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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Newborn infants are vulnerable to procedural stress and pain exposure on the first weeks of life that represents a critical period for the development of nociceptive, sensory, emotional, and social functions. We evaluated the nociceptive behavior of adult male and female rats that were submitted to nociceptive experience in the neonatal period and the maternal behavior in the postnatal period. METHODS: The animals were submitted to repetitive needle pricking from the second to the fifteenth postnatal day (PND 2-15). Maternal behavior and litter weight were evaluated during this period. Mechanical sensitivity to pain was assessed in offsprings during the adulthood by exposing them to inflammatory stimuli, including formalin test or the Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) injection followed by the electronic von Frey test at 0, 3, 6 and 24 h later. RESULTS: Maternal behavior and litter weight were not altered by pinprick stimuli during PND 2-15. Additionally, pinprick stimulation reduced the paw withdrawal threshold in CFA-injected animals compared to control. In the formalin test, there was a difference between the genders. Female rats are statically more sensitive to formalin stimulation and showed an increased licking time in both the first and second phases and increased number of flinches in second phase. CONCLUSIONS: Experiencing early life repetitive pain exposure increased inflammatory pain sensitivity in adult offspring rats and female rats are more sensitive to chemical stimulation. IMPLICATIONS: Future investigations of the mechanisms involved in this effect may contribute to the improvement of the understanding of inflammatory pain sensitivity differences.

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INTRODUÇÃO: Excesso de alimentação no início da vida pode modificar persistentemente consumo e peso corporal. Adoção de exercício físico é uma estratégia útil para evitar excessivo ganho de peso. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o crescimento corporal e a eficiência alimentar em ratos provenientes de ninhada reduzida no aleitamento. MÉTODOS: Ao terceiro dia de vida, ninhadas foram formadas com quatro (GN4) ou 10 animais (GN10), (n = 25). Ao desmame, ratos machos Wistar permaneceram em gaiolas individuais, e, aos 60 (± 2) dias foram subdivididos em sedentários (SED) e exercitados (NAT), formando quatro grupos: GN4SED, GN10SED, GN4-NAT e GN10NAT. Avaliou-se o peso, ganho de peso e taxa específica de ganho de peso, gordura epididimal, índices de massa corporal e Lee, consumo e eficiência alimentar, glicemia e lactemia. RESULTADOS: Aos 21 dias, o GN4 apresentava peso corporal 52 por cento acima do GN10 (P = 0,001). Contudo, aos 30 e 60 dias os pesos não diferiram. Ao final do período, GN10NAT demonstrou menor peso (356,82 ± 23,04) que GN10SED (409,28 ± 17,30). Mas GN4NAT possuía maior peso (417,85 ± 37,91) que GN4SED (413,69 ± 57,45) e GN10NAT. O GN4 exibiu elevada taxa de ganho de peso na lactação, mas, redução da mesma pós-desmame. Independente do tamanho da ninhada, a taxa de ganho de peso reduz com o aumento da idade. Ao final do período, glicemia, gordura epididimal total e relativa, e os índices de Lee e IMC não diferiram entre os grupos. Os valores de lactato antes e após o exercício condizem com esforço de intensidade moderada. Na periadolescência, GN4 apresentou menor ingestão de alimentos, mas sem diferenças na vida adulta. CONCLUSÃO: A redução da ninhada no aleitamento não alterou o peso corporal ou ingestão alimentar persistentemente. Entretanto, o protocolo de natação foi eficaz em reduzir o ganho de peso em animais controles, mas não naqueles de ninhada reduzida.

INTRODUCTION: Overfeeding in early life can persistently modify consumption and body weight. Adoption of exercise is one useful strategy to prevent excessive weight gain. OBJECTIVE: to assess body growth and feed efficiency in rats from reduced litters during lactation. METHODS: On day 3 of life, litters were formed with 4 (GN4) or 10 animals (GN10) (n = 25). When weaned, Wistar male rats were kept in individual cages and at day 60 (± 2) they were divided into sedentary (SED) and exercised (NAT), forming thus four groups: GN4SED; GN10SED; GN4NAT and GN10NAT. Assessment consisted of weight, weight gain and specific rate of weight gain, epididymal fat, Body Mass and Lee Indices, consumption and feed efficiency, blood glucose and lactemia. RESULTS: At day 21, GN4 had body weight 52 percent above GN10 (P = 0.001). However, at days 30 and 60, their weight was not different. At the end of the period, GN10NAT showed lower weight (356.82 ± 23.04) that GN10SED (409.28 ± 17.30), but GN4NAT was heavier (417.85 ± 37.91) than GN4SED (413.69 ± 57.45) and GN10NAT. GN4 presented higher rate of weight gain during lactation, but slower after weaning. Regardless of litter size, rate of weight gain reduces as age progresses. At the end of this period, blood glucose, total and relative epididymal fat, and Lee and BMI indices did not differ between groups. Pre and post-exercise lactate values are consistent with moderate effort. In periadolescence, GN4 showed lower food intake, but with no differences in adulthood. CONCLUSION: Reduced litter during lactation did not affect body weight or food intake persistently. However, the swimming protocol was effective in reducing weight gain in control animals, but not in animals from reduced litters.

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Se evaluó la transmisión congénita de Trypanosoma cruzi en crías de ratas Wistar con infección aguda. Las ratas fueron inyectadas intraperitonealmente con 1,5x10(4) tripomastigotes metacíclicos de la cepa I/PAN/VE/00/PLANALTO linaje TcI. La parasitemia fue significativamente mayor (P<0,05) en las ratas infectadas preñadas (IP) que en las ratas infectadas vírgenes (IV). Las crías de las ratas IP a los 15, 30, 45 y 60 días de nacidas (dn) no mostraron tripanosomas circulantes. El ensayo ELISA reveló aumento progresivo de IgM anti-T. cruzi en el suero de 6 crías (24%) de las ratas IP entre los 15 y 60 dn. La IgG anti-T. cruzi disminuyó progresivamente en las crías de ratas IP y fueron negativos a los 60 dn. Cortes de corazón y músculo esquelético del 15% de las crías con 60 dn de las ratas IP mostraron antígeno de T. cruzi con PAP. ADN de T. cruzi fue detectado por PCR en el suero de 4 crías (16%) a los 60 dn de ratas IP. La presencia de anticuerpos IgM anti- T. cruzi y ADN del parásito en las crías de ratas con infección aguda, pueden ser considerados como un criterio de infección congénita en las crías sin parasitemia patente.

Congenital Trypanosoma cruzi transmission was evaluated in pups of Wistar rats with acute Chagas infection. The rats were injected intraperitoneally with 1.5 x 10(4) metacyclic tripomastigotes from the I/PAN/VE/00/PLANALTO strain TcI lineage. Parasitemia was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the pregnant infected rats (PI) than in the infected virgin rats (VI). The offspring of the PI rats at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after birth (ab) did not show circulating trypanosomes. An ELISA test revealed progressive increase of anti-T. cruzi IgM in the serum of pups (24%) of the PI rats between 15 and 60 days. Anti-T. cruzi IgM decreased progressively in the PI pups and became negative at 60 ab. Heart and skeletal muscle sections of 15% of the pups of the PI rats at 60 ab showed T. cruzi antigen with PAP. T. cruzi DNA was detected through PRC in the serum of 4 pups (16%) of PI rats at 60 ab. Presence of anti-T. cruzi IgM and parasite DNA in the pups of rats with acute infection can be considered as a criterion of congenital infection in pups without evident parasitemia.