a soropositividade para Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em ovinos. Foram utilizados 294 animais com histórico de distúrbios reprodutivos de 28 fazendas do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, diagnosticados através da imunofluorescência indireta (1:64 e 1:50). A ocorrência de T. gondii foi de 29,9% (88/294) e de N. caninum 18% (53/294), sendo 3,7% (11/294) dos ovinos soropositivos para ambos. Observou-se com maiores chances à infecção pelo T. gondii: ovinos mestiços (p=0,04), Santa Inês (p=0,006), fornecimento de pastagem (p<0,001) ou associada a concentrado (p<0,001), uso exclusivamente de monta natural (p=0,002, OR=2,28 e IC95%=1,37-3,79) e a presença de aves nas propriedades (p=0,001). Na infecção por N. caninum essa chance aumentou em: fêmeas (p=0,031), propriedades sem aprisco (p<0,001) e sistema de criação semi-intensivo (p<0,001). Em relação ao histórico de problemas reprodutivos, ovelhas infectadas pelo N. caninum e T. gondii apresentaram redução da chance de apresentarem abortamento (p=0,044) e repetição de estro (p=0,025) respectivamente. O T. gondii esteve mais presente sorologicamente que o N. caninum em ovinos com histórico de distúrbios reprodutivos e apesar de suas semelhanças, diferiram epidemiologicamente em aspectos relacionados as características da criação como raça, sexo, sistema de criação, tipo de alimentação e manejo reprodutivo.(AU)
The objective was to evaluate the occurrence, clinical signs and risk factors associated with seropositivity to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in sheep. We used 294 sheep with history of reproductive disorders from 28 farms located in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Producers were interviewed, and blood samples were collected to perform indirect immunofluorescence tests (1:64 and 1:50 respectively). The frequency of T. gondii infection was found to be 29.9% (88/294), the frequency of N. caninum was 18% (53/294), and 3.7% (11/294) of the sheep were seropositive for both. We observed the following risk factors associated with T. gondii infection: crossbred sheep (p=0.04), Santa Inês breed (p=0.006), pasture supply (p<0.001) or associated with concentrate (p<0.001), exclusive use of natural breeding (p=0.002), and presence of birds on farms (p=0.001). For N. caninum the factors were: female sheep (p=0.031), absence of barns (p<0.001), and semi-intensive system (p<0.001). In relation to the history of reproductive problems, N. caninum and T. gondii infected sheep presented a reduction in the risk of having an abortion (p=0.044) and repeated estrus (p=0.025) respectively. T. gondii was more serologically present than N. caninum in sheep with a history of reproductive disorders and, despite their similarities, differed epidemiologically in aspects related to breeding characteristics such as race, sex, breeding system, type of feeding and reproductive management.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Toxoplasma/classificação , Ovinos/microbiologia , Neospora/microbiologia , Comportamento Reprodutivo/classificação , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência, sinais clínicos e fatores de risco associados a soropositividade para Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em ovinos. Foram utilizados 294 animais com histórico de distúrbios reprodutivos de 28 fazendas do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, diagnosticados através da imunofluorescência indireta (1:64 e 1:50). A ocorrência de T. gondii foi de 29,9% (88/294) e de N. caninum 18% (53/294), sendo 3,7% (11/294) dos ovinos soropositivos para ambos. Observou-se com maiores chances à infecção pelo T. gondii: ovinos mestiços (p=0,04), Santa Inês (p=0,006), fornecimento de pastagem (p<0,001) ou associada a concentrado (p<0,001), uso exclusivamente de monta natural (p=0,002, OR=2,28 e IC95%=1,37-3,79) e a presença de aves nas propriedades (p=0,001). Na infecção por N. caninum essa chance aumentou em: fêmeas (p=0,031), propriedades sem aprisco (p<0,001) e sistema de criação semi-intensivo (p<0,001). Em relação ao histórico de problemas reprodutivos, ovelhas infectadas pelo N. caninum e T. gondii apresentaram redução da chance de apresentarem abortamento (p=0,044) e repetição de estro (p=0,025) respectivamente. O T. gondii esteve mais presente sorologicamente que o N. caninum em ovinos com histórico de distúrbios reprodutivos e apesar de suas semelhanças, diferiram epidemiologicamente em aspectos relacionados as características da criação como raça, sexo, sistema de criação, tipo de alimentação e manejo reprodutivo.(AU)
The objective was to evaluate the occurrence, clinical signs and risk factors associated with seropositivity to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in sheep. We used 294 sheep with history of reproductive disorders from 28 farms located in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Producers were interviewed, and blood samples were collected to perform indirect immunofluorescence tests (1:64 and 1:50 respectively). The frequency of T. gondii infection was found to be 29.9% (88/294), the frequency of N. caninum was 18% (53/294), and 3.7% (11/294) of the sheep were seropositive for both. We observed the following risk factors associated with T. gondii infection: crossbred sheep (p=0.04), Santa Inês breed (p=0.006), pasture supply (p<0.001) or associated with concentrate (p<0.001), exclusive use of natural breeding (p=0.002), and presence of birds on farms (p=0.001). For N. caninum the factors were: female sheep (p=0.031), absence of barns (p<0.001), and semi-intensive system (p<0.001). In relation to the history of reproductive problems, N. caninum and T. gondii infected sheep presented a reduction in the risk of having an abortion (p=0.044) and repeated estrus (p=0.025) respectively. T. gondii was more serologically present than N. caninum in sheep with a history of reproductive disorders and, despite their similarities, differed epidemiologically in aspects related to breeding characteristics such as race, sex, breeding system, type of feeding and reproductive management.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Toxoplasma/classificação , Ovinos/microbiologia , Neospora/microbiologia , Comportamento Reprodutivo/classificação , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Although prevalent, the exact impact of infectious diseases on reproductive failures remains to be determined. Among them, leptospirosis has commonly been reported as cause of abortions on outbreaks. Nevertheless, the majority of the animals present a chronic, silent form of the disease, which is characterized by low reproductive efficiency and is frequently neglected. In that context, we conducted a study that aims to estimate the impact of chronic leptospirosis on reproductive disorders on cattle. A total of 25 different dairy herds with history of reproductive losses from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were selected. From each herd, a questionnaire was applied and sera from 20 cows were randomly tested for leptospirosis (totaling 500 cows). Chi-square was performed to estimate the association of seroreactivity with reproductive disorders. A total of 32% of the herds were positive, all of them against serogroup Sejroe. Estrus repetition was the most important reported reproductive problem and it was strongly associated to seroreactivity against leptospirosis. Besides, specific vaccination against leptospirosis was an important protection factor against that disorder. In conclusion, control programs including, but not limited to, vaccines must be implemented on those herds in order to reduce reproductive losses, particularly estrus repetition.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Bovinos/microbiologia , Estro , Leptospirose/veterinária , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos/fisiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Indústria de Laticínios , Surtos de Doenças , Feminino , Leptospira , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Análise Multivariada , Gravidez , Prevalência , Sorogrupo , VacinaçãoRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to perform genotypic characterization and to evaluate the virulence of Toxoplasma gondii obtained from aborted fetuses in an abortion outbreak in goats from northeastern Brazil. Brain samples from 32 fetuses were submitted to mouse bioassay for T. gondii isolation. Two isolates were obtained and subjected to genotypic characterization. Isolate virulence was evaluated using murine model in different doses (from 105 to 101 tachyzoites/mL). In genotyping, both isolates were classified as clonal lineage type II (genotype #1 ToxoDB) and showed to be virulent for mice. This is the first description of genotype #1 in cases of goat abortion, showing the circulation of virulent T. gondii isolate producing reproductive disorders in pregnant goat.
Assuntos
Aborto Animal/parasitologia , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia , Toxoplasma/classificação , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologia , Aborto Animal/epidemiologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Bioensaio/veterinária , Encéfalo/embriologia , Encéfalo/parasitologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Linhagem Celular , Chlorocebus aethiops , Genótipo , Técnicas de Genotipagem/veterinária , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Cabras , Camundongos , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasma/patogenicidade , Toxoplasmose Animal/complicações , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologia , VirulênciaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: The objective was to evaluate the occurrence, clinical signs and risk factors associated with seropositivity to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in sheep. We used 294 sheep with history of reproductive disorders from 28 farms located in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Producers were interviewed, and blood samples were collected to perform indirect immunofluorescence tests (1:64 and 1:50 respectively). The frequency of T. gondii infection was found to be 29.9% (88/294), the frequency of N. caninum was 18% (53/294), and 3.7% (11/294) of the sheep were seropositive for both. We observed the following risk factors associated with T. gondii infection: crossbred sheep (p=0.04), Santa Inês breed (p=0.006), pasture supply (p 0.001) or associated with concentrate (p 0.001), exclusive use of natural breeding (p=0.002), and presence of birds on farms (p=0.001). For N. caninum the factors were: female sheep (p=0.031), absence of barns (p 0.001), and semi-intensive system (p 0.001). In relation to the history of reproductive problems, N. caninum and T. gondii infected sheep presented a reduction in the risk of having an abortion (p=0.044) and repeated estrus (p=0.025) respectively. T. gondii was more serologically present than N. caninum in sheep with a history of reproductive disorders and, despite their similarities, differed epidemiologically in aspects related to breeding characteristics such as race, sex, breeding system, type of feeding and reproductive management.
RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência, sinais clínicos e fatores de risco associados a soropositividade para Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em ovinos. Foram utilizados 294 animais com histórico de distúrbios reprodutivos de 28 fazendas do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, diagnosticados através da imunofluorescência indireta (1:64 e 1:50). A ocorrência de T. gondii foi de 29,9% (88/294) e de N. caninum 18% (53/294), sendo 3,7% (11/294) dos ovinos soropositivos para ambos. Observou-se com maiores chances à infecção pelo T. gondii: ovinos mestiços (p=0,04), Santa Inês (p=0,006), fornecimento de pastagem (p 0,001) ou associada a concentrado (p 0,001), uso exclusivamente de monta natural (p=0,002, OR=2,28 e IC95%=1,37-3,79) e a presença de aves nas propriedades (p=0,001). Na infecção por N. caninum essa chance aumentou em: fêmeas (p=0,031), propriedades sem aprisco (p 0,001) e sistema de criação semi-intensivo (p 0,001). Em relação ao histórico de problemas reprodutivos, ovelhas infectadas pelo N. caninum e T. gondii apresentaram redução da chance de apresentarem abortamento (p=0,044) e repetição de estro (p=0,025) respectivamente. O T. gondii esteve mais presente sorologicamente que o N. caninum em ovinos com histórico de distúrbios reprodutivos e apesar de suas semelhanças, diferiram epidemiologicamente em aspectos relacionados as características da criação como raça, sexo, sistema de criação, tipo de alimentação e manejo reprodutivo.
RESUMO
Reproductive efficiency is one of the key elements for any milk production system to be successful. In this regard, reproductive management must be planned properly and the identification of the main reproductive disorders that affect the herd is primordial for decision-making. The aim of the present study was to identify the main reproductive problems that affect dairy herds on Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. Data regarding breed, age, reproductive disorder occurrence, and breeding system were individually collected from dairy cows raised at 25 farms located at RJ. The occurrence of reproductive disorders was reported in 37% of the studied animals. Estrous repetition (76.2%) and abortion (15.6%) were the most frequent reproductive problems reported. Estrous repetition was more common in older animals (>6 years old). However, an association between abortion and age of animal was not observed, nor an association between breeding system and occurrence of abortion. The present results demonstrated that estrous repetition is the main obstacle to the reproductive efficiency in dairy herds at RJ, and that the replace of older cows by heifers is an important point within reproductive management of a dairy herd.
A eficiência reprodutiva é um dos principais elementos para qualquer sistema de produção de leite ser bem-sucedida. Neste contexto, o manejo reprodutivo deve ser planejado adequadamente e a identificação das principais desordens reprodutivas que afetam o rebanho é essencial para a tomada de decisão. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os principais problemas reprodutivos que acometem rebanhos leiteiros no Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil. Dados relacionados com a raça, idade, ocorrência de problema reprodutivo e o sistema de acasalamento foram individualmente coletados de vacas leiteiras criadas em 25 fazendas localizadas no RJ. A ocorrência de desordens reprodutivas foi relatada em 37% dos animais estudados. A repetição de estro (76,2%) e abortamento (15,6%) foram os problemas reprodutivos mais frequentemente relatados. A repetição de estro foi mais comum em animais mais velhos (>6 anos). Contudo, uma associação entre abortamento e idade do animal não foi observada, nem uma associação entre o sistema de acasalamento e a ocorrência abortamento. Os presentes resultados demonstraram que a repetição de estro é o principal obstáculo para a eficiência reprodutiva nos rebanhos leiteiros do RJ, e que a substituição de animais mais velhos por novilhas é um importante ponto dentro do manejo reprodutivo de um rebanho leiteiro.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Bovinos , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Estro , Reprodução , Aborto AnimalRESUMO
Reproductive efficiency is one of the key elements for any milk production system to be successful. In this regard, reproductive management must be planned properly and the identification of the main reproductive disorders that affect the herd is primordial for decision-making. The aim of the present study was to identify the main reproductive problems that affect dairy herds on Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. Data regarding breed, age, reproductive disorder occurrence, and breeding system were individually collected from dairy cows raised at 25 farms located at RJ. The occurrence of reproductive disorders was reported in 37% of the studied animals. Estrous repetition (76.2%) and abortion (15.6%) were the most frequent reproductive problems reported. Estrous repetition was more common in older animals (>6 years old). However, an association between abortion and age of animal was not observed, nor an association between breeding system and occurrence of abortion. The present results demonstrated that estrous repetition is the main obstacle to the reproductive efficiency in dairy herds at RJ, and that the replace of older cows by heifers is an important point within reproductive management of a dairy herd.(AU)
A eficiência reprodutiva é um dos principais elementos para qualquer sistema de produção de leite ser bem-sucedida. Neste contexto, o manejo reprodutivo deve ser planejado adequadamente e a identificação das principais desordens reprodutivas que afetam o rebanho é essencial para a tomada de decisão. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os principais problemas reprodutivos que acometem rebanhos leiteiros no Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil. Dados relacionados com a raça, idade, ocorrência de problema reprodutivo e o sistema de acasalamento foram individualmente coletados de vacas leiteiras criadas em 25 fazendas localizadas no RJ. A ocorrência de desordens reprodutivas foi relatada em 37% dos animais estudados. A repetição de estro (76,2%) e abortamento (15,6%) foram os problemas reprodutivos mais frequentemente relatados. A repetição de estro foi mais comum em animais mais velhos (>6 anos). Contudo, uma associação entre abortamento e idade do animal não foi observada, nem uma associação entre o sistema de acasalamento e a ocorrência abortamento. Os presentes resultados demonstraram que a repetição de estro é o principal obstáculo para a eficiência reprodutiva nos rebanhos leiteiros do RJ, e que a substituição de animais mais velhos por novilhas é um importante ponto dentro do manejo reprodutivo de um rebanho leiteiro.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Estro , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Reprodução , Aborto AnimalRESUMO
Betamethasone is the drug of choice for antenatal treatment, promoting fetal lung maturation and decreasing mortality. Previous studies in rats reported male programming and alteration in sperm parameters and sexual behavior following intrauterine betamethasone exposure. The impact on the female reproductive development is not known. In this study, rat female offspring was assessed for sexual development, morphophysiology of the reproductive tract and fertility after maternal exposure to 0.1 mg kg-1 of betamethasone or vehicle on gestational days 12, 13, 18 and 19. The treatment promoted reduction of litter weight on postnatal day 1, morphological masculinization in females, delay in the age of puberty onset, reduction in estrus number, increase in estrous cycle length and increase in luteinizing hormone serum levels and uterus weight. The females from the betamethasone group showed an increase of myometrial uterine area and decrease in endometrial uterine area. These animals also performed less lordosis during the sexual behavior test and showed impaired reproductive performance. The uterus showed higher contraction in the treated group as shown by a pharmacological assay. In conclusion, prenatal betamethasone exposure in rats promoted female masculinization, altered sexual development and reproductive parameters. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.