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Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: el soporte ventilatorio invasivo es una medida terapéutica de uso común en las unidades de cuidados intensivos; una vez aliviada la enfermedad que ocasionó el apoyo ventilatorio se inicia con el retiro de esta modalidad. Cuando se realiza el retiro puede ocurrir una extubación fallida incluso en 20% de los pacientes, requiriendo reintubación. OBJETIVO: reportar la frecuencia de extubación fallida en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Adultos del Hospital 1° de Octubre del ISSSTE. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio analítico, observacio4nal y transversal, realizado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, en el que se analizaron expedientes en el periodo del 1 de marzo de 2014 al 28 de febrero de 2015, con apoyo de ventilación mecánica invasiva por más de 24 horas y que se extubaron después de una prueba de ventilación espontánea exitosa. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 146 expedientes, 74 (51%) fueron de pacientes del sexo femenino, con promedio de edad de 56 años. Las indicaciones de la ventilación mecánica fueron: estado de choque, n=44 (30%), posquirúrgicos, n=40 (27%). El porcentaje de falla del retiro de la ventilación fue de 18%. El riesgo de prevalencia de extubación fallida fue: midazolam OR 4.8 (IC95% 1.56-14.8, p=0.002), obesidad OR 2.5 (IC95% 1.07-6.16), deterioro neurológico como indicación de ventilación OR 6 (IC95% 3.14-11.8), acidosis metabólica OR 5.2 (IC95% 1.2-22.6). CONCLUSIONES: la prevalencia de extubación fallida en nuestra unidad de cuidados intensivos es de 18%, similar a lo reportado en la bibliografía.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Invasive ventilatory support is a therapeutic measure commonly used in the Intensive Care Units, cured the disease that caused the ventilatory support begins with withdrawal of this modality. Once the withdrawal is performed, a failed extubation can occur in up to 20% of patients, requiring reintubation. OBJECTIVE: To report the frequency of failed extubation in the Adult Intensive Care Unit from the Hospital 1° de Octubre, ISSSTE, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An analytical, observational and transversal study was made in the intensive care unit; files were analyzed in the period from March 1st, 2014 to February 28, 2015, with support of mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours and extubated after a successful spontaneous breath trail. RESULTS: One hundred forty-six records were identified, 74 (51%) were female, with a mean age of 56 years. The indications for mechanical ventilation were: shock state 44 (30%), postoperative 40 (27%). The percentage of ventilation withdrawal failure was 18%. The risk of prevalence for failed extubation: for midazolam OR 4.8 (95% CI 1.56-14.8, p=0.002), obesity OR 2.5 (95% CI 1.07-6.16), neurological deterioration as an indication of ventilation OR 6 (95% CI 3.14-11.8), metabolic acidosis OR 5.2 (95% CI 1.2-22.6). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of failed extubation in our intensive care unit is 18%, similar to that reported in the literature.

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BACKGROUND: Decreased accuracy of the rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) can stem from 1) the method used to obtain this index, 2) duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), and 3) the established cutoff point. The objective was to evaluate the values of RSBI determined by three different methods, using distinct MV times and cutoff points. METHODS: This prospective study included 40 subjects. Before extubation, three different methods were employed to measure RSBI: pressure support ventilator (PSV) (PSV = 5 - 8 cm H2O; positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) = 5 cm H2O) (RSBI_MIN), automatic tube compensation (ATC) (PSV = 0, PEEP = 5 cm H2O, and 100% tube compensation) (RSBI_ATC), and disconnected MV (RSBI_SP). The results were analyzed according to the MV period (less than or over 72 h) and to the outcome of extubation (< 72 h, successful and failed; > 72 h successful and failed). The accuracy of each method was determined at different cutoff points (105, 78, and 50 cycles/min/L). RESULTS: The RSBI_MIN, RSBI_ATC, and RSBI_SP values in the group < 72 h were 38 ± 18, 45 ± 26 and 55 ± 22; in the group > 72 h, RSBI_SP value was higher than those of RSBI_ATC and RSBI_MIN (78 ± 29, 51 ± 19 and 39 ± 14) (P < 0.001). For patients with MV > 72 h who failed in removing MV, the RSBI_SP was higher (93 ± 28, 58 ± 18 and 41 ± 10) (P < 0.000), with greater accuracy at cutoff of 78. CONCLUSION: RSBI_SP associated with cutoff point < 78 cycles/min/L seems to be the best strategy to identify failed extubation in subjects with MV for over 72 h.

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Introducción: la aplicación de protocolos de separación de la ventilación mecánica parece ser ventajosa aunque los resultados reportados son contradictorios. Objetivo: introducir y evaluar la eficacia de un protocolo de destete dirigido por enfermeros intensivistas para disminuir la letalidad y la duración de la ventilación mecánica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental (modalidad antes y después) en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Lenin de Holguín entre noviembre de 2009 y abril de 2010. Se evaluaron 135 pacientes consecutivos que recibieron ventilación mecánica invasiva >24 h; se excluyeron aquellos con lesiones medulares por encima de C4 y los enfermos terminales. Los pacientes estables clínica y gasométricamente fueron incluidos en el protocolo de separación de la ventilación mecánica. Una hora después de iniciarse el ensayo de ventilación espontánea, se aplicó el índice de respiraciones rápidas superficiales (IRRS) y se consideró exitoso el destete después de 24 h respirando espontáneamente. Las variables discretas se compararon con la prueba de Chi cuadrado y las continuas con t-Student para α=0,05. Resultados: de 135 pacientes evaluados, 66 fueron incluidos. El 65,2 % eran hombres, la edad media fue de 59,4±16,9 años y tenían menor APACHE II (19,9±8,0 vs. 25,4±7,1, p<0,001) que los que no se incluyeron. La primera causa de ventilación mecánica fue el coma. La separación fue exitosa en el 81,8 % aplicando el protocolo (p<0,001). El IRRS no mostró diferencias entre los que fueron separados exitosamente y el resto. Durante la implementación del protocolo se redujo la duración de la VM (6,8±5,9 vs. 5,4±4,5 días, p=0,035) y la letalidad disminuyó aunque sin diferencias significativas (66,9 % vs. 57,8 %, p=0,18). Conclusiones: la introducción del protocolo permitió disminuir la duración de la VM pero no la letalidad en ventilados.

Introduction: the implementation of protocols for weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV) seems to be advantageous although results are contradictories. Objective: to introduce and evaluate a weaning from MV protocol directed by for intensive care nurses to decrease lethality and MV duration. Methods: a quasi-experimental research with the patients admitted at Intensive Care Unit from V. I. Lenin General University Hospital between November 2009 and April 2010 was performed. One hundred and five consecutive invasive ventilated patients for more than 24 hours were evaluated. Patients with medullary lesion above C4 and those in terminal stage were excluded. A protocol based on rapid-shallow-breathing index measured one hour after the patient had been removed from MV was evaluated. Categorical variables were compared with Chi squared test and continuous variables with t-Student. Results: of 135 evaluated patients, 66 were included. 65.2 % were males with a mean age of 59.4±16.9 years and lower APACHE II (19.9±8.0 vs. 25.4±7.1, p<0.001). The first cause of MV was coma. Successful weaning using the protocol was observed in 81.1 % (p=<0.001). Rapid-shallow-breathing index did not show significant differences between the successful weaned patients and the rest ones. Although the duration of MV was lower (6.8±5.9 vs. 5.4±4.5 days, p=0.035) during the protocol implementation period compared with the six previous months, lethality showed no significant differences (66.9% vs. 57.8 %, p=0.18). Conclusions: the introduction of this protocol allowed to diminish the duration of MV but did not improve lethality between ventilated patients.

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OBJETIVOS: Comparar e analisar a correlação entre o índice de respiração rápida e superficial (IRRS) determinado com os valores fornecidos pelo software do ventilador mecânico Raphael® e pelo ventilômetro digital. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 22 indivíduos adultos (17 homens e 5 mulheres), intubados, no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Antes da coleta de dados, cada indivíduo foi avaliado, recebeu atendimento fisioterapêutico a fim de promover higiene brônquica e reexpansão pulmonar e foi posicionado em decúbito dorsal elevado em 45º, e depois foram registrados os valores de volume minuto (VM) e frequência respiratória (FR) obtidos pelo ventilador e pelo ventilômetro. O IRRS foi calculado pela relação FR/volume corrente (VC). Aplicou-se o teste t-pareado para comparação das variáveis relacionadas. Utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) para mensuração da replicabilidade dos escores. RESULTADOS: Observou-se diferença significativa entre o IRRS obtido pelo ventilador mecânico e o obtido pelo ventilômetro (p-valor=0,011) e concordância moderada para VM (CCI=0,74), alta concordância para FR (CCI=0,80), VC (CCI=0,79) e IRRS (CCI=0,86). Para todas as variáveis, o p-valor foi menor que 0,05. CONCLUSÕES: Houve concordância estatisticamente significativa entre o IRRS calculado pelos valores registrados no ventilador mecânico e pela ventilometria Artigo registrado no Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) sob o número ACTRN12610000756022.

OBJECTIVES: To compare and to analyze whether the values of rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) determined by a ventilator display and a digital ventilometer were correlated. METHODS: Twenty-two adult patients (17 males and 5 females) in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery and in mechanical ventilation were studied. Prior to the data collection, each patient was evaluated, received physical therapy, in order to promote bronchial hygiene and pulmonary reexpansion, and was positioned in elevated dorsal recumbent at 45º. After these procedures, minute ventilation (MV) and respiratory rate (RR) obtained from mechanical ventilator display and digital ventilometer were recorded. The RSBI was calculated by the ratio of RR and tidal volume (VT). Paired t-test was used to compare related variables. The intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to measure the reproducibility of the scores. RESULTS: A significant difference was found between the RSBI obtained from the ventilator and by the digital ventilometer (p=0.011). A high agreement for the RSBI (ICC=0.86), for the RR (ICC=0.80) for the VT (ICC=0.79) and a moderate agreement for the MV (ICC=0.74) were observed. The p-value was <0.05 for all variables. CONCLUSIONS: There were a significant agreement between the RSBI obtained from the ventilator display and the digital ventilometer. Article registered on the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) under the number ACTRN12610000756022.

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Esta pesquisa justifica-se na necessidade de maior conhecimento a respeito das técnicas de desmame ventilatório utilizadas em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica prolongada. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a obtenção do índice de respiração rápida e superficial (IRRS) nas modalidades PSV de 10 cmH2O e PEEP de 5 cmH2O (PSV10); CPAP de 5 cmH2O (CPAP5) e em ventilação espontânea (ESP), correlacionando com sucesso ou insucesso na retirada da ventilação mecânica (VM). MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo incluindo 54 pacientes em VM há mais de 48 horas, submetidos ao IRRS em três modos ventilatórios: PSV10, CPAP5 e ESP nos momentos pré e pós-nebulização, utilizando tubo-T. Os pacientes foram retirados da VM quando o IRRS era < 105. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os valores do IRRS obtidos nos momentos pré e pós-nebulização. Houve diferença estatística significativa dos valores do IRRS entre CPAP5 e PSV10 (p = 0,008) e entre a modalidade ESP e PSV10 (p = 0,01) no momento pré-nebulização e dos valores do IRRS obtidos entre CPAP5 e PSV10 (p = 0,01) no momento pós-nebulização. CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo pode-se observar que o valor do IRRS foi superestimado quando obtido na modalidade PSV10. Foi constatado também que não houve necessidade de nebulização de 30 minutos antes da extubação traqueal quando o desmame é realizado com a técnica de redução gradativa da PSV. Este estudo sugeriu que o IRRS foi capaz de prever o sucesso do desmame; entretanto, incapaz de determinar o insucesso quando seu valor fosse < 105. Recomenda-se que o IRRS seja analisado em associação com outros parâmetros preditivos de desmame.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To compare the attainment of the rapid shallow breathing index (IRRS) in modalities PSV 10 cmH2O and PEEP 5 cmH2O (PSV10), CPAP 5 cmH2O (CPAP5) and spontaneous breathing (SB), correlating them with success on failure in the withdrawal of mechanical ventilation (MV). METHODS: Prospective study including 54 patients in MV > 48 hours, submitted to the IRRS in three ventilatory modalities: PSV10, CPAP5 and SB at the moments before and after T-tube spontaneous breathing. The patients were removed from MV when IRRS was < 105. RESULTS: There wasn't statistically significant difference between IRRS values at the moments before and after T-tube SB. There was statistically significant difference IRRS value between the modalities CPAP5 and PSV10 (p = 0.008), and between the modalities SB and PSV10 (p = 0.01) at the moment before T-Tube SB and of IRRS value, gotten between CPAP5 and PSV10 (p = 0.01) at the moment after T-tube SB. CONCLUSIONS: From this sample, it can be observed that IRRS values are overestimated when gotten in modality PSV10. It was also evidenced that there is no need of a 30 min T-tube SB before extubation, when the weaning is performed with the technique of gradual reduction of PSV. This study suggested that IRRS is able to predict weaning success; however it is not able to determine failure when it was < 105. It is recommended that IRRS must be analyzed in association with other predictive weaning parameters.

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