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BACKGROUND: Transgenic Bt technology in soybean, with plants expressing Cry1Ac, has been adopted as an insect pest management tool. It was first adopted in large areas of South America and Asia in 2013. The risk of resistance in target pests to this technology demands insect resistance management (IRM) programs. In Brazil, a structured refuge (area of non-Bt soybean) planted adjacent to the Bt soybean crop has been an important IRM recommendation, particularly for the primary lepidopteran defoliators Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) and Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The overall goal of this study was to validate IRM recommendations to Bt soybean. The objectives were to document the impact of soybean phenology, cultivar choice and non-Bt soybean defoliation on moth oviposition. In addition, a mark-release-recapture study estimated the dispersal capacity of these species. Five field experiments per species were performed for 3 years. RESULTS: Our results revealed an increase in A. gemmatalis and C. includens oviposition, respectively, on Bt plants as a consequence of the difference in plant growth stage at the time of oviposition. Defoliation of non-Bt plants significantly increased the oviposition preference of both moth species for Bt plants. The mark-release-recapture experiment indicated an average dispersal distance of ~300 m from the release point for A. gemmatalis, with maximum recapture at 1000 m. CONCLUSION: Overall, our findings emphasize the importance of planting synchronization of Bt soybean and the structured refuge. In addition, when operational aspects in large soybean areas challenge this recommendation, the priority should be for planting the refuge area first. This approach will minimize the impact of selective oviposition of A. gemmatalis and C. includens. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

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There is no information on the species associated with the mesophotic reefs of Banderas Bay, located in the central Mexican Pacific. This study analysed the reef fish assemblage from three depths (50, 60 and 70 m) in three sampling sites of the southern submarine canyon of the Bay: Los Arcos, Bajo de Emirio and Majahuitas. Several analyses were performed to test the hypothesis that there are important differences in fish abundance and species composition between sites and depths. Twenty-two species of bony fishes grouped in 14 families were recorded. PERMANOVA results showed that there were no significant differences in fish diversity parameters between sites, indicating a certain uniformity in their distribution. However, nine species were exclusive to one site and depth (five singleton species with only one individual recorded and four unique species recorded only once). On the other hand, there were significant differences between depths, mainly between 50 and 70 m. Diversity decreases with depth and species composition changes. SIMPER, Shade Plot and NMDS analysis show the most representative species at each depth, with at least half of the species (11) recorded only at 50 m and four species at the deeper levels (60 - 70 m). The observed assemblage includes several of the most caught species in the shallow water artisanal fishery, which is the most traditional and common type of fishery in the Bay. In addition, the Pomacanthuszonipectus (Cortés angelfish) is of particular interest, as it has a special protection status in the official Mexican standard (NOM-059-SEMARNAT, 2010) due to its use as an ornamental species in aquaria. We hypothesised that the mesophotic zone may serve as a refuge for these fishes, so we propose that the information obtained is an important basis for new research aimed at the sustainable management of fisheries in the area.

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The Cerrado is the most diverse tropical savanna worldwide and the second-largest biome in South America. The objective of this study was to understand the heterogeneity and dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in different types of natural Cerrado vegetation and areas that are transitioning to dryer savannas or tropical rainforests and to elucidate the driving factors responsible for the differences between these ecosystems. Twenty-one natural sites were investigated, including typical Cerrado forest, typical Caatinga, Atlantic Rainforest, transitions between Cerrado and Caatinga, Cerrado areas near Caatinga or rainforest, and Carrasco sites. Spores were extracted from the soils, counted, and morphologically analyzed. In total, 82 AMF species were detected. AMF species richness varied between 36 and 51, with the highest richness found in the area transitioning between Cerrado and Caatinga, followed by areas of Cerrado close to Caatinga and typical Cerrado forest. The types of Cerrado vegetation and the areas transitioning to the Caatinga shared the highest numbers of AMF species (32-38). Vegetation, along with chemical and physical soil parameters, affected the AMF communities, which may also result from seasonal rainfall patterns. The Cerrado has a great AMF diversity and is, consequently, a natural refuge for AMF. The plant and microbial communities as well as the diversity of habitats require urgent protection within the Cerrado, as it represents a key AMF hotspot.

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Research efforts have been made to develop novel tactics, such as those targeting behavioral control, for management of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), vector of the causal agent of citrus Huanglongbing. Here, we investigated whether association of "Ponkan" mandarin (Citrus reticulata) with volatiles from non-host crops: avocado, passion fruit or coffee, alters host location by the Asian citrus psyllid; and whether they can be temporary hosts for the Asian citrus psyllid. In wind tunnel assays, we found that the association of mandarin seedling with avocado plant volatiles reduced in 30% the number of psyllids sitting on host plants compared to the mandarin alone. In contrast, passion fruit plant volatiles facilitated host location by psyllids, which found mandarin seedlings faster than when exposed to mandarin alone. The association with coffee volatiles did not alter the attractiveness of mandarin to the Asian citrus psyllid. Survival and half-lethal time (LT50) of D. citri fed on non-host plants were longer than those insects with water only, but shorter than those fed on mandarin. Among the non-host plants, D. citri performed better in coffee, followed by avocado and passion fruit plants. Our results indicate that the association of mandarin with avocado plant can be beneficial for Asian citrus psyllid management.

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O objeto desta tese consiste na análise das diferentes dimensões do acesso de refugiadas congolesas à atenção integral à saúde da mulher no município do Rio de Janeiro. Compreendeu-se que com o princípio da universalidade estabelecido no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) tanto os brasileiros quanto os migrantes e refugiados que estão no país podem acessar os serviços de saúde sem que sejam impostas barreiras de acessibilidade, legais, econômicas, físicas ou culturais. A tese traz um tema ainda pouco explorado nos estudos no que diz respeito as mulheres refugiadas e migrantes, principalmente em relação aos estudos de: gênero e refúgio, violência de gênero e a interseccionalidade. Assim, entende-se que as mulheres já vivenciam várias formas de violações de direitos e são mais afetadas pelas desigualdades sociais, entretanto isso se agrava com fatores como raça e classe e neste estudo, acrescenta-se a nacionalidade e sua condição de migrante e refugiada. A pesquisa foi realizada na Atenção Primária do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia utilizada é a abordagem qualitativa. Foram realizadas 12 entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores (4), profissionais da Clínica da Família (5) e mulheres refugiadas congolesas (3). Para analisar os dados coletados foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. A partir da pesquisa identificou-se que no município do Rio de Janeiro ainda não existe uma política voltada para atendimento à saúde de mulheres refugiadas, ela segue sendo desenhada, porém, os profissionais realizam o atendimento nas unidades de saúde. A cultura e a falta de tradutores nas unidades de saúde são desafios para os profissionais e gestores de saúde, isso aparece atrelados a outros problemas como a violência contra mulheres e a ausência de uma política pública para tradutores nas unidades. O contexto de desmonte da Atenção Primária no governo Crivella interferiu no trabalho que vinha sendo desenvolvido no município do Rio de Janeiro em relação à saúde de refugiados, atualmente há uma reconstrução ainda em curso. A Atenção Primária é a principal porta de entrada para as mulheres refugiadas que buscam os serviços principalmente para realizar pré-natal, a gravidez aparece como uma busca pelo direito de cidadania no Brasil a partir da visão dos profissionais e também é importante apontar a busca dos profissionais em fazer com que as mulheres refugiadas compreendam e acessem seus direitos sexuais e reprodutivos. Cabe apontar que as congolesas utilizam os serviços de saúde e afirmam que o atendimento foi bom, demostram que no Brasil a saúde é melhor que na RDC, e embora sejam gratas, elas questionam a demora no atendimento, o mau atendimento médico e precarização nos serviços. Por fim, notase que o contexto de desmonte do SUS também afeta as mulheres refugiadas que buscam atendimentos de saúde da mesma forma que afeta as brasileiras e outras migrantes, todavia, é nesse contexto que a política de saúde para refugiados vem sendo desenhada, já que ainda não foi legitimada e trata-se de um processo de luta com significativas conquistas nos últimos anos. (AU)

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the different dimensions of access by Congolese refugees to comprehensive women's health care in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. It was understood that with the principle of universality established in the Unified Health System (SUS), both Brazilians and migrants and refugees who are in the country can access health services without the imposition of legal, economic, physical or cultural accessibility barriers. The thesis deals with a topic that has not yet been explored in studies on refugee and migrant women, especially in relation to studies on: gender and refuge, gender violence and intersectionality. Thus, it is understood that women already experience various forms of rights violations and are more affected by social inequalities, however this is aggravated by factors such as race and class and in this study, nationality and their status as migrants and refugees are added. The study was carried out in Primary Care in Rio de Janeiro. The methodology used is a qualitative approach. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers (4), Family Clinic professionals (5) and Congolese refugee women (3). Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the data collected. The research revealed that in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, there is still no policy on health care for refugee women; it is still being drawn up, but the professionals provide care in the health units. The culture and lack of translators in health units are challenges for health professionals and managers, and this appears to be linked to other problems such as violence against women and the absence of a public policy for translators in units. The context of the dismantling of PrimaryCare under the Crivella government interfered with the work that was being carried out in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro in relation to refugee health. Primary Care is the main gateway for refugee women who seek services mainly for prenatal care, pregnancy appears to be a search for the right to citizenship in Brazil from the point of view of the professionals and it is also important to point out the professionals' search to make refugee women understand and access their sexual and reproductive rights. It is worth noting that the Congolese women use the health services and say that the service was good, demonstrating that health in Brazil is better than in the DRC, and although they are grateful, they question the delay in service, the poor medical care and the precariousness of the services. Finally, it can be seen that the context of the dismantling of the SUS also affects refugee women who seek health care in the same way that it affects Brazilians and other migrants. However, it is in this context that the health policy for refugees is being designed, since it has not yet been legitimized and it is a process of struggle with significant achievements in recent years. (AU)

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Background: The increasing habitat heterogeneity and complexity shows positive effects over different communities, leading to environmental diversity, access to resources and reducing the effectiveness of predation. In the present study we evaluate the structural and functional patterns of polychaete assemblages of three Mussismilia species with different coral morphology. Mussismilia hispida has a massive growth pattern; M. braziliensis also is a massive coral but forms a crevice in the corallum base; and M. harttii has a meandroid pattern. Methods: Ten individuals of the three Mussismilia species were sampled in two reefs in the Todos-os-Santos Bay, and we analyzed the differences in richness and abundance of polychaete species and the functional diversity metrics: Rao's quadratic entropy, functional dispersion, functional evenness, number of functional groups and functional richness, among Mussismilia species. Results: Two-way ANOVA with permutations showed significant differences for polychaete abundances and richness among Mussismilia species (higher values for M. harttii), but no differences were recorded when compared between the two coral reef areas studied. There was no statistical difference among coral species or between reefs in relation to the functional diversity components influenced by abundance, such as Rao quadratic entropy, functional dispersion, and functional evenness. Some individual polychaete functional traits presented differences among Mussismilia species, and that also helped us to build a picture about the effect of different growth structures over functional aspects of polychaete assemblages. Thus, the taxonomical approach, the analysis of individual functional traits and the functional diversity metrics are fundamental tools to characterize the assemblage of organisms associated with corals.

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Resumo Crianças são especialmente vulneráveis em situação de migração e refúgio pela exposição a tráfico, exploração sexual, abandono, fome, violências e detenções, capazes de comprometer o seu desenvolvimento. Objetiva-se analisar, através de revisão bibliográfica sistemática, as abordagens utilizadas para investigar a situação de migração e refúgio de crianças até 10 anos de idade. Foram captados 92 artigos em seis bases das áreas de saúde mental e educação, publicados entre 2010 e 2019. Os impactos sobre a saúde mental chamam atenção pela severidade dos transtornos mentais que acometem as crianças refugiadas; na educação, os estudos apontam para a relação de cuidado dos profissionais desta área com as crianças. As principais técnicas de coleta de dados utilizadas nos estudos são: entrevistas, questionários, grupos focais e desenhos. Predominam textos na perspectiva das crianças e adultos falando sobre a criança. Mesmo as pesquisas que não partiram da premissa de dialogar com as lógicas infantis, construíram documentos capazes de refletir a experiência de adultos responsáveis pelas crianças. Legislações e protocolos de escuta de crianças por autoridades, levando em consideração o melhor interesse da criança, são escassos e pouco mobilizadores, não conseguindo unir esforços universais de proteção e garantia dos direitos fundamentais dessas crianças.

Abstract Children are especially vulnerable in situations of migration and refuge due to exposure to trafficking, sexual exploitation, abandonment, hunger, violence and detention, which may compromise their development. The objective is to analyze, through a systematic literature review, the approaches used to investigate the migration and refuge situation of children up to 10 years of age. 92 articles were collected in six databases in the areas of mental health and education, published between 2010 and 2019. The impacts on mental health are striking because of the severity of the mental disorders affecting refugee children; in education, studies point to the relationship between care professionals in this area and children. The main data collection techniques used in the studies are: interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, and drawings. Texts from the perspective of children and adults talking about the children predominate. Even research that did not start from the premise of dialoguing with children's logic, built documents capable of reflecting the experience of the adults responsible for the children. Legislation and protocols for authorities listening to children, considering the best interest of the child, are scarce and not mobilizing, failing to unite universal efforts to protect and guarantee the fundamental rights of these children.

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Resumo Estima-se que no mundo, atualmente, haja 89,3 milhões de pessoas em deslocamentos forçados, incluindo 27,1 milhões de refugiados. Entre as razões para essas migrações forçadas estão a tortura e outras formas de violência, embora a prevalência de violências antes e durante a migração ainda seja pouco conhecida. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a prevalência e alguns fatores associados às violências relatadas por solicitantes de refúgio no Rio de Janeiro. Foram coletados dados preenchidos nos formulários de solicitação de refúgio do Comitê Nacional para Refugiados de 2010 a 2017 e em entrevistas adicionais conduzidas na Cáritas Arquiocesana-RJ. Foram incluídos 1.546 solicitantes de refúgio com idade mediana de 30 anos (faixa 15-72 anos), dos quais 65% eram homens. Um terço informou ter sofrido violência antes de chegar ao Brasil, com chances de violência relatada entre 20 e 40 vezes maiores entre migrantes oriundos de Paquistão, Congo, Colômbia, República Democrática do Congo e Guiné. Violência física/tortura, ameaça e violência psicológica foram as mais frequentes (relatadas por 10%, 7% e 6% da população estudada, respectivamente). Entre as mulheres, a violência sexual foi a modalidade mais frequente (9%). Conclui-se que a história de violência entre os solicitantes de refúgio no Brasil é frequente, em particular para alguns grupos nacionais, aspecto a ser considerado no acolhimento e na prestação de serviços a essa população em situação de extrema vulnerabilidade.

Abstract Currently, the world has 89.3 million forcibly displaced people, including 27.1 million refugees. Among the reasons for displacement are torture and other forms of violence, but the real prevalence of violence before and during migration is poorly reported. The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of reported violence among asylum seekers in Rio de Janeiro and its associated factors. We collected secondary data from individuals who filled out the National Committee for Refugees' asylum application forms from 2010 to 2017 and responded to the social interview at Cáritas-RJ. We included 1,546 asylum seekers with a mean age of 30 (range 15-72), 65% of whom were men. One third reported experiencing violence before arriving in Brazil. Chances of experiencing violence were 20 to 40 times higher among refugees arriving from Pakistan, Congo, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Guinea. Physical violence/torture and psychological threats were the most frequent forms (10%, 7% and 6% of the population, respectively). Among women, sexual violence was the most frequent form of violence (9% of women). We conclude that asylum seekers in Brazil frequently suffered violence before their arrival, particularly some groups. This needs to be addressed when providing services to this extremely vulnerable population.

Resumen Actualmente, hay en el mundo 89,3 millones de personas desplazadas por la fuerza, incluidos 27,1 millones de refugiados. Entre las razones de desplazamiento forzado están la tortura y otras formas de violencia, pero la prevalencia real de la violencia antes y durante la migración ha sido poco estudiada. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la prevalencia de violencia reportada entre los solicitantes de asilo en Río de Janeiro y los factores asociados a esta. Recolectamos datos secundarios de personas que completaron los formularios de solicitud de asilo del Comité Nacional para Refugiados desde 2010 hasta 2017 y de entrevistas adicionales en Cáritas RJ. Incluimos a 1546 solicitantes de asilo con una edad media de 30 (15-72) años, de los cuales 65 % eran hombres. Un tercio informó haber experimentado violencia antes de llegar a Brasil, con posibilidades de violencia de entre 20 a 40 veces mayores para entre migrantes oriundos de Pakistán, Congo, Colombia, República Democrática del Congo y Guinea. Violencia/tortura física, amenazas y violencia psicológica son las formas más frecuentes (10 %, 7 % y 6 % respectivamente) relatadas. Entre las mujeres, la más frecuente fue la violencia sexual (9 % de los relatos). Concluimos que la historia de violencia entre los solicitantes de asilo en Brasil es frecuente, sobre todo en algunos grupos nacionales en particular, aspecto que se debe considerar al prestarle servicios a esta población extremadamente vulnerada.

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Intra- and interspecific competition is considered a fundamental phenomenon in ecology. It acts as one of the most powerful selective forces that drives ecological diversity, the spatiotemporal distribution of organisms, fitness, and evolutionary aspects. Spodoptera frugiperda and Helicoverpa armigera are devastating pests and can co-occur in systems consisting of multiple agricultural crops and compete for food resources. Insecticide resistance in populations of these species has been a major threat to the sustainability of agroecosystems. No study to date has shown the effect of intra- and interspecific competition as a selective pressure agent on the evolution of insecticide resistance in lepidopteran pests in an experimental and theoretical way. Our study developed a parameterized computational model with experimental results for S. frugiperda and H. armigera competition. We simulated the behavior of heterozygous individuals with a competition capacity 100% equal to homozygous individuals resistant (100 RR) or susceptible to insecticides (00 RR), and intermediate between them (50 RR). Competition involving strains of these insect species can accelerate the evolution of their resistance to insecticides in agricultural crops. We found that competitive processes can result in a high probability of competitive exclusion for individuals with the susceptibility allele of these lepidopteran species. The results of this study are of paramount importance for understanding the impact of ecological factor competition on the evolution of insecticide resistance in lepidopteran pests, which until now has been neglected in these types of evolutionary dynamics studies.

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Este artigo teórico explora a temática das diásporas contemporâneas identificando e examinando elementos, de diferentes áreas do conhecimento, que permitem desvelar facetas de indiferença e de cruel patologização impostas aos migrantes e refugiados. Enfatiza- -se a desconsideração do impacto e da violência oriundos de fatores sociais, políticos e econômicos na produção da precarização e vulnerabilidade da população de migrantes e refugiados. A complexidade inerente às diásporas é explorada mediante a leitura psicanalítica referente aos impasses alteritários. Afirma-se a urgência da promoção de práticas de verdadeira amabilidade em relação ao estrangeiro, recuperando-se, portanto, a dupla dimensão da definição de outro, ou seja, outro como aquele que não é o Eu, mas outro que compartilha com o Eu da categoria de semelhante. Na condição de reconhecimento alteritário, podem se dar condições simétricas de convívio, contemplando, no reconhecimento de diferenças, a radical exclusão de violentas práticas de dessubjetivação.

This theoretical article explores the theme of contemporary diasporas, identifying and examining elements from different areas of knowledge, which allow us to reveal facets of indifference and cruel pathologization imposed on migrants and refugees. It emphasizes the disregard of the impact and violence arising from social, political and economic factors in the production of precariousness and vulnerability of the migrant and refugee population. The inherent complexity of diasporas is explored through a psychoanalytic reading referring to alteritarian impasses. The urgency of promoting practices of true kindness towards the foreigner is affirmed, thus recovering the double dimension of the definition of the other, that is, the other as the one who is not the Self, but another who shares with the Self the category of similar. In the condition of alteritarian recognition, symmetrical conditions of existence can occur, contemplating, in the recognition of differences, the radical exclusion of violent practices of desubjectivation.

Este artículo teórico explora la temática de las diásporas contemporáneas identificando y examinando elementos, de distintas áreas del conocimiento, que permiten revelar facetas de indiferencia y la cruel patologización impuestas a migrantes y refugiados. Se resalta la actitud de desconocer el impacto y la violencia que surgen de los factores sociales, políticos y económicos en la producción de la precariedad y vulnerabilidad de la población de migrantes y refugiados. La complexidad inherente de las diásporas se explora a través de la lectura psicoanalítica que se refiere a los impasses en el campo de la alteridad. Se afirma la urgencia de promover prácticas de verdadera bondad hacia el extranjero, recuperando así la doble dimensión de la definición del otro, es decir, otro como el que no es el Yo, pero otro que comparte con el Yo de la categoría de semejante. En la condición de reconocimiento alteritário pueden darse las condiciones de simetría en la vida, contemplando, en el reconocimiento de las diferencias, la exclusión radical de prácticas violentas de desubjetivación.

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Current climate change is disrupting biotic interactions and eroding biodiversity worldwide. However, species sensitive to aridity, high temperatures, and climate variability might find shelter in microclimatic refuges, such as leaf rolls built by arthropods. To explore how the importance of leaf shelters for terrestrial arthropods changes with latitude, elevation, and climate, we conducted a distributed experiment comparing arthropods in leaf rolls versus control leaves across 52 sites along an 11,790 km latitudinal gradient. We then probed the impact of short- versus long-term climatic impacts on roll use, by comparing the relative impact of conditions during the experiment versus average, baseline conditions at the site. Leaf shelters supported larger organisms and higher arthropod biomass and species diversity than non-rolled control leaves. However, the magnitude of the leaf rolls' effect differed between long- and short-term climate conditions, metrics (species richness, biomass, and body size), and trophic groups (predators vs. herbivores). The effect of leaf rolls on predator richness was influenced only by baseline climate, increasing in magnitude in regions experiencing increased long-term aridity, regardless of latitude, elevation, and weather during the experiment. This suggests that shelter use by predators may be innate, and thus, driven by natural selection. In contrast, the effect of leaf rolls on predator biomass and predator body size decreased with increasing temperature, and increased with increasing precipitation, respectively, during the experiment. The magnitude of shelter usage by herbivores increased with the abundance of predators and decreased with increasing temperature during the experiment. Taken together, these results highlight that leaf roll use may have both proximal and ultimate causes. Projected increases in climate variability and aridity are, therefore, likely to increase the importance of biotic refugia in mitigating the effects of climate change on species persistence.

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A crise econômica, social e sanitária que vem acometendo a Venezuela tem ocasionado a maior migração forçada da história da América Latina. O Brasil tem sido um dos países de acolhimento dos venezuelanos. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e analisar o perfil sociodemográfico, migratório e a qualidade de vida de migrantes venezuelanos vivendo no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com coleta de dados primários. A população elegível consistiu de indivíduos com 18 anos ou mais, de nacionalidade venezuelana e vivendo no Brasil, recrutados via curso de português promovido pela Cáritas Arquidiocesana do Rio de Janeiro em parceria com a Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, além de contatos com docentes vinculados às Cátedras Sérgio Vieira de Mello sediadas em outras universidades brasileiras, e por meio de divulgação em mídias sociais. Um questionário on-line para autopreenchimento foi composto por três blocos: perfil sociodemográfico; trajetória e situação migratória; e qualidade de vida (instrumento abreviado de avaliação da qualidade de vida, o WHOQOL-BREF). Foram estimadas as frequências absolutas e relativas das características sociodemográficas e de migração. Foram calculados as pontuações médias, os desvios padrão para o item extradomínio da qualidade de vida geral, quatro domínios da qualidade de vida e suas respectivas facetas, todos na escala 0 a 100. Quanto maiores tais pontuações médias, maior o indicativo de melhor qualidade de vida. Foram conduzidas regressões lineares múltiplas da qualidade de vida e seus domínios em relação às variáveis sociodemográficas e migratórias. A população de estudo incluiu 318 participantes, porém 312 responderam pelo menos 80% dos itens do WHOQOL-BREF. Entre esses 312, foram encontrados 65,7% do sexo feminino, idade média de 37,1 anos, 38,1% com autorização de residência por prazo determinado, 37,5% e 27,2% moravam, respectivamente, nas regiões Norte e Sudeste. O item da qualidade de vida geral apresentou uma pontuação média de 44,7 (DP=21,8). O domínio físico teve a melhor avaliação média, com 66,2 pontos (DP=17,8); já o meio ambiente a pior média, com 51,1 pontos (DP=14,6). A menor qualidade de vida geral foi associada a não ter apresentado renda ou ter recebido menos de R$1.501 (ß=-17,3), morar sozinho (ß=-13,3), viver há menos de um mês no estado de residência (ß=-13,2) e ter vivenciado algum episódio de discriminação (ß=-6,8). A menor percepção dos domínios pelos venezuelanos esteve associada a ser do sexo feminino, ter sofrido discriminação, viver há menos de um mês no estado de residência e não morar em estados da região Sul e Sudeste do país. A autopercepção da qualidade de vida no Brasil não foi boa, o que permite supor que a integração social e a garantia dos direitos humanos dos migrantes e refugiados venezuelanos não estejam sendo satisfatórias.

The economic, social and health crisis that has been affecting Venezuela has caused the largest forced migration in the history of Latin America. Brazil has been one of Venezuelans host countries. This study aimed to describe and analyze the sociodemographic, migratory profile and the quality of life of Venezuelan migrants living in Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study with primary data collection. Venezuelans over 18 years of age living in Brazil were eligible, recruited through a Portuguese course promoted by Caritas Archdiocesan of Rio de Janeiro in partnership with the Rio de Janeiro State University, in addition to contacts with professors linked to the Cathedra Sérgio Vieira de Mello based in other Brazilian universities, and through dissemination in social media. An online questionnaire for self-completion was composed of three blocks: sociodemographic profile; migratory trajectory and situation; and quality of life (abbreviated instrument for assessing quality of life, the WHOQOL-BREF). Absolute and relative frequencies of sociodemographic and migration characteristics were estimated. Mean scores, standard deviations for the item (extra domain) of general quality of life, 4 domains of quality of life, and their respective facets were calculated, all on a scale from 0 to 100. The higher such mean scores, greater the indicative of better quality of life. Multiple linear regressions of quality of life and its domains were carried out in relation to sociodemographic and migratory variables. The study population included 318 participants, but 312 answered at least 80% of the WHOQOL-BREF items. Among these 312, were found 65.7% female, mean age of 37.1 years, 38.1% with a fixed-term residence permit, 37.5% and 27.2% lived, respectively, in the North and Southeast regions. The general quality of life item had an average score of 44.7 (SD=21.8). The physical domain had the best average rating with 66.2 points (SD=17.8), while the environment had the worst average with 51.1 points (SD=14.6). The lowest general quality of life was associated with having no income or having received less than R$1,501 (ß=-17.3), living alone (ß=-13.3), living for less than a month in the state of residence (ß=-13.2) and having experienced some episode of discrimination (ß=-6.8). The lower perception of domains by Venezuelans was associated with being female, having suffered discrimination, living for less than a month in the state of residence and not living in states in the South and Southeast regions of the country. The self-perception of quality of life in Brazil was not well evaluated, which allows to assume that social integration and the guarantee of the human rights of Venezuelan migrants and refugees are unsatisfactory.

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RESUMO

O objetivo desta tese é analisar as condições de saúde e violências autorrelatadas por solicitantes de refúgio atendidos pela Cáritas-RJ no período de 2010 a 2017. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com dados secundários, relativos a 1.546 indivíduos que haviam preenchido os formulários de solicitação de refúgio do Comitê Nacional para Refugiados de 2010 a 2017 e que tinham respondido à entrevista social na Cáritas Arquidiocesana do Rio de Janeiro. Dados sobre características sociodemográficas, motivos da saída do país de nascimento e trajetória de viagem foram extraídos do Formulário de Solicitação de Refúgio; dados sobre as condições de saúde e violências foram extraídos dos registros da entrevista social. Foram calculadas as frequências absolutas e relativas das variáveis incluídas na análise e prevalências e seus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%) das categorias de condições de saúde e violências. Foram estimadas odds ratio (OR) e IC95% para a ocorrência relatada de condições de saúde e violências em um modelo exploratório de regressão logística simples, de acordo com o status de refúgio, sexo, faixa etária, escolaridade, estado civil, meios de transporte, status de documentação e país de nascimento. Quase metade (44%) dos indivíduos chegaram ao Brasil em 2015 ou 2016. A população era predominantemente masculina (65%), solteira (65%), 71% tinham entre 25 e 44 anos, 77% concluíram o ensino médio ou superior e 46% preencheram o formulário de solicitação de refúgio em francês. Os países de nascimento com maior número de solicitantes de refúgio foram República Democrática do Congo (36%), Angola (17%), Colômbia (8%) e Venezuela (6%). O meio de transporte mais utilizado para chegar ao Brasil foi o aéreo (79%) e 7% eram indocumentados ou chegaram com documentos falsos ou emprestados. Um terço (33%, IC95%=30-35) da população informou que sofreu violência antes de chegar ao Brasil. O tipo mais frequente de violência foi a física (10%, IC95%=8-11) e tortura (10%, IC95%=9-12), seguida pela ameaça (7%, IC95%=6-8) e abuso psicológico (6%, IC95%=5-7). As chances de violência foram maiores na faixa etária 45-59 anos (OR=1,6, IC95=1,0-2,6), que vivem/viveram maritalmente (OR=1,8 e 2,2, IC95%=1,4-2,2 e 1,4-3,7, respectivamente), e nascidos no Paquistão (OR=46,4, IC95%=11,1-323,5), Congo (OR=40,5, IC95%=10,6-269,2), Colômbia (OR=37,1, IC95%=10,9-232,4), República Democrática do Congo (OR=28,5, IC95%=8,8-175,0) e Guiné (OR=18,5, IC95%=4,4-175,0) (Guine Bissau OR= 1,0 ­ referência). Na chegada ao Brasil, 41% (IC95%=38-43) dos solicitantes de refúgio relataram ter, uma ou mais condições adversas de saúde. As chances de apresentar problemas de saúde foi maior em mulheres (OR= 2,1, IC95%=1,8-2,7), com idade  45 anos (OR=1,8, IC95%=1,1-2,8), que vivem/viveram maritalmente (OR=1,8 e 2,5, IC95%=1,4-2,2 e 1,5-4,3, respectivamente), com ensino fundamental (OR=1,9, IC95%=1,4-2,6), nos indocumentados (OR=4,4, IC95%=2,8-7,1), e naquelas oriundas do Congo (OR=18,7, IC95%=6,3-63,7) e República Democrática do Congo (OR=9,5, IC95%=4,2-25,3). Foram relatadas 877 condições de saúde na população, e mais da metade informou sentir dores (52%). Os refugiados que chegam ao Brasil são uma população vulnerável que necessita de acesso aos cuidados em saúde para suprir as diversas demandas de sua saúde física e mental, advindas do processo migratório ou do país de nascimento.

The objective of this thesis is to analyze the health conditions and violence self-reported by asylum seekers assisted by Cáritas-RJ from 2010 to 2017. A cross-sectional study was carried out with secondary data, relating to 1,546 individuals who had completed the asylum application forms of the National Committee for Refugees from 2010 to 2017 and who had responded to the social interview at Cáritas Arquidiocesana do Rio de Janeiro. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, reasons for leaving the country of origin and travel trajectory were extracted from the Asylum Application Form; data on health conditions and violence were extracted from the social interview records. The absolute and relative frequencies of the variables included in the analysis and prevalence and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of the categories of health conditions and violence were calculated. Odds ratios (OR) and 95%CI were estimated for the reported occurrence of health conditions and violence in an exploratory simple logistic regression model, according to refugee status, sex, age group, education, marital status, means of transport, documentation status and country of birth. Almost half (44%) of the individuals arrived in Brazil in 2015 or 2016. The population was predominantly male (65%), single (65%), 71% were between 25 and 44 years old, 77% had completed high school or higher, and 46% completed the asylum application form in French. The countries of origin with the highest number of asylum seekers were the Democratic Republic of Congo (36%), Angola (17%), Colombia (8%) and Venezuela (6%). The most used means of transport to arrive in Brazil was air (79%) and 7% were undocumented or arrived with false or borrowed documents. One third (33%, 95%CI=30-35) of the population reported that they had suffered violence before arriving in Brazil. The most frequent type of violence was physical (10%, 95%CI=8-11) and torture (10%,95%CI=9-12), followed by threats (7%, 95%CI=6-8) and psychological (6%, 95%CI=5-7). The chances of violence were higher in the 45-59 age group (OR=1.6, 95%CI=1.0-2.6), who lived/lived in a marital relationship (OR=1.8 and 2.2, 95%CI= 1.4-2.2 and 1.4-3.7, respectively), and those from Pakistan (OR=46.4, 95%CI=11.1-323.5), Congo (OR=40.5, 95%CI=10.6-269.2), Colombia (OR=37.1, 95%CI=10.9-232.4), Democratic Republic of Congo (OR=28.5, 95%CI=8.8 -175.0) and Guinea (OR=18.5, 95%CI=4.4-175.0) (Guinea Bissau OR= 1,0 - refereence). Upon arrival in Brazil, 41% (95%CI=38-43) of asylum seekers reported having one or more health conditions. The chances of having health problems were higher in women (OR= 2.1, 95%CI=1.8-2.7), aged  45 years (OR=1.8, 95%CI=1.1-2 .8), who live/lived together (OR=1.8 and 2.5, 95%CI=1.4-2.2 and 1.5-4.3, respectively), with elementary education (OR=1, 9, 95%CI=1.4-2.6), in the undocumented (OR=4.4, 95%CI=2.8-7.1), and in those from Congo (OR=18.7, 95%CI= 6.3-63.7) and the Democratic Republic of Congo (OR=9.5, 95%CI=4.2-25.3). 877 health conditions were reported in the population, and more than half reported feeling pain (52 %). Refugees arriving in Brazil are a vulnerable population that needs access to health care to meet the various demands of their physical and mental health, arising from the migratory process or from the country of origin.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A migração venezuelana destaca-se entre os principais fluxos globais de deslocamento humano, sendo o Brasil, um dos países de acolhimento desta população. Neste processo, a migração e outros fatores podem ser produtores de sofrimento entre migrantes. A heterogeneidade dos sentidos socioculturais de saúde e doença demandam exploração das noções de sofrimento e saúde mental. Esta dissertação pretende explorar e analisar os sentidos de sofrimento e saúde mental entre migrantes venezuelanos. Para tanto, foram realizadas seis entrevistas do tipo episódicas com migrantes venezuelanos residentes na cidade do Rio de Janeiro há um ano ou mais. Foram abordadas as experiências e narrativas das fases pré e pós-migratórias relativas ao sofrimento, saúde mental e estratégias de cuidado. Para a análise utilizados conceitos e noções de governo humanitário, transnacionalidade, sofrimento social e aflição. Os resultados apontam para sentidos do sofrimento de ordem relacional e social, nas quais questões como a separação/reunião familiar, precariedade, direitos trabalhistas, filas no comércio, o luto, racismo e xenofobia, problemas de nervos e estresse, sintomas psicossomáticos, relação médico-paciente fazem parte das experiências associadas ao sofrimento e seu alívio. Conclui-se que o sofrimento entre os interlocutores desta pesquisa, apresenta-se de ordem social e relacional, produzindo conexões transnacionais entre Brasil e Venezuela, sem reduzir-se a individualismos psicológicos. O sofrimento transnacional, portanto, representa categoria descritiva de concepções sociorrelacionais e multisituadas.

Venezuelan migration stands out among the main global flows of human displacement, with Brazil being one of the host countries for this population. In this process, migration and other factors can produce suffering among migrants. The heterogeneity of the sociocultural meanings of health and illness demands an exploration of the notions of suffering and mental health. This dissertation intends to explore and analyze the meanings of suffering and mental health among Venezuelan migrants. To this end, six episodic interviews were carried out with Venezuelan migrants residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro for a year or more. The experiences and narratives of the pre and post-migration phases related to suffering, mental health and care strategies were addressed. For the analysis, concepts and notions of humanitarian government, transnationality, social suffering and affliction were used. The results point to relational and social meanings of suffering, in which issues such as separation/family reunion, precariousness, labor rights, queues at commerce, grief, racism and xenophobia, nervous and stress problems, psychosomatic symptoms, medical relationship -patient are part of the experiences associated with suffering and its relief. It is concluded that the suffering among the interlocutors of this research is of a social and relational nature, producing transnational connections between Brazil and Venezuela, without being reduced to psychological individualisms. Transnational suffering, therefore, represents a descriptive category of socio-relational and multi-situated conceptions.

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RESUMO

O artigo explora a problemática do refúgio e da migração a partir de coordenadas teóricas de caráter interdisciplinar, complementares no aprofundamento do tema. Destaca-se, neste ensaio teórico, a invisibilidade imposta ao sujeito da diáspora mediante a negativa de reconhecer as violentas e dramáticas condições de seu entorno (crise social, crise política, crise econômica etc.), seja ele migrante ou refugiado. Por meio das proposições do psicanalista Sándor Ferenczi sobre o conceito de desmentido e das considerações do filósofo sul-coreano Byung-Chul Han sobre os mecanismos contemporâneos de proliferação do idêntico, desenvolve-se uma reflexão a respeito de diferentes práticas de indiferença ilustradas no silenciamento e invisibilização da subjetividade migrante. Essa linha argumentativa permite vislumbrar a premência de reconhecer práticas de desumanização ao se deixar à margem o direito de migrantes e refugiados à existência digna. Considera-se essencial para a ruptura com a invisibilidade imposta aos protagonistas das diásporas dar legitimidade a suas narrativas. Conclui-se, portanto, que esse movimento de ruptura por parte do migrante e do refugiado, devido à violência imposta, não decorre do assistencialismo ou da filantropia que lhes são dirigidos; por isso, é imperativo, no campo alteritário, ter reconhecido o legítimo direito a ser acolhido, com hospitalidade e humanidade, pela sociedade da qual faz parte.(AU)

The article explores the problem of refuge and migration based on theoretical coordinates of interdisciplinary character, complementary in the deepening of the theme. In this theoretical essay, the invisibility imposed on the diaspora subject stands out in the face of the refusal to recognize the violent and dramatic conditions of their surroundings (social crisis, political crisis, economic crisis, among others), whether of a migrant or a refugee. From the propositions of the psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi on the concept of denial and the considerations of the South Korean philosopher Byung-Chul Han on the contemporary mechanisms of proliferation of the identical, we develop a reflection about the different practices of indifference illustrated in the silencing and invisibility of migrant subjectivity. This line of argument allows us to glimpse the urgency of recognizing dehumanization practices of leaving the right of migrants and refugees to a dignified existence aside. To break with the invisibility imposed on the protagonists of the diasporas, giving legitimacy to the narratives about their stories is considered essential. In conclusion, therefore, this movement of rupture on the part of the migrant and the refugee, due to the imposed violence, does not result from the assistentialism or philanthropy directed at them; thus, in the alteritarian field, having the recognized legitimate right to be welcomed, with hospitality and humanity, by the society of which they are part is imperative.(AU)

El artículo explora la problemática del refugio y de la migración a partir de coordenadas teóricas de carácter interdisciplinario, complementarias en la profundización del tema. En este ensayo teórico se destaca la invisibilidad impuesta al sujeto de la diáspora a través de la negativa a reconocer las condiciones violentas y dramáticas de su entorno (crisis social, crisis política, crisis económica, entre otras crisis), ya sea migrante o refugiado. A través de las proposiciones del psicoanalista Sándor Ferenczi sobre el concepto de desmentida y de las consideraciones del filósofo surcoreano Byung- Chul Han sobre los mecanismos contemporáneos de proliferación de lo idéntico, se desarrolla una reflexión a respecto de las diferentes prácticas de indiferencia ilustradas en el silenciamiento e invisibilidad de la subjetividad migrante. Esta línea de argumentación permite verificar la urgencia de reconocer las prácticas de deshumanización al dejar al margen el derecho de las personas migrantes y refugiadas a una existencia digna. Se considera fundamental, para romper con la invisibilidad impuesta a los protagonistas de las diásporas, dar legitimidad a las narrativas sobre sus historias. Se concluye, por lo tanto, que este movimiento de ruptura, por parte del migrante y del refugiado, por la violencia impuesta, no es resultado del asistencialismo o filantropía que se les dirige; por lo tanto, es imperativo, en el ámbito de la alteridad, que se reconozca su legítimo derecho a ser acogido, con hospitalidad y humanidad por la sociedad de la que forma parte.(AU)

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RESUMO: Este artigo teórico discorre sobre a dessubjetivação que pode acompanhar a experiência de migração e refúgio. Os aportes psicanalíticos sobre estranho, pulsão de morte e narcisismo das pequenas diferenças são revisitados para problematizar práticas contemporâneas de violência voltadas ao estrangeiro. Sustentando-se nas proposições de Silvia Bleichmar sobre autoconservação da vida e autopreservação do Eu, exploram-se processos mediante os quais a realidade institui ou destitui formas de subjetivação. A reflexão acerca da migração e refúgio exigem que sejam contemplados os aspectos subjetivos que interferem diretamente nas vicissitudes dos envolvidos.

Abstract: This theoretical article discusses the desubjectivation that could be involved in migration and refuge experience. Psychoanalytical contributions about the strange, the death drive and the narcissism of small differences are revisited to discuss contemporary practices of violence to foreigners. Based on Silvia Bleichmar's propositions about self-preservation of life and self-preservation of the I, processes in which reality institutes or destitutes ways of subjectivity are explored. The reflection on migration and refuge requires the inclusion of subjective aspects that directly interfere in the vicissitudes of those involved.

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This paper presents an ornithological inventory taken between March and December of 2017 in the Brazilian state of Paraná. Although the surroundings contain one relatively well-known location in regard to ornithology, Iguaçu National Park, several other areas merit exploration, among them the Santa Helena Relevant Ecological Interest Area (ARIE-SH). The 1,479 ha ARIE-SH is essentially a large remnant of the Atlantic Forest located adjacent to the city of Santa Helena, Paraná, which commencing in the 1980s has undergone considerable reforestation with both native and exotic species, including fruit species. Prior to censusing bird species and to better characterize the avian community, we conducted a bibliographic review of earlier ornithological studies carried out at ARIE-SH. In addition, we conducted opportunistic and unsystematic observations in nearby locations. We recorded 311 species of birds. During the current inventory, and others conducted in the area since 2016, we recorded six Atlantic Forest endemic species, five species threatened in Paraná, and two globally threatened species. Common species which showed high Index of Frequency in Lists include (in descending order) Basileuterus culicivorus, Leptotila verreauxi, Cnemotriccus fuscatus, Corythopis delalandi, Turdus leucomelas and Arremon flavirostris. Nine species observed while conducting this census (Laterallus exilis, Amazona vinacea, Herpsilochmus longirostris, Campylorhamphus trochilirostris, Casiornis rufus, Campylorhynchus turdinus, Myiothlypis flaveola, Eucometis penicillata and Sporophila palustris) are the first records for this region.(AU)

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Abstract Trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma vivax, is responsible for great economic losses among livestock in Africa and South America. During the life cycle of these parasites, they may present different morphological, metabolic and physiological characteristics depending on the interactions that are encountered at each point of their life cycle. Although T. vivax is frequently reported in the circulation of its mammalian hosts, it has the ability to migrate to the tissues of these individuals. However, this characteristic is poorly understood. In this context, we aimed to investigate the presence of T. vivax and the changes caused in different tissues of experimentally infected goats. Despite the animals were not perfused before tissues collection, using different approaches, we demonstrated its presence in different samples, including in the adipose tissue and skin of infected animals. In addition, a mononuclear inflammatory reaction, mostly characterized by an infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages were observed. The results highlight the possibility that, like other trypanosomatids, T. vivax may use these tissues during its life cycle. Future studies aiming to elucidate the length of time for which T. vivax remains active in these sites, and whether it uses these sites as a refuge from trypanocidal drugs, and whether it is capable of recolonizing the blood circulation, are much needed.

Resumo A tripanossomíase, causada por Trypanosoma vivax, é responsável por grandes perdas econômicas na bovinocultura da África e da América do Sul. Durante seu ciclo de vida, o parasita pode apresentar diferentes características morfológicas, metabólicas e fisiológicas em função das interações que ele encontra em cada ponto do seu ciclo. Embora o T. vivax seja reportado, frequentemente, na circulação dos seus hospedeiros mamíferos, o protozoário tem a capacidade de migrar para os tecidos desses indivíduos. Entretanto, essa característica é pobremente conhecida. Neste contexto, o objetivo foi verificar a presença, assim como as alterações causadas pelo T. vivax nos diferentes tecidos de caprinos experimentalmente infectados. Apesar dos animais não terem sido perfundidos antes da coleta dos tecidos, utilizando-se diferentes abordagens, foi evidenciada a presença do T. vivax em diferentes amostras teciduais, incluindo no tecido adiposo e pele dos animais infectados. Além disso, foi observada reação inflamatória mononuclear, caracterizada majoritariamente por infiltrado de linfócitos, plasmócitos e macrófagos. Os resultados evidenciam a possibilidade de que, assim como outros tripanossomatídeos, T. vivax pode usar esses tecidos durante o seu ciclo de vida. São necessários futuros estudos, objetivando elucidar o período em que o T. vivax permanece ativo nesses sítios, se ele utiliza esses locais como refúgio das drogas tripanocidas, e se ele é capaz de recolonizar a circulação sanguínea.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract This paper presents an ornithological inventory taken between March and December of 2017 in the Brazilian state of Paraná. Although the surroundings contain one relatively well-known location in regard to ornithology, Iguaçu National Park, several other areas merit exploration, among them the Santa Helena Relevant Ecological Interest Area (ARIE-SH). The 1,479 ha ARIE-SH is essentially a large remnant of the Atlantic Forest located adjacent to the city of Santa Helena, Paraná, which commencing in the 1980s has undergone considerable reforestation with both native and exotic species, including fruit species. Prior to censusing bird species and to better characterize the avian community, we conducted a bibliographic review of earlier ornithological studies carried out at ARIE-SH. In addition, we conducted opportunistic and unsystematic observations in nearby locations. We recorded 311 species of birds. During the current inventory, and others conducted in the area since 2016, we recorded six Atlantic Forest endemic species, five species threatened in Paraná, and two globally threatened species. Common species which showed high Index of Frequency in Lists include (in descending order) Basileuterus culicivorus, Leptotila verreauxi, Cnemotriccus fuscatus, Corythopis delalandi, Turdus leucomelas and Arremon flavirostris. Nine species observed while conducting this census (Laterallus exilis, Amazona vinacea, Herpsilochmus longirostris, Campylorhamphus trochilirostris, Casiornis rufus, Campylorhynchus turdinus, Myiothlypis flaveola, Eucometis penicillata and Sporophila palustris) are the first records for this region.

RESUMO

Abstract This paper presents an ornithological inventory taken between March and December of 2017 in the Brazilian state of Paraná. Although the surroundings contain one relatively well-known location in regard to ornithology, Iguaçu National Park, several other areas merit exploration, among them the Santa Helena Relevant Ecological Interest Area (ARIE-SH). The 1,479 ha ARIE-SH is essentially a large remnant of the Atlantic Forest located adjacent to the city of Santa Helena, Paraná, which commencing in the 1980s has undergone considerable reforestation with both native and exotic species, including fruit species. Prior to censusing bird species and to better characterize the avian community, we conducted a bibliographic review of earlier ornithological studies carried out at ARIE-SH. In addition, we conducted opportunistic and unsystematic observations in nearby locations. We recorded 311 species of birds. During the current inventory, and others conducted in the area since 2016, we recorded six Atlantic Forest endemic species, five species threatened in Paraná, and two globally threatened species. Common species which showed high Index of Frequency in Lists include (in descending order) Basileuterus culicivorus, Leptotila verreauxi, Cnemotriccus fuscatus, Corythopis delalandi, Turdus leucomelas and Arremon flavirostris. Nine species observed while conducting this census (Laterallus exilis, Amazona vinacea, Herpsilochmus longirostris, Campylorhamphus trochilirostris, Casiornis rufus, Campylorhynchus turdinus, Myiothlypis flaveola, Eucometis penicillata and Sporophila palustris) are the first records for this region.