RESUMO

The objective of this work was to study quality parameters of enriched wheat bread with calcium citrate (Ca3CI2) or lactate (CaLA2) and inulin (In), also to optimize bread formulation. Fermentation time (tf), specific volume (Vs), browning index of crust (BI) and crumb properties (moisture, alveolus, texture) were studied. Generally, tf and Vs decreased with prebiotic increment. Ca3CI2 did not change Vs at equal inulin quantity, whereas with CaLA2 smaller breads were obtained (at 6.5 % In). Moisture of crumbs decreased with an increase in Ca3CI2 (at ≤ 6.5 %); while for CaLA2 was more influenced by the prebiotic. Up to 6.5 % In, the addition of both salts decreased crumb firmness and increased cohesiveness. Using a desirability function, the optimum calcium-prebiotic bread obtained with Ca3CI2 contained 2.40 g/kg Ca and 7.49 % In and with CaLA2 presented 1.33 g/kg Ca and 4.68 % In. Breads of high-quality with higher calcium and prebiotic quantity were able to obtain with Ca3CI2.

RESUMO

Dual energy computed tomography, which consists of the acquisition of two images of a given region of interest using two different x-ray energies, has been used to decompose images. For example, it has been proposed to estimate the degree of stenosis of blood vessels with calcified plaques. Pragmatic realities, though, such as beam hardening, scattered radiation and mostly quantum noise, reduce the ideal of a perfect decomposition. In this study, a dual energy separation method for iodinated contrast media, cortical bone and soft tissue was implemented; afterwards, it was tested in simulated noiseless and noisy situations. The noise propagation was modeled mathematically, and an image-quality optimization technique regarding the right distribution of radiation dose between the high and low energy images was proposed. The results obtained suggest that in the absence of noise and using mono-energetic beams, an accurate separation is possible, but when noise is added and poly-chromatic spectra used this decomposition becomes more challenging.

La tomografía computarizada de dos energías, que consiste en la adquisición de dos imágenes de una región de interés dada usando rayos X de dos energías distintas, ha sido utilizada para descomponer imágenes. Por ejemplo, esta técnica ha sido propuesta para estimar el grado de estenosis de vasos sanguíneos obstruidos con placas de calcio. Sin embargo, fenómenos como el endurecimiento del rayo, la radiación dispersada y principalmente el ruido cuántico, impiden que esta separación sea perfecta. En este estudio, se implementó un método de separación de medio de contraste yodado, tejido blando y hueso cortical; este se evaluó en simulaciones, tanto en presencia como en ausencia de ruido. Posteriormente, se modeló matemáticamente la propagación del ruido y, con base en los resultados de estos modelos, se propuso una técnica de optimización de la imagen basada en la distribución adecuada de la dosis de radiación entre las imágenes de energías alta y baja. Los resultados evidencian que en ausencia de ruido y con rayos mono-energéticos, es posible obtener una separación precisa, pero cuando se adiciona ruido a las imágenes y se trabaja con espectros policromáticos, la descomposición resulta más complicada.