RESUMO
PIP: Estudio para la Defensa de Los Derechos de la Mujeri (DEMUA), a legal aid nongovernmental organization in Peru, organized a workshop to sensitize and train judges on sexual violence from a gender perspective and assess judges' perceptions of the problem. A total of 42 judges and seven staff members from the Judicial Control Office participated. Some participating judges maintained a formalistic approach to the law, which states sexual abuse is aggravated only if weapons were used and more than one perpetrator was involved and requires evidence of bodily harm for a rape charge, while others were less stringent about their interpretations. The latter group of judges tended to view sexual abuse as a crime that deprives victims of their liberty and harms their physical, sexual, and psychological health. 57% of participating judges indicated, at the end of the workshop, that the laws should be changed in terms of preventing and punishing sexual offenses and making marital rape a crime and wanted reassessment of the criteria for aggravated assault.^ieng
Assuntos
Educação , Jurisprudência , Legislação como Assunto , Organizações , Estupro , Medicina Reprodutiva , América , Crime , Países em Desenvolvimento , Saúde , América Latina , Peru , Problemas Sociais , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: This work examines reproductive health within the framework of human rights assured by various international conventions, and analyzes the high maternal mortality rates of developing countries as a violation of several guaranteed rights. The 1st of 3 main sections of the report discusses the failure of governments to make protection of women's reproductive health a priority. Historically, women's principal role has been to bear children, and no recognition was given to the cost in health of accomplishing this duty. Women's reproductive health has created controversies in many traditional juridical systems because of its relation to human sexuality and morals. WHO has estimated that some 500,000 maternal deaths occur each year, with 25-50% resulting from unsafe abortions. The causes of maternal mortality often have their roots in the poor nutrition or inadequate health care provided to the woman long before the 1st pregnancy. Early and frequent pregnancies and heavy physical labor are among the many factors that contribute to maternal death. Laws to protect women's health may be lacking or may not be applied. For example, many countries have no legal minimum age for marriage. To combat the traditional negligence, a new viewpoint is emerging which views women's reproductive health as a condition in which childbearing occurs in a state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing. It implies that women have the capacity to reproduce, regulate their fertility, and enjoy sexual relations. Laws that deny access to reproductive health services or place obstacles or conditions in the way are coming under question as violations of basic human rights of women protected by international conventions. The main such convention discussed in this article is the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, although several other conventions are relevant to protecting women's reproductive health. If international law on human rights is to become truly universal, it is necessary to require that nations take preventive and curative measures to protect women's reproductive health and provide women with the capacity for reproductive self-determination. International human rights treaties require that national and international laws guarantee the rights of women to be free from discrimination; enjoy the rights to marriage and formation of a family; rights to private and family life; rights to information and education; and access to medical attention and to the benefits of scientific progress. The 2nd major section of this work discusses interpretations of these treaties using empirical evidence and feminist juridical principles. The 3rd section discusses international protection of women's reproductive rights, including the reporting system and specific categories of clearly differentiable rights.^ieng
Assuntos
Causas de Morte , Países em Desenvolvimento , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Direitos Humanos , Mortalidade Materna , Mortalidade , Filosofia , Medicina Reprodutiva , Direitos da Mulher , Demografia , Economia , Saúde , População , Dinâmica Populacional , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
PIP: This document contains major provisions of a 1988 Resolution of Argentina approving the Reproductive Health Program (RHP) in the Ministry of Social Works. The objective of the RHP is to provide adequate assistance to the population most in need of reproductive health planning. The target population is defined as women who are infertile, have given birth (coverage to last two years), who have had an abortion, who are under 18 or over 40, who have given birth four or more times, who have had two or more Cesarean sections, whose last pregnancy resulted in fetal mortality, or who have a disease which contraindicates pregnancy (including genetic risk or mental disturbance). The RHP will provide education and medical assistance to identified women. These activities will necessitate formation of a team of human resource personnel. The goal of the first year of the program is to locate and follow-up 70% of the women who gave birth or had an abortion during that year. Reaching this goal will necessitate the design of educational activities, the creation of a team to carry out the task, the creation of a registry and regulations, the establishment of a control and monitoring system, and the performance of an evaluation.^ieng