RESUMO

Some of the current challenges faced by the food industry deal with the natural ripening process and the short shelf-life of fresh and minimally processed products. The loss of vitamins and minerals, lipid oxidation, enzymatic browning, and growth of microorganisms have been the main issues for many years within the innovation and improvement of food packaging, which seeks to preserve and protect the product until its consumption. Most of the conventional packaging are petroleum-derived plastics, which after product consumption becomes a major concern due to environmental damage provoked by their difficult degradation. In this sense, many researchers have shown interest in edible films and coatings, which represent an environmentally friendly alternative for food packaging. To date, chitosan (CS) is among the most common materials in the formulation of these biodegradable packaging together with polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. The good film-forming and biological properties (i.e., antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral) of CS have fostered its usage in food packaging. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to collect and discuss the latest development works (over the last five years) aimed at using CS in the manufacture of edible films and coatings for food preservation. Particular attention has been devoted to relevant findings in the field, together with the novel preparation protocols of such biodegradable packaging. Finally, recent trends in new concepts of composite films and coatings are also addressed.

RESUMO

Global growth of the food industry and the demand for new products with natural characteristics, safe conditions and traceability have driven researches for the development of technologies such as intelligent packaging, capable to fulfil those needs. Polydiacetylene (PDA) is a synthetic material that has been highlighted in research field as a sensor substance, which can be used to produce intelligent packaging capable to detect chemical or biochemical changes in foods and in their environment due to PDA's color transition from blue to red. This work focused on the development and optimization of an intelligent packaging constituted of a polymeric matrix of cellulose acetate-based incorporated with PDA as the substance sensor. Cellulose acetate films (3% wt.) were developed by a casting method, and the amounts of triethyl citrate plasticizer (TEC) (0-25% wt. of cellulose-acetate) and PDA (0-60 mg) were analyzed to optimize the conditions for the best color transitioning at this study range. The compound amounts incorporated into polymeric matrices were established according to Central Composite Designs (CCD). Three more design variables were analyzed, such as the polymerization time of PDA under UV light exposition (0-60 min), pH values (4-11) and temperature exposure on the film (0-100 °C), important factors on the behavior of PDA's color changing. In this study, film thickness and film color coordinates were measured in order to study the homogeneity and the color transitioning of PDA films under different pH and temperature conditions, with the purpose of maximizing the color changes through the optimization of PDA and TEC concentrations into the cellulose acetate matrix and the polymerization degree trigged by UV light irradiation. The optimal film conditions were obtained by adding 50.48 g of PDA and 10% of TEC, polymerization time of 18 min under UV light, at 100 °C ± 2 °C of temperature exposure. The changes in pH alone did not statistically influence the color coordinates measured at the analyzed ratio; however, variations in pH associated with other factors had a significant effect on visual color changes, and observations were described. PDA films were optimized to maximize color change in order to obtain a cheap and simple technology to produce intelligent packaging capable to monitor food products along the distribution chain in real time, improving the food quality control and consumer safety.

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The aim of this study was to investigate whether microalgae in Japanese quail feed alters performance, fatty acid profiles in the eggs and egg quality. One hundred quails were distributed in four groups and five replicates of five birds per experimental group. The treatments consisted of four levels of Spirulina platensis microalgae (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) in the diets. We evaluated the productive performance and chemical-physical characteristics of eggs, the oxidant/antioxidant status in egg yolks, and the fatty acid profile in the diet and egg yolks. Microalgae in the diet did not influence egg production; however, it increased the yolk index as well as the color intensity of the yolk. Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels decreased in egg yolks, and monounsaturated fatty acid levels increased in the yolks. Lipid peroxidation levels were lower and total antioxidant capacity was higher in egg yolks of quails receiving microalgae in the diet. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Microalgae in quail diets improves egg quality and provides benefits to consumer health, acting as an antioxidant and immune-stimulant. Microalgae in quail diets had positive effects on egg quality. This is because it reduced levels of saturated fatty acids that are undesirable, and increased monounsaturated fatty acid levels that are beneficial to the health of consumers. Finally, antioxidants increased in egg yolks, consequently reducing lipid peroxidation.

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Com o objetivo avaliar a qualidade sanitária de alimentos artesanais produzidos na região do Alto Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, foram realizadas análises microbiológicas em 49 amostras de alimentos artesanais e analisadas conforme recomendações da legislação vigente. A contagem de bolores e leveduras variou de 1 x 10 a 4,5 x 10³ UFC/g nas amostras de doces e de 1 x 10³ a 5 x 10³ UFC/g nas amostras de rapaduras. Coliformes a 45ºC estavam presentes nas amostras de rapadura com contagem que variou de 1 x 10 a 3 x 10 UFC/g e nas de farinha de mandioca com contagem de 1 x 10 UFC/g. A contagem média de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva em bombons foi de 3,5 x 10² UFC/g e negativa nas demais amostras, assim como a pesquisa de Salmonella sp.. Bacillus cereus apresentou contagem de 10 UFC/g somente na massa da mandioca moída. A contagem média de aeróbios mesófilos foi de 6,0 x 10³ UFC/g nas amostras de caldos de feijão e de mandioca e de 1,0 x 10² UFC/g nas amostras de macarrão massa fresca. Os resultados mostram a necessidade de adoção de praticas adequadas para produção dos alimentos artesanais, visando agregação de valores aos produtos e segurança alimentar para os consumidores.

In order to evaluate the sanitaryquality of the handicraftfood in the areaof Alto Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais,microbiological analysis were performedin 49 samples of handicraft foodand analyzed to check if they are in accordancewith the recommendations ofthe effective regulation. The mould andyeast counting altematedfrom lx/O to4,5 x J(Y CFUlg in the sweet samplesand in block of raw brown sugar hasaltematedfrom iao to 5x to CFUIg. Coliforms in 45°C were present inblock raw brown sugar, and its countingaltemated from 1 x 10 to 3 x 10CFUlg and in the manioc flour the coliformcounting were about 1x 10 CFUIg. The Staphylococcus coagulase positiveaverage counting in candies wereabout 3,5 x 102CFUlg and negative inthe others samples, as well as in theSalmonella sp. investigation, Bacilluscereus showed a counting of 10 CFUIg only in ground manioc. The mesophilesaerobic average counting wereabout 6,0 x lrY CFUlg in broth beansand manioc samples and about 1,0

Assuntos

RESUMO

Com o objetivo avaliar a qualidade sanitária de alimentos artesanais produzidos na região do Alto Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, foram realizadas análises microbiológicas em 49 amostras de alimentos artesanais e analisadas conforme recomendações da legislação vigente. A contagem de bolores e leveduras variou de 1 x 10 a 4,5 x 10³ UFC/g nas amostras de doces e de 1 x 10³ a 5 x 10³ UFC/g nas amostras de rapaduras. Coliformes a 45ºC estavam presentes nas amostras de rapadura com contagem que variou de 1 x 10 a 3 x 10 UFC/g e nas de farinha de mandioca com contagem de 1 x 10 UFC/g. A contagem média de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva em bombons foi de 3,5 x 10² UFC/g e negativa nas demais amostras, assim como a pesquisa de Salmonella sp.. Bacillus cereus apresentou contagem de 10 UFC/g somente na massa da mandioca moída. A contagem média de aeróbios mesófilos foi de 6,0 x 10³ UFC/g nas amostras de caldos de feijão e de mandioca e de 1,0 x 10² UFC/g nas amostras de macarrão massa fresca. Os resultados mostram a necessidade de adoção de praticas adequadas para produção dos alimentos artesanais, visando agregação de valores aos produtos e segurança alimentar para os consumidores.(AU)

In order to evaluate the sanitaryquality of the handicraftfood in the areaof Alto Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais,microbiological analysis were performedin 49 samples of handicraft foodand analyzed to check if they are in accordancewith the recommendations ofthe effective regulation. The mould andyeast counting altematedfrom lx/O to4,5 x J(Y CFUlg in the sweet samplesand in block of raw brown sugar hasaltematedfrom iao to 5x to CFUIg. Coliforms in 45°C were present inblock raw brown sugar, and its countingaltemated from 1 x 10 to 3 x 10CFUlg and in the manioc flour the coliformcounting were about 1x 10 CFUIg. The Staphylococcus coagulase positiveaverage counting in candies wereabout 3,5 x 102CFUlg and negative inthe others samples, as well as in theSalmonella sp. investigation, Bacilluscereus showed a counting of 10 CFUIg only in ground manioc. The mesophilesaerobic average counting wereabout 6,0 x lrY CFUlg in broth beansand manioc samples and about 1,0

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