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AimsThe aim of this study was to examine regional differences in school-based physical therapy practice focusing on the attributes of the school-based physical therapists and students; service delivery approaches, activities, and interventions; and student outcomes. Recognition of regional practices may decrease unnecessary variations, and assist with therapist clinical decision making and efforts to implement evidence-informed practice.MethodsA secondary data analysis of the PT COUNTS data was performed to compare physical therapist and student attributes; service delivery, activities, and interventions; and student outcomes across the Northeast, Southeast, Central, and Northwest regions of the United States.ResultsDifferences in the physical therapist and student characteristics, service delivery, activities, and interventions existed across the regions. There were no regional differences in outcomes when controlling for student functional level.ConclusionRegional differences in school-based practices may be expected and indicative of the influence of contextual factors including state and local policies and procedures that shape school-based service delivery and the characteristics of the therapists and students. Regional differences in practices may not have been of sufficient clinical magnitude to alter outcomes. Physical therapists can use the findings to reflect upon their individual decision making and practices.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: En Chile ha aumentado la morbilidad y mortalidad por el cáncer de mama (CaMa), y el Servicio de Salud de Talcahuano (SST) ha realizado acciones para pesquisarlo precozmente y cumplir con las garantías explícitas en salud (GES) OBJETIVO: Caracterizar los ingresos por CaMa del SST en el período 2005-2015. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal de 1.077 mujeres diagnosticadas con CaMa en la Unidad de Patología Mamaria (UPM) del SST. Variables: edad, tipo histológico, etapificación, tratamiento y cumplimiento de las GES. Análisis univariado y bivariado con suite estadística SPSS v25. RESULTADOS: Los casos aumentaron en todo el período de estudio, excepto en 2011. Concentrando el 35,5% en mujeres de ≥65 años. El carcinoma ductal invasor ascendió al 73,5% de los tipos histológicos, y 41,9% tenía un tamaño tumoral entre 2 y 5 cms. Las mujeres de 65 y más años presentan los porcentajes más altos en frecuencia y tamaño de tumor. El 78,6% ingresó en etapa 0 a IIB. Los tratamientos más frecuentes fueron: hormonoterapia (81,4%), radioterapia (80,1%), mastectomía parcial (69,4%), quimioterapia (56,3%) y disección axilar (55,7%). El cumplimiento de las garantías GES, es mayor en la confirmación diagnóstica (87%) que en el inicio de tratamiento (77,3%). CONCLUSIÓN: Ascendió sostenidamente el CaMa en el SST, excepto en 2011, quizás condicionado por el terremoto del año 2010. La mayoría de los ingresos lo hacen en etapas tempranas, en mujeres ≥50 años (especialmente en ≥65 más) y con tratamientos más conservadores. Existe un alto cumplimiento de las GES del CaMa en el SST.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer morbidity and mortality has increased in Chile, and the Talcahuano Health Service (THS) has taken measures for an early detection and complying with the country's Explicit Health Guarantees program (GES in Spanish). OBJECTIVE: To characterize admissions to the THS for breast cancer between 2005 and 2015. Methods: Cross-sectional study, consisting of 1077 women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer in the Mammary Pathologies Unit of the THS. Variables: age, histological type, staging, treatment, and GES compliance. Univariate and bivariate analysis, using SPSS v25. RESULTS: Cases increased every year but on 2011, with 35.5% of them being women aged 65 or older. Invasive ductal carcinoma accounted for 73.5% of the histological types, while 41.9% presented a tumor size of 2-5 cm. Women aged 65 and older showed the highest percentages in frequency and tumor size. 78.6% of cases were admitted while on stages 0 to IIB. Most frequent treatments were hormone therapy (81.4%), radiotherapy (80.1%), partial mastectomy (69.4%), chemotherapy (56.3%), and axillary dissection (55.7%). GES compliance was higher in the diagnosis stage (87.0%) than at the start of treatment (77.3%). CONCLUSION: Breast cancer rates have steadily increased in the THS but on 2011, which could be due to the 2010 Chile earthquake. Most admissions are women aged 50 or more (especially ≥ 65), on early stages, and under more traditional treatments. There is a high rate of GES compliance in this health service.

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We analyzed 23 Y-STR haplotypes of 139 unrelated males from Central Argentine Patagonia. A total of 133 different haplotypes (127 singletons) were observed. Haplotype diversity was similar to that previously observed in other Argentine populations and matching probability showed a strong dependence on the sample size. AMOVA carried out with full haplotypes showed significant differences between different regions of the country. The multi-dimensional scaling plot showed Chubut sample in an intermediate position among Europe and other Patagonian populations. These results will contribute to increase the Y-chromosome haplotype reference database and constitute a useful tool for anthropological and forensic researches.

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BACKGROUND: In the developed world, kidney transplantation (KT) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is well established. Developing countries concentrate 90% of the people living with HIV, but their experience is underreported. Regional differences may affect outcomes. OBJECTIVES: We compared the 3-year outcomes of patients with HIV infection receiving a KT in two different countries, in terms of incomes and development. METHODS: This was an observational, retrospective, double-center study, including all HIV-infected patients >18 years old undergoing KT. RESULTS: Between 2005 and 2015, 54 KTs were performed (39 in a Brazilian center, and 15 in a Spanish center). Brazilians had less hepatitis C virus co-infection (5% vs 27%, P=.024). Median cold ischemia time was higher in Brazil (25 vs 18 hours, P=.001). Biopsy-proven acute rejection (AR) was higher in Brazil (33% vs 13%, P=.187), as were the number of AR episodes (22 vs 4, P=.063). Patient survival at 3 years was 91.3% in Brazil and 100% in Spain; P=.663. All three cases of death in Brazil were a result of bacterial infections within the first year post transplant. At 3 years, survival free from immunosuppressive changes was lower in Brazil (56% vs 90.9%, P=.036). Raltegravir-based treatment to avoid interaction with calcineurin inhibitor was more prevalent in Spain (80% vs 3%; P<.001). HIV infection remained under control in all patients, with undetectable viral load and no opportunistic infections. CONCLUSION: Important regional differences exist in the demographics and management of immunosuppression and antiretroviral therapy. These details may influence AR and infectious complications. Non-AIDS infections leading to early mortality in Brazil deserve special attention.

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BACKGROUND: Itapúa is a rural department in Paraguay with a population of about 500,000 and a high degree of agro-mechanization for the production of soybean and other crops. So far, only basic health care is provided. Here we analyzed the cancer mortality in this region as a first step towards epidemiological data for cancer prevention. METHODS: We calculated the age-adjusted mortality rates according to world standard (AMRWs) for the major cancer sites in both males and females between 2003 and 2012, and estimated the differences between the capital and more central districts of Itapúa vs. remote districts. RESULTS: There were about 2000 cancer deaths in the decade studied, with AMRWs for all malignancies of 90.9/100,000 in males from central vs. 49.1/100,000 in remote districts and 69.0/100,000 vs. 45.0/100,000 in women. Cancer was mentioned in 12.4% of all death certificates and outweighed mortality from certain infectious and parasitic diseases (3.6%). Cause of death was ill-defined in 19.6% of all death certificates, especially in remote regions and among the elderly. The part of cancer located in the uterus (47.8%) or cell type of neoplasm of the lymphatic or hematopoietic system (73.1%) were often not specified. The uterus (mainly the cervix) (C53-C55) was the leading cancer site in women with AMRWs of 17.2/100,000 in central and 14.0/100,000 in remote districts, followed by the breast. Lung and prostate were the leading cancer sites among men. The lung cancer mortality rate was 19.3/100,000 in the central region but 9.5/100,000 in remote districts. Although children comprised 36% of the population, only 24 death certificates listed cancer as cause of death in this decade. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of cancer mortality in this rural region of Paraguay, which lacks resources for diagnostics and care, revealed an already large number of cases, with higher rates in the central region than in remote districts. Lung and uterus (primarily the cervix) are common cancer sites and indicate the potential for prevention. However, the quality of the vital statistics needs to be improved. The true cancer burden is most likely underestimated, especially in remote regions and children.

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Objetivos Identificar as causas e o perfil das vítimas, analisar a mortalidade nos últimos 13 anos e mapear mudanças assistenciais e socioeconômicas. Métodos Utilizaram-se dados do SIM e Datasus. Calcularam-se as proporções das causas de suicídio segundo as categorias do CID10, X60-X84, estratificando-se por lesões (X70-X84) e autointoxicações (X60-X69). Analisaram-se as incidências por raça/cor, escolaridade e faixa etária, de 2000 a 2012. Compararam-se variações na mortalidade por suicídio com mudanças regionais nos indicadores de cobertura, características socioeconômicas e demográficas. Resultados As maiores causas de suicídio foram enforcamento, lesão por armas de fogo e autointoxicação por pesticidas. Os mais acometidos foram os menos escolarizados, indígenas (132% superior à população geral) ou maiores de 59 anos (29% superior). As taxas entre homens são três vezes maiores em todas as regiões, embora tenha maior crescimento entre as mulheres (35%). A mortalidade mais elevada se encontra na região Sul (9,8/100.000) e o maior crescimento percentual, no Nordeste (72,4%). Conclusão A mortalidade por suicídio continua a crescer no país, com importantes variações regionais. A assistência à saúde também apresenta inequidades regionais, com importantes lacunas nos serviços de saúde. O Brasil ainda carece de programas governamentais que trabalhem efetivamente na prevenção do suicídio. Considera-se necessário estabelecer uma estratégia nacional de prevenção focalizando as populações de maior risco identificadas: índios, pessoas com menor escolaridade, homens e maiores de 60 anos, além da necessidade de ampliar a vigilância na comercialização ilegal de pesticidas. .

Objectives To identify the causes, the profile of the victims, and the mortality in the last 13 years, investigating the assistance and socioeconomic changes that may have influenced this outcome. Methods It was used data from the Mortality Information System, Ripsa, and Datasus. The proportions of causes of suicide were calculated according to the ICD10 categories X60-X84, stratifying by injuries (X70-X84) and self-intoxication (X60-X69). It was analyzed the incidence by race, color, education and age, from 2000 to 2012. It was compared variations in suicide mortality with regional changes in coverage indicators, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Results The major causes of suicide were hanging, injury by firearms and self-intoxication by pesticides. The most affected were the least educated, indigenous (132% higher than the overall population), people over 59 years (29% higher). Rates among men are three times higher than among women in all regions, though, has greater growth among women (35%). The highest mortality rate was found in the South (9.8/100,000) and the highest growth in the Northeast (72.4%) region. Conclusion Mortality from suicide continues to grow in the country, but with significant regional variations. Health care also presents regional inequities, with significant gaps in health services. Brazil still lacks government programs that work effectively in suicide prevention. It is considered necessary to build a national prevention strategy focusing on populations at greatest risk identified: Indians, people with less education, men and people over 60 years old. Besides it is necessary to expand surveillance on illegal marketing of pesticides. .

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Introducción: Son habituales las variaciones de frecuencia geográfico-poblacionales en muchas enfermedades y países o regiones, diferencias que pueden orientar sobre sus causas. En Chile faltan estudios recientes sobre cáncer de mama con esta perspectiva. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo-analítico de mortalidad para niveles nacional: 2011 (8.711.546 mujeres), regional o Servicio de Salud Sur-Oriente (SSM-SO) (800.341) y dos comunas, Puente Alto y La Florida (374.886 y 199.243). Se analizaron tasas crudas, ajustadas y específicas por grupos quinquenales de edad, últimos 22 años (1990-2011). Resultados: Tasa cruda de mortalidad nacional sube en forma constante e importante (20 por ciento), de 12-13 por 100.000 hasta 15,7 por 100.000 mujeres (2009). Tasas crudas del SSMSO son más bajas. Mortalidad por cáncer mamario está disminuyendo en las mujeres jóvenes (30-34; 35-39; 40-44; 45-49), excepto las muy jóvenes (25-29) en ambos niveles: nacional y regional. Mortalidad comunal es más alta en comuna de La Florida. Estadíos avanzados III y IV que habían descendido en el SSMSO hasta bajo 20% del total de pacientes han ido subiendo hasta 28,3 por ciento (22,4+5,9) el 2009, cercano al nivel nacional estable del 29-30 por ciento. Esto coincide con alza de su mortalidad, además de hacerse próxima a la del país, comprobando hipótesis. Conclusiones: La creciente mortalidad por cáncer de mama en Chile derivaría de alta frecuencia mantenida de estadíos avanzados y del envejecimiento poblacional. Sin embargo, las mujeres senescentes no están consideradas en el programa nacional. Debería ampliarse pesquisa de este cáncer elevando edad a través de las enfermeras en la atención primaria y estudiar causas del aumento de estadíos avanzados en el SSMSO y sus diferencias comunales.

Background: Population or geographical differences in prevalence are observed for many diseases. These variations may give clues about the causes of the diseases. Aim: To study the geographical distribution of mortality for breast cancer in Chile. Material and Methods: Information was obtained from databases available at the Chilean Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Statistics. Crude and adjusted mortality rates during the period 1990-2011 were calculated according to quinquennial age groups, for two municipalities of Metropolitan Santiago. Results: In the study period, the crude mortality rates increased by 20%, from 12-13/100,000 women in 1990 to 15.7/100,000 women in 2009. Mortality is decreasing in women aged 30 to 49 years. This is not the case for women aged 25 to 29 years. Mortality is higher in La Florida Municipality. In South-Oriental Santiago, the frequency of advanced stages of the disease (III or IV), which initially were reduced to 20%, have steadily increased to 28.3% in 2009, a figure similar to the national frequency of 29 to 30%. This higher frequency of advanced stages coincides with the rise in mortality. Conclusions: The increasing mortality due to breast cancer would be secondary to the high frequency of advanced stages and population aging. However, older women are not considered in the national breast cancer program. Their inclusion should be considered.

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Objetivos: verificar se características sociodemográficas, estilo de vida e estado da saúde estão associados ao fato de o idoso morar sozinho, analisando amostras populacionais de duas capitais brasileiras de regiões distintas, Porto Alegre e Manaus, e as possíveis diferenças entre seus residentes. Metodologia: fora realizada análise secundária de dados de dois estudos transversais com base populacional – realizados nas cidades citadas, em 2006 – que utilizaram idênticas metodologias e instrumentos de pesquisa. Modelos de regressão logística utilizaram a variável dependente morar sozinho, dicotômica. A amostra total foi de 1547 idosos (com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos) de ambos os sexos: 1078 em Porto Alegre e 469 em Manaus; 291 idosos moravam sozinhos (Manaus 39, Porto Alegre 252). Resultados: fatores significativamente relacionados com a chance maior de morar sozinho foram: ser mulher, ter renda individual de dois ou mais salários mínimos, ter menor número de filhos e receber ajuda para “habitação”. A idade da aposentadoria foi fator preditor significativo somente em idosos de Porto Alegre, enquanto a escolaridade foi significativa somente para Manaus. Estado de saúde, autopercepção de saúde e prevalência de comorbidades não foram fatores significativos para morar sozinho nas duas cidades. Conclusões: fatores socioeconômicos são preditores importantes para o idoso residir sozinho. Contrário ao que se supunha, ter pior estado de saúde não foi importante. Observamos mais idosos morando sozinhos em Porto Alegre, sendo estes influenciados por terem se aposentado com maior idade. Já em Manaus, ser alfabetizado foi um fato significante para morar sozinho.

Objectives: To verify whether if socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle and health status contribute to the status of living alone in population samples from two distinct Brazilian capitals, Porto Alegre and Manaus, and the possible differences between its residents. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of comparative data from two cross-sectional population-based studies, conducted in the cities of Porto Alegre and Manaus, in 2006, that used identical methodologies and research tools. Logistic regression models used living alone as dichotomous dependent variable. The total sample was 1547 elderly ( 60 years old) of both sexes: 1078 in Porto Alegre and 469 in Manaus. There were 291 elderly living alone (Manaus 39, Porto Alegre 252). Results: Factors significantly associated with greater chance of living alone were: being female, having individual income of two or more minimum wages, fewer children and receiving help for “housing”. The retiring age was a significant predictor only in the elderly of Porto Alegre, while scholarity was significant only for the city of Manaus. Health status, self-assessment of health and comorbidities were not significant predictors of living alone in both cities. Conclusions: socioeconomic factors are important predictors of living along among elderly. Contrary to popular belief, having poor health status was not an important factor. We observed a higher frequency of elderly living alone in Porto Alegre, city were retiring at older age was a significant predictor. Being literate was a significant predictor for elderly living alone only in Manaus.

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Objetivos: verificar se características sociodemográficas, estilo de vida e estado da saúde estão associados ao fato de o idoso morar sozinho, analisando amostras populacionais de duas capitais brasileiras de regiões distintas, Porto Alegre e Manaus, e as possíveis diferenças entre seus residentes. Metodologia: fora realizada análise secundária de dados de dois estudos transversais com base populacional – realizados nas cidades citadas, em 2006 – que utilizaram idênticas metodologias e instrumentos de pesquisa. Modelos de regressão logística utilizaram a variável dependente morar sozinho, dicotômica. A amostra total foi de 1547 idosos (com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos) de ambos os sexos: 1078 em Porto Alegre e 469 em Manaus; 291 idosos moravam sozinhos (Manaus 39, Porto Alegre 252). Resultados: fatores significativamente relacionados com a chance maior de morar sozinho foram: ser mulher, ter renda individual de dois ou mais salários mínimos, ter menor número de filhos e receber ajuda para “habitação”. A idade da aposentadoria foi fator preditor significativo somente em idosos de Porto Alegre, enquanto a escolaridade foi significativa somente para Manaus. Estado de saúde, autopercepção de saúde e prevalência de comorbidades não foram fatores significativos para morar sozinho nas duas cidades. Conclusões: fatores socioeconômicos são preditores importantes para o idoso residir sozinho. Contrário ao que se supunha, ter pior estado de saúde não foi importante. Observamos mais idosos morando sozinhos em Porto Alegre, sendo estes influenciados por terem se aposentado com maior idade. Já em Manaus, ser alfabetizado foi um fato significante para morar sozinho.(AU)

Objectives: To verify whether if socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle and health status contribute to the status of living alone in population samples from two distinct Brazilian capitals, Porto Alegre and Manaus, and the possible differences between its residents. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of comparative data from two cross-sectional population-based studies, conducted in the cities of Porto Alegre and Manaus, in 2006, that used identical methodologies and research tools. Logistic regression models used living alone as dichotomous dependent variable. The total sample was 1547 elderly ( 60 years old) of both sexes: 1078 in Porto Alegre and 469 in Manaus. There were 291 elderly living alone (Manaus 39, Porto Alegre 252). Results: Factors significantly associated with greater chance of living alone were: being female, having individual income of two or more minimum wages, fewer children and receiving help for “housing”. The retiring age was a significant predictor only in the elderly of Porto Alegre, while scholarity was significant only for the city of Manaus. Health status, self-assessment of health and comorbidities were not significant predictors of living alone in both cities. Conclusions: socioeconomic factors are important predictors of living along among elderly. Contrary to popular belief, having poor health status was not an important factor. We observed a higher frequency of elderly living alone in Porto Alegre, city were retiring at older age was a significant predictor. Being literate was a significant predictor for elderly living alone only in Manaus.(AU)

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Dos recientes estudios epidemiológicos de gran envergadura en los que participó Colombia, el INTERHEART y el INTERSTROKE, demostraron que en Latinoamérica en general y en Colombia en particular, el principal factor de riesgo para la presentación de infarto agudo del miocardio y accidente cerebro vascular isquémico y hemorrágico es la obesidad abdominal, a diferencia del resto del mundo donde el principal factor de riesgo fue el aumento en las concentraciones plasmáticas del colesterol total y del colesterol LDL, en el primer caso, y la hipertensión arterial, en el segundo. Estos datos dan soporte a la propuesta de que en Latinoamérica la transición rápida de los modelos económicos experimentados en los últimos años junto con la urbanización acelerada son la causa del explosivo aumento de la obesidad abdominal, la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y las enfermedades cardio-cerebro-vasculares.

Two recent large-scale epidemiological studies, INTERHEART and INTERSTROKE in which Colombia took part, demonstrated that in Latin America in general and particularly in Colombia, the main risk factor for the presentation of acute myocardial infarction and ischemic, and hemorrhagic stroke was the abdominal obesity in contrast to the rest of the world where the main risk factor was increase in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol for myocardial infarction, and hypertension for stroke . These data give support to the proposal that in Latin America the rapid transition in economic models experienced in the last years together with the fast urbanization has led to an explosive increase in abdominal obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

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Objetivos: Tradicionalmente las variaciones en el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas se han estudiado en términos de las características individuales. Con este estudio nos propusimos valorar la contribución de los factores contextuales en conjunto con los individuales, en la cantidad de bebidas alcohólicas que los individuos consumen. Métodos: Se midieron variables en 2 niveles: individual y contextuales (vecindarios). Las primeras se obtuvieron de una muestra representativa de la población mayor de 15 años del municipio 10 de Octubre y las contextuales mediante entrevistas con los representantes del gobierno de las áreas del municipio. Se usaron 3 modelos multiniveles: modelo nulo, modelo de interceptos aleatorios y modelo de coeficientes dependientes. Resultados: Existen diferencias regionales en el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y estas diferencias persisten después de ajustar por las características individuales, por lo que se le pueden atribuir a los contextos. De los factores contextuales estudiados, 4 tienen influencia directa en la cantidad de bebidas alcohólicas que los individuos consumen y 2 de ellos interactúan con la situación laboral de las personas. Por ejemplo, las personas que están desocupadas consumen más que las que tienen alguna ocupación, pero los desocupados que viven en vecindarios con numerosos puntos de venta de bebidas alcohólicas, consumen más que los desocupados que viven en vecindarios con menos puntos de venta. Conclusiones: Los modelos multiniveles son una herramienta importante que permiten estudiar los efectos individuales y contextuales que se relacionan con el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas. Los resultados de la aplicación de una estrategia de modelación multinivel sugieren que los factores individuales y contextuales desempeñan un papel importante en la estructuración del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas.

Objectives: Traditionally the variations in alcohol consumption have been studied in terms of individual characteristics. In the present study we intended to assess the contribution of contextual factors and individual factors as well, in the units of alcohol consumed per person per. Methods: We measured variables in two levels: individual and contextual (neighborhoods). The first ones were obtained by means of a cross-sectional survey of people 15 years an older in Havana City. Contextual variables were obtained through interviews with the representatives of the local government in the city. Three multilevel models were used: null model, random intercept models and dependent coefficients model. Results: Our findings suggest that there are variations in the average number of units consumed among neighborhoods and these differences persist after adjusting for individual characteristics; so part of the variations can be attributed to the contexts. Six contextual factors were studied. Four have direct influence in the average number of units consumed and two of them interact with the economic situation of the respondents. For example, people that are unoccupied consume more than those that have an occupation; but the unoccupied ones that live in neighborhoods with numerous alcohol outlets consume more than the unoccupied ones that live in neighborhoods with less alcohol outlets. Conclusions: The results suggest that individual and contextual factors play an important role in structuring the patterns of alcohol consumption in order to design better health promotions and prevention strategies. The high-level alcohol drinkers tend to group in neighborhoods with a large number of alcohol outlets.

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O Estado do Rio Grande do Sul apresenta inúmeras diferenças no aspecto geográfico-econômico-ambiental. No presente trabalho, considera-se a divisão regional proposta por ALONSO et al. (1994), a qual apresenta o Estado dividido em três regiões: metade sul, metade norte e nordeste. Na metade sul, a economia é baseada no setor primário, tendo a pecuária, como principal produto. A metade norte tem sua economia baseada na agricultura e a região nordeste caracteriza-se pela presença de vários setores industriais, com grandes concentrações urbanas. Sabe-se que o consumo é influenciado pela idade, renda, nível de educação, padrão de mobilidade e gosto dos consumidores. O objetivo, neste trabalho, foi verificar o comportamento do preço de diferentes cortes de carne bovina, em nível de consumidor, nas três regiões econômicas do Estado. A pesquisa caracterizou-se por um levantamento mensal em supermercados, durante os anos agrícolas 2006/2007 e 2007/2008, do preço de diferentes cortes de carne bovina em onze cidades. Os menores e os maiores preços da carne bovina verificados nas regiões metade Sul e nordeste, respectivamente, decorrem provavelmente do fato de que uma é a região produtora e a outra principal consumidora. Outro resultado importante é que as maiores variações, no preço dos cortes, ocorreram também nessas regiões. Portanto, num cenário em que a demanda é maior que a oferta, essas regiões parecem ser as primeiras a receberem o impacto nos preços da carne bovina.

The State of Rio Grande do Sul presents various situations considering geographical, economical and environmental aspects. This study considers the regional division suggested by ALONSO et al. (1994): Southern half, Northern Half and Northeast. The primary sector is the base of Southern half economy and livestock production is its main product. The Northern half has crop production as its main economical resource, while the Northeast is characterized by the presence of various industrial sectors and large urban concentration. Consumer preferences are directly influenced by age, income, level of education, patterns of mobility and personal taste. The aim of this study was to verify price behaviour of different beef cuts. The research was done through a monthly data collection in supermarkets, during the periods of 2006/2007 and 2007/2008, considering the price of different beef cuts in eleven cities. The lowest and highest prices of beef cuts were verified in the Southern half and in the Northeast, respectively, which is probably due to the fact that one is the main producer and the other is the main consumer. Another important result is that the highest price variation in beef cuts also happened in these regions. Thus, when there is a higher demand than supply, the first to receive these impact on price are these regions.

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OBJETIVO: Explorar las diferencias regionales en la mortalidad por cáncer de mama (CaMa) y cervical (CaCu) en México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se calcularon tendencias de mortalidad por CaMa y CaCu mediante modelos probabilísticos ajustados por estado, grado de marginación y lugar de residencia (urbano/rural). RESULTADOS: La tendencia de mortalidad por CaMa ha sido ascendente, de una tasa estandarizada de 5.6 muertes por cada 100 000 mujeres en 1979 a 10.1 en 2006. La mortalidad por CaCu alcanzó un pico en 1989 y a partir de esa fecha se redujo a 9.9 en 2006. Las tasas más altas de mortalidad por CaMa se encuentran en la capital (13.2) y la región norte (11.8), mientras en el sur se registra la mortalidad por CaCu más alta (11.9). DISCUSIÓN: El número de muertes por CaMa aumenta de forma gradual a lo largo del tiempo a nivel nacional y persisten elevadas tasas de mortalidad por CaCu en áreas marginadas.

OBJECTIVE: Explore the regional differences in breast (BC) and cervical cancer (CC) mortality in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We estimated mortality trends for BC and CC using probabilistic models adjusted by state marginalization level and urban and rural residence. RESULTS: BC mortality shows a rising trend, from a rate of 5.6 deaths per 100000 women in 1979 to 10.1 in 2006. The CC mortality rate reached a peak in 1989 and after this decreased significantly to 9.9 in 2006. The highest BC mortality rates are found in Mexico City (13.2) and the northern part of the country (11.8). As for CC, the highest mortality rates are found in the south (11.9 per 100000 women the). DISCUSSION: The number of BC cases are increased gradually at the national level during the last three decades and high rates of CC mortality persist in marginalized areas.

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O câncer de pulmão é a primeira causa de óbito por câncer entre homens e a segunda entre mulheres no Brasil. Em países desenvolvidos, a mortalidade por este tipo de câncer vem declinando entre homens, mas não entre as mulheres. Este estudo analisou as tendências de mortalidade por câncer de pulmão no Brasil para homens e mulheres durante o período de 1979 a 2003 em todo o país e nas cinco macrorregiões. Foram calculadas taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por idade e específicas para os grupos etários de 40-59 e 60 anos e mais. As variações percentuais anuais estimadas (Estimated Annual Percent Change - EAPC) foram avaliadas para os períodos: 1979-1987, 1988-1995, 1996-2003. A mortalidade por câncer de pulmão em todo o período (1979-2003) aumentou em 29 por cento entre homens e em 86 por cento entre mulheres. Desagregando-se os dados, observou-se uma tendência inversa evidente na região Sudeste entre 1996 e 2003 para o grupo etário mais jovem com diminuição para homens (EAPC = - 2,1) e aumento para mulheres (EAPC = 3,2). Merece destaque a grande variação positiva nas tendências para mulheres na região Norte e Nordeste a partir de 1988 nos dois grupos etários estudados. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de dar continuidade às ações de controle do tabagismo para os homens e de aperfeiçoar as estratégias voltadas para as mulheres.

Assuntos