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Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. is associated with nosocomial infections in intensive care unit patients, resulting in high mortality. Although Acinetobacter spp. represent a serious public health problem worldwide, there are a few studies related to the presence of carbapenemases in health care facilities and other environmental settings in Ecuador. The main aim of this study was to characterize the carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. isolates obtained from four hospitals (52) and from five rivers (27) close to Quito. We used the disc diffusion and EDTA sinergy tests to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and the production of metallo ß-lactamases, respectively. We carried out a multiplex PCR of gyrB gene and the sequencing of partial rpoB gene to bacterial species identification. We performed molecular screening of nine carbapenem-resistant genes (blaSPM, blaSIM, blaGIM, blaGES, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-51, blaOXA-58, and blaOXA-143) by multiplex PCR, followed by identification using sequencing of blaOXA genes. Our findings showed that carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii were the main species found in health care facilities and rivers. Most of the clinical isolates came from respiratory tract samples and harbored blaOXA-23, blaOXA-366, blaOXA-72, blaOXA-65, blaOXA-70, and blaOXA-143-like genes. The river isolates harbored only the blaOXA-51 and probably blaOXA-259 genes. We concluded that the most predominant type of carbapenem genes among isolates were both blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-65 among A. baumannii clinical isolates.
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Infecções por Acinetobacter , Acinetobacter , Proteínas de Bactérias , beta-Lactamases , Equador/epidemiologia , beta-Lactamases/genética , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Humanos , Infecções por Acinetobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Acinetobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Acinetobacter/genética , Acinetobacter/isolamento & purificação , Acinetobacter/efeitos dos fármacos , Acinetobacter/enzimologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Rios/microbiologia , Acinetobacter baumannii/genética , Acinetobacter baumannii/efeitos dos fármacos , Acinetobacter baumannii/isolamento & purificação , Acinetobacter baumannii/enzimologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase MultiplexRESUMO
Las especies virales de la familia Coronaviridae presentan transmisión zoonótica y causan infecciones respiratorias y gastrointestinales en aves y mamíferos. En esta familia existen tres especies que han podido infectar diversas poblaciones humanas: SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV y SARS-CoV-2. Este último virus es el agente causal de la enfermedad denominada Covid-19, declarada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como pandemia debido a su forma de transmisión, periodo de latencia y reportes en todo el mundo. En Ecuador, el primer caso de Covid-19 fue diagnosticado el 28 de febrero de 2020 y las medidas sanitarias fueron focalizadas en la suspensión de eventos masivos de forma local. Varios días después, el aislamiento empezó con el decreto del Estado de Emergencia Sanitaria en el que el gobierno central y el municipio de Quito innovaron en medidas de contingencia y prevención. Acto seguido, la imposición de cuarentena y toque de queda nacional inició con la declaración del Estado de Excepción, pero el municipio de Guayaquil no pudo manejar la contumacia ciudadana. Producto de ello, Guayaquil reportó un crecimiento exorbitante de defunciones en hospitales, viviendas y calles de la urbe. Por otra parte, el modelo de gestión establecido en Quito minimizó el impacto de la nueva enfermedad.
Viral species of the Coronaviridae family present zoonotic transmission and cause respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in birds and mammals. Three species of this family managed to infect several human populations: SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. This last virus is the causative agent of the disease called covid-19, declared by the World Health Organization as a pandemic due to its mode of transmission, latency period and reports around the world. In Ecuador, the first case of covid-19 was diagnosed on February 28, 2020 and health measures have focused on suspending massive events locally. Several days later, isolation began with the decree of a State of Health Emergency in which the central government and the Municipality of Quito innovated in contingency and prevention measures. Immediately af terwards, the imposition of the quarantine and the national curfew began with the declaration of the State of Exception, but the municipality of Guayaquil was not able to face the citizen's contumacy. As a result, Guayaquil saw an exorbitant increase in deaths in hospitals, homes and city streets. On the other hand, the management model established in Quito minimized the impact of the new disease.
Espécies virais da família Coronaviridae apresentam transmissão zoonótica e causam infecções respiratórias e gastrointestinais em aves e mamíferos. Três espécies dessa família conseguiram infectar várias populações humanas: SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV e SARS-CoV-2. Este último vírus é o agente causador da doença chamada covid-19, declarada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como uma pandemia devido ao seu modo de transmissão, período de latência e relatos em todo o mundo. No Equador, o primeiro caso de covid-19 foi diagnosticado em 28 de fevereiro de 2020 e as medidas sanitárias concentraram-se na suspensão de eventos massivos localmente. Vários dias depois, o isolamento começou com o decreto de Estado de Emergência Sanitária no qual o governo central e o Município de Quito inovaram em medidas de contingência e prevenção. Imediatamente depois, começou a imposição da quarentena e do toque de recolher nacional com a declaração do Estado de Exceção, mas o município de Guayaquil não foi capaz de enfrentar a contumácia do cidadão. Como resultado disso, Guayaquil registrou um crescimento exorbitante de mortes em hospitais, residências e ruas da cidade. Por outro lado, o modelo de gestão estabelecido em Quito minimizou o impacto da nova doença.
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Background: Although several epidemiological studies of asthma have been carried out in Ecuador in the last two decades, none of these has estimated the prevalence of asthma in adult populations. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of asthma symptoms in adults in the city of Quito and to identify possible associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on subjects older than 18 years residing in the Metropolitan District of Quito. The Global Asthma Network (GAN) questionnaire was applied to collect information on asthma symptoms and sociodemographic and lifestyle data. Bivariate and multivariate analyses with logistic regression were used to identify asthma-related factors. Results: 2,476 subjects answered the questionnaire (80.9% women, mean age 40 years). The prevalence of wheezing in the last 12 months, asthma ever, and asthma diagnosed by a doctor were 6.3%, 1.9% and 1.6%, respectively. The prevalence of rhinitis ever and eczema ever was 13.7% and 5.5%. The presence of mould at home (OR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.48 -3.06; p <0.001), cat at home (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.06 -2.13; p <0.022) and rhinitis at some time (OR: 3.65; 95% CI: 2.53 - 5.29; p <0.022) were associated with the presence of wheezing in the last 12 months. Conclusions: Our study shows that, compared to other cities in Latin America, the prevalence of asthma in adults in Quito is relatively low. Along with the presence of rhinitis, factors related to housing quality are closely linked to the occurrence of asthma in adult populations.
Antecedentes: Aunque en el Ecuador se han realizado varios estudios epidemiológicos de asma en las dos últimas décadas, ninguno de estos ha estimado la prevalencia de asma en poblaciones adultas. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de síntomas de asma en adultos en Quito e identificar posibles factores asociados. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en sujetos mayores a 18 años residentes en la ciudad de Quito-Ecuador. Se aplicó el cuestionario Global Asthma Network para recolectar información sobre síntomas de asma y datos sociodemográficas y de estilo de vida. Para la identificación de factores asociados con asma se utilizó análisis bivariados y multivariados con regresión logística. Resultados: Un total de 2,476 sujetos respondieron el cuestionario (80.9% mujeres, edad media 40 años). La prevalencia de sibilancias en los últimos 12 meses, asma alguna vez y asma diagnosticado por un médico fue de 6.3%; 1.9% y 1.6%, respectivamente. La prevalencia de rinitis y eczema alguna vez fue de 13.7% y 5.5%. La presencia de moho en el hogar (OR: 2.13; 95% IC: 1.48-3.06; p <0.001), gato en casa (OR: 1.06; 95% IC: 1.06-2.13; p <0.022) y rinitis alguna vez (OR: 3.65; 95% IC: 2.53-5.29; p <0.022) estaban asociados con la presencia de sibilancias en los últimos 12 meses. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio muestra que, en comparación con otras ciudades de América Latina, la prevalencia de asma en adultos en Quito es relativamente baja. Junto con la presencia de rinitis, factores relacionados con la calidad de la vivienda están estrechamente ligados con la ocurrencia de asma en poblaciones adultas.
Assuntos
Asma , Rinite , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Sons Respiratórios/etiologia , Estudos Transversais , Rinite/epidemiologia , Asma/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Abstract Background: Although several epidemiological studies of asthma have been carried out in Ecuador in the last two decades, none of these has estimated the prevalence of asthma in adult populations. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of asthma symptoms in adults in the city of Quito and to identify possible associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on subjects older than 18 years residing in the Metropolitan District of Quito. The Global Asthma Network (GAN) questionnaire was applied to collect information on asthma symptoms and sociodemographic and lifestyle data. Bivariate and multivariate analyses with logistic regression were used to identify asthma-related factors. Results: 2,476 subjects answered the questionnaire (80.9% women, mean age 40 years). The prevalence of wheezing in the last 12 months, asthma ever, and asthma diagnosed by a doctor were 6.3%, 1.9% and 1.6%, respectively. The prevalence of rhinitis ever and eczema ever was 13.7% and 5.5%. The presence of mould at home (OR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.48 -3.06; p <0.001), cat at home (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.06 -2.13; p <0.022) and rhinitis at some time (OR: 3.65; 95% CI: 2.53 - 5.29; p <0.022) were associated with the presence of wheezing in the last 12 months. Conclusions: Our study shows that, compared to other cities in Latin America, the prevalence of asthma in adults in Quito is relatively low. Along with the presence of rhinitis, factors related to housing quality are closely linked to the occurrence of asthma in adult populations.
Resumen Antecedentes: Aunque en el Ecuador se han realizado varios estudios epidemiológicos de asma en las dos últimas décadas, ninguno de estos ha estimado la prevalencia de asma en poblaciones adultas. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de síntomas de asma en adultos en Quito e identificar posibles factores asociados. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en sujetos mayores a 18 años residentes en la ciudad de Quito-Ecuador. Se aplicó el cuestionario Global Asthma Network para recolectar información sobre síntomas de asma y datos sociodemográficas y de estilo de vida. Para la identificación de factores asociados con asma se utilizó análisis bivariados y multivariados con regresión logística. Resultados: Un total de 2,476 sujetos respondieron el cuestionario (80.9% mujeres, edad media 40 años). La prevalencia de sibilancias en los últimos 12 meses, asma alguna vez y asma diagnosticado por un médico fue de 6.3%; 1.9% y 1.6%, respectivamente. La prevalencia de rinitis y eczema alguna vez fue de 13.7% y 5.5%. La presencia de moho en el hogar (OR: 2.13; 95% IC: 1.48-3.06; p <0.001), gato en casa (OR: 1.06; 95% IC: 1.06-2.13; p <0.022) y rinitis alguna vez (OR: 3.65; 95% IC: 2.53-5.29; p <0.022) estaban asociados con la presencia de sibilancias en los últimos 12 meses. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio muestra que, en comparación con otras ciudades de América Latina, la prevalencia de asma en adultos en Quito es relativamente baja. Junto con la presencia de rinitis, factores relacionados con la calidad de la vivienda están estrechamente ligados con la ocurrencia de asma en poblaciones adultas.
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Newborns show physiological differences in low- and high-altitude settings of Ecuador; those differences are especially relevant because most important cities in Ecuador are located at high altitude, above 2500 m. This study is an epidemiological, observational, and cross-sectional research performed at San Francisco Hospital in Quito (at 2850 m) and General Hospital in Manta (at 6 m) in the Manabí province. We studied 204 full-term newborns, healthy without any prenatal comorbidities, singleton pregnancy, mestizos, and born of healthy parents born. We found significant differences between the values of red blood cells (RBC), leucocytes, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. There was a difference of 27% more in RBC, 3% at hematocrit, and 0.4 g at hemoglobin in the high-altitude cohort. The leucocyte difference is 1270 cells/µl, which means a difference of 6%. At high-altitude settings, the mean pH was lower than normal values and pO2, pCO2, and HCO3. High-altitude newborns showed RBC of > 4,500,000 cells/µl; leukocytes > 19,000; pO2 ≤ 72 mm Hg; hemoglobin > 17.50 g/dl; and hematocrit > 54%. Both cohorts showed physiological changes of transition to extrauterine life. We observed higher polycythemia, respiratory acidosis, and hypoxemia among high-altitude newborns. High-altitude setting intensifies the physiological changes in hematological and arterial blood gases parameters.
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Altitude , Hemoglobinas , Estudos Transversais , Equador/epidemiologia , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Recém-NascidoRESUMO
The reliability of Araucaria heterophylla needles as a biomonitor was evaluated by analyzing the concentration of metals in PM10 filters and in Araucaria heterophylla needles. The sampling campaign was carried out at two sites in the city of Quito, Ecuador, in 2017-2019. Concentrations of Cr, Cu, K, Mn, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, Al and Mg were determined in PM10 filters and in Araucaria heterophylla needles using an Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The annual mean concentrations of PM10 ranged between 24.9 and 26.3 µg m-3, exceeding the limit established by the World Health Organization (20 µg m-3). Statistical analyses, performed for the PM10 filters, showed that dust resuspension and anthropogenic activities were important sources for PM10 emissions in the city. Metals related to natural emissions (Ca, Mg, K, Al and Fe) dominated in both types of samples, while the minor metals were those related to anthropogenic emissions (Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb). The former were positively associated with the needle samples, while the latter were associated with PM10 filters. This work not only improved scientific knowledge on the concentrations of PM10 and metals in the Andean city of Quito, but also greatly contributed to the progress of research on the use of Araucaria heterophylla needles as a biomonitor.
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The COVID-19 lockdown presented a peculiar opportunity to study a shift in the photochemical regime of ozone production in Quito (Ecuador) before and after mobility restrictions. Primary precursors such as NO and CO dropped dramatically as early as 13 March 2020, due to school closures, but ambient ozone did not change. In this work we use a chemical box model in order to estimate regimes of ozone production before and after the lockdown. We constrain the model with observations in Quito (ozone, NOx, CO, and meteorology) and with estimations of traffic-associated VOCs that are tightly linked to CO. To this end, we use the closest observational data of VOC/CO ratios at an urban area that shares with Quito conditions of high altitude and is located in the tropics, namely Mexico City. A shift in the chemical regime after mobility restrictions was evaluated in light of the magnitude of radical losses to nitric acid and to hydrogen peroxide. With reduced NOx in the morning rush hour (lockdown conditions), ozone production rates at 08:30-10:30 increased from 4.2-17 to 9.7-23 ppbv h-1, respectively. To test further the observed shift in chemical regime, ozone production was recalculated with post-lockdown NOx levels, but setting VOCs to pre-lockdown conditions. This change tripled ozone production rates in the mid-morning and stayed higher throughout the day. In light of these findings, practical scenarios that present the potential for ozone accumulation in the ambient air are discussed.
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Vegetables are one of the most important components in the human diet, but despite their multiple nutritional components, studies have demonstrated the presence of trace metals in their edible parts. In Ecuador, two of the most consumed crops are tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The importance of these two crops in the Ecuadorian diet, especially in large and touristic locations like the Metropolitan District of Quito, implies food safety-related concerns for locals and visitors. However, no previous studies have quantified the cadmium and lead levels in these two vegetables using samples from Quito markets. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the cadmium and lead content in both tomato and lettuce products from main nonorganic and organic markets in Quito using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the cadmium levels were lower than 0.058 in tomatoes and 0.034 mg/kg in lettuce, which are under the respective threshold values (0.100 and 0.200 mg/kg). Regarding lead, levels lower than 0.066 mg/kg were detected in lettuce, which did not exceed the CXS 193-1995 threshold value, while levels in tomatoes were near or exceeded the threshold value (0.100 mg/kg) from four markets (0.209, 0.162, 0.110, 0.099 mg/kg), suggesting a possible risk from tomato consumption. In addition, most vegetables marketed as organic had higher metal content than those coming from nonorganic markets. Based on these results, local health and commercial control authorities should monitor contaminants in food products sold in Quito and other places in Ecuador to ensure their safety.
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In recent years, the problem of microplastic pollution has begun to receive more attention. Currently, it is known that these particles, less than 5 mm in diameter, can lead to problems for both ecosystems and human health due to the toxicity of their components. In spite of this, research on this topic has focused mainly on the oceans, leaving aside rivers, which are the main source of these pollutants to oceans. Additionally, information is limited to certain rivers in countries of the northern hemisphere where wastewater treatment plants can retain up to 80% of microplastics. In South America, microplastic pollution is practically unknown, and wastewater treatment in several areas is still limited. This study focused on quantifying the microplastics present in the upper basin of the Guayllabamba River, in the Tropical Andes, a biodiversity hotspot. This basin is where the capital city of Ecuador, Quito, is located. Less than 10% of the wastewater in Quito is treated and the rest is dumped to rivers without treatment. We performed a physical analysis of microplastics, by weight and by category of microplastic, in various sampling points before and after urban areas. We found microplastic pollution beginning in the headwaters of the basin, with significant increases in urban areas of the Metropolitan District of Quito. Values of suspended microplastics in rivers after urban areas were higher than those recorded in the literature. Plastic levels in sediment were also higher after urban areas. Microplastics were highly correlated with other water pollutants, showing the prevailing necessity of wastewater treatment plants, because all of this pollution is dumped into rivers that flow from 2800 m a.s.l. to highly diverse freshwater ecosystems and human populations located downstream that depend on these aquatic sources, and finally to the Pacific Ocean.
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Introducción: el Ecuador es un lugar endémico de patología de la glándula tiroides, el cáncer tiroideo se encuentra dentro de las cinco neoplasias tanto en hombres como mujeres y el hipotiroidismo presenta una mayor incidencia comparada con otros países con mayor población en Sudamérica como Brasil y Perú. Objetivo: describir la relación entre hipotiroidismo y carcinoma de tiroides en el Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez en los años 2014 a 2017. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal. Los datos se obtuvieron de las historias clínicas registradas en estadística. Resultados: se registraron 105 casos de cáncer de tiroides: 15 varones (14.3%) y 90 mujeres (85.7%). En los paraclínicos prevaleció el hipotiroidismo subclínico con promedio de TSH (tirotropina): de 5.5 uUl/mL y FT4 (tetrayodotironina libre) de 0.9 ng/dL, un 62% de los pacientes con cáncer de tiroides presentó alteración de la TSH: (50.5%) con hipotiroidismo subclínico y un (11.4%) con hipotiroidismo manifiesto. Conclusión: la neoplasia de tiroides se asoció en mayor porcentaje con hipotiroidismo subclínico.
Introducction: Ecuador is an endemic place of thyroid pathology, thyroid cancer is within the five neoplasms in men and women and hypothyroidism has a higher incidence compared to other countries with greater population in South America like Brazil and Peru. Objective: to describe the relationship between hypothyroidism and thyroid carcinoma at the Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez in the years 2014 to 2017. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in Quito-Pichincha-Ecuador. Data were obtained from clinical records registered in statistics. Results: 105 cases of thyroid cancer were reported: 15 men (14.3%) and 90 women (85.7%). In the paraclinics, subclinical hypothyroidism with an average of TSH prevailed: 5.5 uUl / mL and FT4 of 0.9 ng / dL. 62% of patients with thyroid cancer had TSH alteration: (50.5 %) with subclinical hypothyroidism and (11.4%) with symptomatic hypothyroidism. Conclusion: thyroid neoplasia was associated with subclinical hypothyroidism.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide , Tireotropina , Hipotireoidismo , EquadorRESUMO
Surface ozone is problematic to air pollution. It influences respiratory health. The air quality monitoring stations measure pollutants as surface ozone, but they are sometimes insufficient or do not have an adequate distribution for understanding the spatial distribution of pollutants in an urban area. In recent years, some projects have found a connection between remote sensing, air quality and health data. In this study, we apply an empirical land use regression (LUR) model to retrieve surface ozone in Quito. The model considers remote sensing data, air pollution measurements and meteorological variables. The objective is to use all available Landsat 8 images from 2014 and the air quality monitoring station data during the same dates of image acquisition. Nineteen input variables were considered, selecting by a stepwise regression and modelling with a partial least square (PLS) regression to avoid multicollinearity. The final surface ozone model includes ten independent variables and presents a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.768. The model proposed help to understand the spatial concentration of surface ozone in Quito with a better spatial resolution.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar/estatística & dados numéricos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Ozônio/análise , Tecnologia de Sensoriamento Remoto , Poluição do Ar/análise , Equador , MeteorologiaRESUMO
La solicitud inadecuada de estudios médicos basados en imágenes es un problema en Ecuador y otros países. El estudio se realizó con el objetivo de establecer el nivel de conocimientos de 125 internos rotativos de un hospital de Quito, procedentes de varias universidades locales, en el uso de estudios imagenológicos. Ellos tuvieron en general un bajo desempeño en la prueba de conocimientos, por lo que se recomienda instaurar el uso de criterios más apropiados en la enseñanza de radiología en las universidades.
Wrong application of medical image studies is an issue in Ecuador and other countries. This study was done to stablish the level of knowledge on image studies of 125 fellows from several local universities working at a hospital in Quito. The results show low performance in the knowledge test, therefore recomendation is to establish better teaching criteria on radiology subject at Universities.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Radiologia , Estudantes Pré-Médicos , Usos Terapêuticos , Serviço Hospitalar de Registros MédicosRESUMO
Zinc is an important mineral for biological and physiological processes. Zinc deficiency (ZD) is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies worldwide and a crucial determinant of pregnancy outcomes and childhood development. Zinc levels and the zinc supplementation rate among lactating women have not been assessed neither in Ecuador nor in the Andean region. We conducted a pilot study including 64 mothers of infants between eight days to seven months old from a primary care center located in Conocoto, a peri-urban community of Quito, Ecuador. The mothers were interviewed and a fasting blood sample was taken to determine plasma zinc levels. The prevalence of ZD was calculated and compared with the prevalence of ZD among Ecuadorian non-pregnant non-lactating women, and the sample was analysed considering zinc supplementation during pregnancy. The prevalence of ZD among the participants was 81.3% (95% CI: 71.7â»90.9), higher than the reported among non-pregnant non-lactating women (G² = 18.2; p < 0.05). Zinc supplementation rate was 31.2%. No significant differences were found comparing the groups considering zinc supplementation. The insights obtained from this study encourage extending studies to document zinc levels and its interactions among breastfeeding women in areas with a high prevalence of ZD in order to determine the need of zinc supplementation.
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Deficiências Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais , Lactação , Saúde Materna , Saúde da População Urbana , Zinco/deficiência , Zinco/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Deficiências Nutricionais/sangue , Equador/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Gravidez , Prevalência , Adulto Jovem , Zinco/sangueRESUMO
Antecedentes: Las asimetrías mandibulares se consideran variaciones morfológicas que pueden ser imperceptibles o asociarse a maloclusiones, trastornos temporomandibulares y asimetrías faciales. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de asimetría vertical mandibular en radiografías panorámicas de pacientes atendidos en el centro quirúrgico de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central del Ecuador, mediante el análisis de Habets. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo para analizar radiografías panorámicas de pacientes mayores de 15 años que presentaron dentición definitiva completa y asistieron a consulta durante los 3 últimos años. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 680 radiografías que correspondían 309 a pacientes hombres y 371 mujeres, con una edad promedio de 22,02 años. Se utilizaron la prueba de Chi cuadrado para evaluar la asociación de las asimetrías encontradas en cada una de las variables dependientes con la edad y sexo del paciente, y las de Mann-Whitney y Kruskal Wallis para la distribución de las variables (intervalo de confianza del 95 %, p<0,05). Resultados: La prevalencia de asimetrías verticales condilares fue del 70,3 %, las de rama 38,7 % y la de cóndilo-rama 30,7 %. Estos valores presentaron mayor tendencia hacia el lado izquierdo. Conclusión: El índice de asimetría de Habets con un corte del 3 % mostró una prevalencia de asimetría condilar en mayor grado, seguida por la asimetría de rama y, menos prevalente, la cóndilo-rama. Estos valores no representaron significancia estadística en relación con la edad y el sexo del paciente.
Background: Mandibular asymmetries are considered morphological variations, which may be imperceptible or linked to malocclusions, temporomandibular disorders, and facial asymmetries. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of mandibular vertical asymmetries through panoramic radiographs of patients treated at the surgical center of the Universidad Central del Ecuador using Habets analysis. Methods: A descriptive and retrospective was conducted to analyze panoramic radiographies of older-than-15-year-old patients who presented complete permanent dentition and were seen within the last 3 years. The sample consisted of 680 radiographs of 309 men and 371 women, with an average age of 22.02 years. Chi-square test was used to analyze the association between asymmetries found for each dependent variable and patients' age and sex. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests were performed to analyze variable distribution (confidence interval of 95 %. p<0.05). Results: The prevalence of vertical condylar asymmetry was 70.3 %, followed by ramus (38.7 %), and condyle- ramus (30.7 %). There was a larger tendency towards the left side. Conclusion: The Habets asymmetry index with a 3 % cut showed a prevalence of condylar asymmetry to a greater degree, followed by ramus asymmetry and condylar-ramus asymmetry. These values did not show statistical significance regarding age and sex.
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Ortodontia , Cirurgia Bucal/métodos , Radiografia PanorâmicaRESUMO
Elemental characterization of fine particulate matter was undertaken at schools and residences in three low income neighborhoods in Quito, Ecuador. The three zones were located in the northern (Cotocollao), south central (El Camal), and south east (Los Chillos) neighborhoods and were classified as zones 1-3, respectively. Forty elements were quantified via ICP-MS analysis. Amongst the geogenic elements, the concentration of Si was the most abundant followed by S, Al, and Ca. Elements with predominantly anthropogenic sources such as Zn, V, and Ni were higher in zone 3 school followed by zone 2 and zone 1 schools. Enrichment factors were calculated to study the role of crustal sources in the elemental concentrations. Geogenic elements, except K, all had values <10 and anthropogenic elements such as Ni, V, Zn, Pb, As, Cr had >10. Principal Component Analysis suggested that Ni and V concentrations were strongly attributable to pet coke and heavy oil combustion. Strong associations between As and Pb could be attributed to traffic and other industrial emissions. Resuspended dust, soil erosion, vehicular emissions (tailpipe, brake and tire wear, and engine abrasion), pet coke, heavy oil combustion, and heavy industrial operations were major contributors to air pollution.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/química , Poluição do Ar , Monitoramento Ambiental , Habitação , Material Particulado/química , Instituições Acadêmicas , Poluição do Ar/análise , Poeira/análise , Equador , Tamanho da Partícula , Pobreza , Análise de Componente Principal , Características de Residência , Solo , Emissões de Veículos/análiseRESUMO
Este es un breve relato sobre la revista más antigua del Ecuador en el campo científico y médico. Este relato histórico habla sobre la visión actual de los manuscritos científicos en el mundo, la historia de la revista, y la revista en nuestros días. La FCM ha publicado a lo largo del tiempo las revistas tituladas Archivos de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, desde el año de 1932 a 1945; la Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (Quito), continuación de los Archivos de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, desde 1950 hasta el presente; la Revista de la Asociación Escuela de Medicina publicada en dos períodos, 1943 a 1950, y de 1962 a 1965; la Revista de Ciencias Fisiológicas, publicada en 1972; la Revista Ciencia de la Asociación Escuela de Graduados, desde 1991 a 1999; la Revista Ecuatoriana de Salud Pública del Instituto Superior de Postgrado en Salud en el año 2005. La Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas es el órgano de difusión oficial de la producción científica de la FCM de la UCE. Busca fomentar una mejor práctica de la medicina, la investigación biomédica y el debate en ciencias de la salud. Por ello, la revista publica manuscritos científicos y comunicaciones sobre aspectos clínicos, educativos y científicos relacionados con las ciencias médicas y la salud en general. Se encuentra indexada en las base de datos LILACS-BIREME, LATINDEX e IMBIOMED. (AU)
This is a brief essay of the oldest journal in Ecuador, in the scientific and medical field. This historical account talks about the current view of the scientific manuscripts in the world, the history of the journal, and the journal in our days. The FCM has published over the years the magazines entitled Archives of the Faculty of Medical Sciences, from the year 1932 to 1945; the Journal of the Faculty of Medical Sciences (Quito), continuation of the Archives of the Faculty of Medical Sciences, from 1950 to the present; the Journal of the Association of the School of Medicine published in two periods, from 1943 to 1950, and from 1962 to 1965; the Journal of Physiological Sciences, published in 1972; the Science Journal of the Graduate School Association, from 1991 to 1999; the Ecuadorian Journal of Public Health of the Higher Institute of Postgraduate in Health in 2005. The Journal of the Faculty of Medical Sciences is the organ of official dissemination of the scientific production of the FCM of the UCE. It seeks to promote better practice in medicine, biomedical research and the debate in health sciences. For this reason, the journal publishes scientific manuscripts and communications on clinical, educational and scientific aspects related to the medical sciences and health in general. It is indexed in the databases LILACS-BIREME, LATINDEX and IMBIOMED. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , História Antiga , Bibliografia de Medicina , Pesquisa Biomédica , Bibliotecas Médicas , Publicações , Equador , História da MedicinaRESUMO
We describe the steps taken and analysis applied in developing a local health policy agenda for the city of Quito, in Ecuador. In 2014, the Health Commissioner's Office of the Municipality of Quito analyzed the city's epidemiological health profiles, social determinants of health, the legal authority of the Municipality, and relevant literature to understand the city's health burden and develop a Ten-Year Health Plan (2015-2025). Results revealed that Quito's population suffered from noncommunicable chronic diseases (diabetes and hypertension) and identified the primary risk factors (poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and resulting overweight or obesity). Other common conditions included respiratory diseases, mental health conditions, deaths and injuries from motor vehicles, violence, and physical insecurity. The plan emphasized health promotion and disease prevention with the aim of transforming citizens' health perceptions with their active participation by fostering public and private intersectoral commitment to improve the quality of life of the population .
Assuntos
Política de Saúde , Governo Local , Formulação de Políticas , Cidades , Equador , Humanos , Avaliação das NecessidadesRESUMO
Resumen: En la revisión retrospectiva se contabilizó un total de 57 casos de cáncer colorrectal (CCR) atendidos en esta casa de salud: 32 (56%) hombres y 25 (44 %) mujeres; el grupo etario con mayor frecuencia es de >40 años; el sitio predominante es el recto (15 casos = 26%). Según el tipo histológico son: adenocarcinomas 47 casos (82%); de acuerdo a la diferenciación histológica la mayoría son moderadamente diferenciados: 24 casos (42%) y, finalmente, según el estadiaje de piezas quirúrgicas, la mayoría son CCR avanzados en estadio T4 (48%).
Abstract: In the retrospective review, a total of 57 cases of RCC attended in this health home were counted, of which 32 (56%) men and 25 (44%) women; The age group is most often 40 years or older. The predominant site is the rectum with 15 cases corresponding to 26%. According to the histological type, adenocarcinomas with 47 cases (82%); according to the histological differentiation of the most moderately differentiated cases with 24 cases (42%); and finally in relation to the set of surgical pieces, most of their children CCR advanced stage T4 (48%).
Assuntos
Humanos , Neoplasias Retais , Colonoscopia , Neoplasias do Colo , Endoscopia , Exame Retal DigitalRESUMO
An air monitoring campaign to assess children's environmental exposures in schools and residences, both indoors and outdoors, was conducted in 2010 in three low-income neighborhoods in Z1 (north), Z2 (central), and Z3 (southeast) zones of Quito, Ecuador - a major urban center of 2.2 million inhabitants situated 2850 m above sea level in a narrow mountainous basin. Z1 zone, located in northern Quito, historically experienced emissions from quarries and moderate traffic. Z2 zone was influenced by heavy traffic in contrast to Z3 zone which experienced low traffic densities. Weekly averages of PM samples were collected at schools (one in each zone) and residences (Z1 = 47, Z2 = 45, and Z3 = 41) every month, over a twelve-month period at the three zones. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 10.6 ± 4.9 µg/m(3) (Z1 school) to 29.0 ± 30.5 µg/m(3) (Z1 residences) and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations varied from 10.9 ± 3.2 µg/m(3) (Z1 school) to 14.3 ± 10.1 µg/m(3) (Z2 residences), across the three zones. The lowest values for PM10-2.5 for indoor and outdoor microenvironments were recorded at Z2 school, 5.7 ± 2.8 µg/m(3) and 7.9 ± 2.2 µg/m(3), respectively. Outdoor school PM concentrations exhibited stronger associations with corresponding indoor values making them robust proxies for indoor exposures in naturally ventilated Quito public schools. Correlation analysis between the school and residential PM size fractions and the various pollutant and meteorological parameters from central ambient monitoring (CAM) sites suggested varying degrees of temporal relationship. Strong positive correlation was observed for outdoor PM2.5 at Z2 school and its corresponding CAM site (r = 0.77) suggesting common traffic related emissions. Spatial heterogeneity in PM2.5 concentrations between CAM network and sampled sites was assessed using Coefficient of Divergence (COD) analysis. COD values were lower when CAM sites were paired with outdoor measurements (<0.2) and higher when CAM and indoor values were compared (>0.2), suggesting that CAM network in Quito may not represent actual indoor exposures.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Material Particulado/análise , Características de Residência , Instituições Acadêmicas , Emissões de Veículos , Adolescente , Poluição do Ar/análise , Altitude , Criança , Cidades , Equador , Monitoramento Ambiental , Habitação , Humanos , Tamanho da Partícula , PobrezaRESUMO
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) remain one the most important pathogens infecting children and they are one of the main causes of persistent diarrhea worldwide. In this study, we have isolated EPEC from 94 stool samples of children under five years old with diarrheal illness in the area of Quito (Ecuador), and we have determined the occurrence of the two subtypes of EPEC, typical EPEC (tEPEC) and atypical (aEPEC), by PCR amplification of the genes eae (attaching and effacing) and bfp (bundle- forming pilus). Typical EPEC is positive for eae and bfp genes while aEPEC is positive only for eae. Our results suggest that aEPEC is the most prevalent subtype in Quito (89.36 %), while subtype tEPEC is less prevalent (10.64 %). [Int Microbiol 19(3):157-160 (2016)].