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Although women with schizophrenia face significant lifelong challenges due to their diagnosis and sex-related issues, those challenges are seldom taken into consideration in their medical treatment and general care. In order to report the needs and desires of a group of women with schizophrenia, we conducted a series of semistructured interviews with nine women diagnosed with schizophrenia and attending outpatient clinics at the Hospital Del Salvador in Valparaíso. Our qualitative study followed a phenomenological design. Using ATLAS.ti software, we performed a content analysis of the interview transcripts, developed a coding frame for each major topic addressed in the interviews, and triangulated the results. Despite presenting with psychotic symptoms, some women received different diagnoses. Although acknowledging the benefits of medication, women also reported concerns about weight gain and body image. All women reported experiences with stigma and self-stigma related to the diagnosis of schizophrenia, and most had experienced childhood trauma, including sexual abuse, parental violence, and/or bullying. Young women with schizophrenia also feared that if they become mothers, then their children might also have schizophrenia and/or that they would be unable to adequately care for them. Women with schizophrenia have different experiences and play different roles in society beyond their psychoses, an understanding that should integrated into more personalized treatments for schizophrenia that consider individual characteristics and needs.
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En los últimos años, se utilizan cada vez con más profusión los estudios de caso como parte de la investigación del paradigma cualitativo. Se aplica como método y también como estrategia para dar respuesta a problemas clínicos, sociales y educativos que difícilmente se pueden abordar desde un modelo más centrado en la explicación de los fenómenos, y no en la comprensión de los mismos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo valorar la contribución de los estudios de caso en la investigación científica, y las potencialidades de su aplicación en el ámbito de la Cultura Física y el Deporte. Mediante el análisis bibliográfico, se valora el estudio de caso, insertado en la metodología de la investigación cualitativa educativa. El investigador lo utiliza según sus objetivos particulares, se exponen estudios de caso en diferentes esferas de actuación de la cultura física y el deporte, de manera que propicia un acercamiento preliminar, se utiliza como método y como técnica en el procesamiento de la información recopilada; también como estrategia investigativa que permite profundizar en casos particulares, en los cuales se analiza y obtiene información valiosa en dependencia del objetivo planificado en la investigación. Se concluye que en el ámbito de la Cultura Física y el Deporte este tipo de investigaciones permite sistematizar estudios particulares distintivos y ejemplarizantes que constituyen una fuente enriquecedora para la docencia, la investigación y las prácticas de entrenadores, psicólogos, deportistas y demás especialistas.
Nos últimos anos, os estudos de caso têm sido cada vez mais usados como parte da pesquisa do paradigma qualitativo. Ele é aplicado como um método e também como uma estratégia para responder a problemas clínicos, sociais e educacionais que dificilmente podem ser abordados a partir de um modelo mais focado na explicação dos fenômenos, em vez de sua compreensão. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a contribuição dos estudos de caso na pesquisa científica e o potencial de sua aplicação no campo da cultura física e do esporte. Por meio de uma análise bibliográfica, avalia-se o estudo de caso, inserido na metodologia da pesquisa educacional qualitativa. O pesquisador o utiliza de acordo com seus objetivos particulares, os estudos de caso são apresentados em diferentes âmbitos de atuação na cultura física e no esporte, de modo que favorece uma abordagem preliminar, é utilizado como método e como técnica no processamento das informações coletadas; também como estratégia de pesquisa que permite um estudo aprofundado de casos particulares, nos quais são analisadas e obtidas informações valiosas, dependendo do objetivo planejado na pesquisa. Conclui-se que, no campo da Cultura Física e do Esporte, esse tipo de pesquisa permite a sistematização de estudos particulares distintos e exemplares que constituem uma fonte enriquecedora para o ensino, a pesquisa e as práticas de treinadores, psicólogos, esportistas e outros especialistas.
In recent years, case studies have been increasingly used as part of qualitative paradigm research. It is applied as a method and also as a strategy to respond to clinical, social and educational problems that can hardly be approached from a model more focused on the explanation of the phenomena, and not on the understanding of them. The aim of this article is to evaluate the contribution of the case studies in scientific research, and the potential of their application in the field of Physical Culture and Sport. By means of the bibliographic analysis, the case study is evaluated, inserted in the methodology of educational qualitative research. The researcher uses it according to his particular objectives, case studies are presented in different spheres of action of physical culture and sport, so that it provides a preliminary approach, it is used as a method and as a technique in the processing of the information collected; also, as a research strategy that allows to deepen in particular cases, in which valuable information is analyzed and obtained depending on the objective planned in the research. It is concluded that in the field of Physical Culture and Sport, this type of research allows systematizing particular distinctive and exemplary studies that constitute an enriching source for teaching, research and practices of coaches, psychologists, athletes and other specialists.
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Research on behavioral and social science has demonstrated that transitions throughout a person's life course, as the life event of becoming a parent, represent an opportunity for dietary changes. However, research in this area has been mostly restricted to developed European and North American countries and has shown ambiguous results. The present work aimed to gain an in-depth understanding on the changes in eating habits caused by the transition to parenthood and to explore factors influencing those changes in Uruguay, a Latin American country. Forty-two in-depth interviews with Uruguayan parents from diverse social-economic backgrounds were conducted. The narrations by the interviewees evidenced mostly positive changes during three stages in the transition: pregnancy, the first months with the baby, and the beginning of complementary feeding. Most informants perceived changes mainly in terms of increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and pulses; increased consumption of homemade meals; and decreased consumption of ultra-processed foods, fast foods, and fried foods. Reasons for these changes included adaptation of meals to the child's needs and schedule, feeling of responsibility for the child's health, and willingness to be a good role model. Factors influencing changes in eating habits were identified in some levels of the socioecological model and included socioeconomic status; price of fruits, vegetables, and fish; low accessibility of good quality fish; perceived time pressure; father's low interest on healthy eating; social support; and access to nutrition information. Findings suggest that parenthood represents a window of opportunity for favorable changes in eating habits. However, barriers constraining those changes should be addressed by stakeholders.
Assuntos
Comportamento Alimentar , Estado Nutricional , Uruguai , Frutas , VerdurasRESUMO
Receiving a diagnosis of depression can have an important impact on the lives of adolescents. However, there is limited information about how youth tackle, attribute meaning to and understand mental health diagnoses. The aim of this study was to explore adolescents' initial reactions after receiving a clinical diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder in the context of a neurobiological study of depression in Brazil. Using a qualitative design, eight Brazilian adolescents were interviewed twice: immediately after a psychiatric assessment and neuroimaging study, in which they were given a diagnosis of depression, and in a follow-up visit 2 weeks later. Interviews were designed to explore the subjective experience of receiving the diagnosis and the impacts of depression on adolescents' lives. Framework Analysis was used to analyze the accounts. Diagnosis was perceived as a reification of an abnormal status, highlighting the role of stigma and the process of disclosing the diagnosis to others. Adolescents reported the multiple sensemaking processes that occurred when they received a diagnosis of depression, and most struggled with the idea that negative emotions would equate their experience with a disorder. The results show that future efforts could enhance clinical assessment processes with adolescents by exploring adolescents' reactions to diagnosis, as well as the support networks available to them, resulting in increased help-seeking behaviors, and diminished social and personal stigma.
Assuntos
Depressão , Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Adolescente , Brasil , Depressão/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/diagnóstico , Humanos , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Estigma SocialRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Comprender las dinámicas mediante las cuales los pacientes significan su experiencia de la depresión. Metodología: Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa, basada en la Teoría Fundamentada. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 10 pacientes diagnosticados de un trastorno del ánimo con episodio depresivo, por el que habían estado en tratamiento psicoterapéutico previamente. Las entrevistas fueron analizadas desde un enfoque descriptivo-relacional, para reconocer las principales unidades temáticas referidas por los participantes y luego identificar sus relaciones y significados subyacentes. Resultados: El significado de la experiencia de la depresión se reveló como un proceso denominado "Construcción subjetiva de la experiencia de la depresión", caracterizado por tres momentos. (1) "La experiencia de un malestar sin nombre"; (2) "Anclaje de la experiencia del paciente en la palabra depresión"; (3) "Apropiación de la experiencia de la depresión". Conclusión: la experiencia de la depresión se presenta como un proceso dinámico de interacción entre el malestar subjetivo y la construcción de significados asociados a él; transitando de una experiencia desconcertante observada en el cuerpo, el ánimo y/o lo conductual, hacia una experiencia elaborable discursivamente, a través de una referencia semántica (depresión) que integra los significados y origina un proceso de apropiación de lo que implica para cada individuo tener depresión o estar deprimido.
Abstract Objective: To understand the dynamics by which patients signify their depressive experience. Methodology: A qualitative methodology was used, based on the Grounded Theory. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 patients diagnosed with a mood disorder with depressive episode, who had been in a psychotherapy treatment about it. The interviews were analyzed from a descriptive-relational approach, recognizing the main thematic units referred by the participants, and then identifying their relationships and underlying meanings. Results: The meaning of "depression" experience was revealed as a process, named "subjective construction of depression experience", characterized by three moments: (1) "The experience of an unnamed discomfort"; (2) "Anchoring the patient's experience in the word depression"; (3) "Appropriation of depression experience". Conclusion: The depressive experience is presented as a dynamic process of interaction between subjective discomfort and the construction of meanings associated to it. Transitioning from a disconcerting experience observed on their body, mood, and/or their behaviour, to something available to be elaborated discursively, through a semantic reference (depression) that integrates them, originates a process of appropriation about what it implies for each individual to be depressed or have depression.
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The perception that food affects our health has increased over the past fifty years in industrialised Western countries. The notion of "healthy food" has become ubiquitous in medical, political, and media discourse as well as in the discourses of the lay population. This study seeks to understand the social representations of "healthy food" of Brazilian, Spanish and French dietitians and young laywomen. A qualitative and comparative methodology based on 131 individual semi-structured interviews was set up. According to the analysis of the discourses, the notion of "healthy food" is ambivalent and polysemic. Scientific-nutritional rationality is not the only way to think about "healthy food". Two main ways of categorising "healthy foods" are observed in the three countries. They are based on eating analysis criteria that referred to diverse value systems and different scientific, symbolic and moral rationalities: on the one hand, a physiological, nutritional and functional conception, and on the other, an "eco-ideological" conception that took into account production, culture and distribution methods. Though dietitians have a greater technical knowledge of nutrients and metabolic processes than laywomen, professionals and young laywomen, mainly within the same nationality, shared similar discourses concerning the notion of "healthy food", revealing patterns that differentiate each nationality. Taking together, the results reveal that although medical-nutritional discourses are disseminated internationally, discourses on "healthy food" are constructed taking into account social, cultural, symbolic and moral dimensions. These discourses are linked to a historical and sociocultural context.
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Alimentos Especializados , Nutricionistas , Brasil , Humanos , Princípios Morais , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Bipolar disorder (BD) is an important factor contributing to rates of higher morbidity and mortality with serious consequences on the quality of life. There is limited literature on life experience of people living with BD in Chile. For this reason, this study examines the life experiences of Chilean clients with BD. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and clients aged 40-65 years, euthymic, with a preserved judgement of reality were included. A thematic analysis was conducted, and two themes and subthemes were extracted. The first theme is the life experiences of the disease, and it comprises the subtheme information about BD, life experiences of relapses (with acute experiences of disease, professional assistance, and prodromal symptom management), accepting the disease, accepting the medication, and being bipolar as a stigma. The second theme is that of family environment, which includes the subthemes of family support, lack of family support, and family crisis resulting from BD. The findings provide evidence to support the importance of accepting the disease, the long-term course of the disease, in addition to pharmacological treatment, which requires interventions from nurses when personal risk factors of acute episodes are identified and addressed. Besides, client and family members have to be actively involved. Future research should examine the relationship between stigma from bipolar disorder, perceptions from family members, and educational interventions from nurses and people affected by BD in Chile.
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Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Chile , Família/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Estigma Social , Apoio SocialRESUMO
Resumo Este artigo discute a produção de conhecimento no campo da saúde pública, desenvolvendo a ideia de pesquisa-apoio como uma modulação da pesquisa-intervenção participativa no campo da saúde. A pesquisa-intervenção participativa foi usada e aperfeiçoada pelo Grupo de Pesquisa Enativos, da Universidade Federal Fluminense, envolvendo a Gestão Autônoma da Medicação (GAM) no campo saúde mental. Nestas experiências os problemas do campo modularam as práticas de pesquisa, cujo sentido era produzir de autonomia e aumentar o grau de participação nas práticas de saúde. Esta pesquisa utilizou-se da mesma abordagem metodológica das pesquisas-intervenções na GAM, na interface entre atenção básica e saúde mental, em uma equipe de consultório na Rua do Rio de Janeiro, chamada POP RUA. Este artigo é um misto de relato e ensaio que analisa a transformação da pesquisa-intervenção em pesquisa-apoio com o POP RUA, propondo o apoio como método para produzir conhecimento nas pesquisas qualitativas, no escopo das pesquisas-intervenção. Tal transformação é possível pois são apoiados os processos de produção de saúde entendidos como inseparáveis de processos de produção de conhecimento e produção de cuidado.
Abstract This article discusses the production of knowledge in the field of public health, developing the idea of research-support as a modulation of participatory intervention research in the field of health. Participatory intervention research was used and perfected by Enativos Research Group of Universidade Federal Fluminense, in the scope of Gaining Autonomy & Medication Management (GAM) in the field of mental health. In these experiments, the production of autonomy and the increase of participation in health practices were in question. The issues of the field have ended up modifying their own research practices. This research used the same methodological approach of the intervention researches at GAM, in the interface between basic care and mental health, in a service of Street Outreach Clinic team (Consultório na Rua); in Rio de Janeiro, called POP RUA. This article is a mixture of report and essay which analyzes the transformation of intervention research into research-support with POP RUA, proposing support as a method to produce knowledge in qualitative research, in the scope of intervention research. Such transformation is possible because health production processes understood as inseparable from processes of knowledge production and care production are supported.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Pesquisa , Saúde Mental , Saúde Pública , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
A discussão sobre estratégias qualitativas de pesquisa encontra-se presente na psicologia social desde a primeira metade do século XX. Entretanto, sob a hegemonia de pressupostos positivistas nesse campo de conhecimento, apenas com a emergência da "crise" da psicologia social, nos anos 1960, que essas estratégias conseguiram alcançar maior legitimação e visibilidade, inclusive na América Latina. Nosso objetivo nesse texto é refletirmos, a partir de uma perspectiva crítica de ciência e da Teoria Democrática Radical e Plural, sobre ser a democracia, como uma forma de sociedade, uma condição de possibilidade para a produção de narrativas e de metodologias participativas. Reflexão feita em torno de dois eixos que se complementam: eixo epistemológico, concebendo o conhecimento como uma prática social; eixo político, abordando o lugar do pesquisador, na relação com os pesquisados, no enfrentamento a relações de dominação.(AU)
The discussion on qualitative research strategies hás been presented in social psychology since the first half of the 20th century. However, under the hegemony of positivistas sumptions in this Field of knowledge, only with the emergence of the "crisis" of social psychology in the 1960s the estrategies achieved greater legitimacy and visibility, inclusive in Latin America. Our objective in this textis, from a critical perspective of science and the Radical and Plural Democratic Theory, to reflect on democracy, as a form of society, as a condition of possibility for the production of narratives and participatory methodologies. This reflection is organized around two complementary axes: epistemological axis, conceiving knowledge as a social practice; and political axis, addressing the place of there searcher, in the relation with there searche dones, in the confrontation with relations of domination.(AU)
La discusión sobre estratégias cualitativas de investigación se encuentra presente em la psicología social desde la primera mitad del siglo XX. Sin embargo, bajo la hegemonía de supuestos positivistas en este campo de conocimiento, solo com la emergencia de la "crisis" de la psicología social, en los años 1960, que estas estrategias lograron alcanzar mayor legitimación y visibilidad, incluso en América Latina. Nuestro objetivo en este texto es reflexionar, desde una perspectiva crítica de ciencia y de La Teoría Democrática Radical y Plural, sobre ser la democracia, como una forma de sociedad, una condición de posibilidad para la producción de narrativas y de metodologías participativas. Reflexión orientada en torno a dos ejes que se complementan: eje epistemológico, concebiendo el conocimiento como una práctica social; eje político, abordando el lugar del investigador, en la relación con los encuestados, en el enfrentamiento a relaciones de dominación.(AU)
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Humanos , Psicologia Social , Política , /métodos , DemocraciaRESUMO
Este artigo discute a proposição de metodologias colaborativas não extrativistas e sua relação com a comunicação a partir da obra de Boaventura de Sousa Santos. Partindo de autores como Orlando Fals Borda e Paulo Freire, Santos questiona as metodologias qualitativas que extraem conhecimentos apartados das lutas sociais e não reconhecem os saberes dos sujeitos investigados. A partir desse referencial e de uma pesquisa sobre documentários produzidos no contexto das lutas sociais contra os agrotóxicos e pela agroecologia, buscamos levantar possibilidades metodológicas relacionais que apontem para processos de colaboração e co-criação. A construção de novas narrativas e conhecimentos dilui fronteiras entre ciência e arte, ao mesmo tempo que resgata e avança na perspectiva freiriana da comunicação enquanto um tornar comum. Entrevistas narrativas e contação de histórias da literatura oral são exemplos dados no artigo que apontam para uma abordagem teórico-poética como alternativa
This article discusses the proposal of non-extractive collaborative methodologies and their relationship to the communication based on the works of Boaventura de Sousa Santos. Based on authors such as Orlando Fals Borda and Paulo Freire, Santos questions qualitative methodologies which extract knowledge that is separated from social struggles, and also they not recognize the knowledge of the investigated subjects. Based on this reference and a research on documentaries produced in the context of social struggles against pesticides and agroecology, we seek to raise methodological relational possibilities that point to processes of co-labor-action and co-creation. The construction of new narratives and knowledge dilutes the rigid boundaries between science and art; moreover, it restores and advances in the Freirean perspective to become the communication a common action. Narrative interviews and storytelling of oral literature are examples given in this article that point to a theoretical poetic approach as an alternative to qualitative methodology
Este artículo discute la proposición de metodologías colaborativas no extractivistas y su relación con la comunicación a partir de la obra de Boaventura de Sousa Santos. Basado en autores como Orlando Fals Borda y Paulo Freire, Santos cuestiona las metodologías cualitativas que extraen conocimientos apartados de las luchas sociales, al mismo tiempo que no reconocen los saberes de los sujetos investigados. A partir de ese referencial y de una investigación sobre documentales producidos en el contexto de las luchas sociales contra los agrotóxicos y la agroecología, buscamos levantar posibilidades metodológicas relacionales que apunten a procesos de co-labor-acción y co-creación. La construcción de nuevas narrativas y conocimientos diluye fronteras entre ciencia y arte, al mismo tiempo que recobra y avanza en la perspectiva freireana de la comunicación mientras un hacer común. Entrevistas narrativas y narraciones de cuentos de la literatura oral son ejemplos dados en el artículo que apuntan para un enfoque teórico poético como alternativa
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Humanos , Arte , Agroquímicos , Comunicação , Documentários Cinematográficos , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Agricultura Sustentável , Agroindústria , Práticas Interdisciplinares , Apoio Social , Conhecimento , Marginalização Social , AprendizagemRESUMO
Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify and comprehend the family aspects associated to the development of an eating disorder (ED), from the point of view of parents with daughters diagnosed with an ED and women diagnosed with an ED. It is a qualitative study where a semi structured interview was used that gathered information about familial support, emotional expression, familial cohesion, problem solving, stressful life events and life cycle transitions, criticism about eating, body shape and weight. The sample comprised nine participants: five parents with daughters diagnosed with an ED, and four women with an ED. A content analysis derived two categories: Difficulties in rearing practices, and Parent's negative attitudes towards daughters eating, shape and weight. Parents showed difficulty with rearing practices during their daughter's childhood and adolescence that hindered the identification of the beginning of the ED. Parents also demonstrated affect by expressing approbation words when their daughters were slim and skipped this same expression for those who weren't. Both aspects were related to the development of an ED. In conclusion, it is highlighted the importance of considering familial aspects in the prevention of ED.
Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar y comprender los aspectos familiares (AF) asociados al desarrollo de un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria (TCA), a partir de la percepción de padres con hijas diagnosticadas con TCA y de mujeres con diagnóstico de TCA. Este estudio cualitativo, con base a una entrevista semi-estructurada, abordó temas como: apoyo familiar, expresión de emociones, cohesión familiar, solución de problemas, situaciones de vida estresantes y de transición en el ciclo vital de la familia, burlas y comentarios negativos hacia la alimentación, la forma y el peso corporal. La muestra constó de nueve participantes: cinco padres de hijas diagnosticadas con TCA y cuatro mujeres con diagnóstico de TCA. El análisis de contenido derivó dos categorías: Dificultades en las prácticas parentales y Actitudes negativas de los padres hacia la alimentación, la forma y el peso de sus hijas. Los padres mostraron dificultades en las prácticas de crianza durante la infancia y la adolescencia de su hija, lo que obstaculizó la identificación del inicio del TCA. Además, los padres expresaban su afecto emitiendo palabras de aprobación cuando sus hijas eran delgadas y omitían expresarlo a las que no lo eran. Ambos aspectos relacionados con el desarrollo del TCA. En conclusión, destaca la importancia de considerar los AF en la prevención de los TCA.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore awareness and perceptions of the sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax implemented in Mexico in 2014 among a sample of Mexican adolescents, and to investigate how the tax has affected their purchases and intake of SSB. DESIGN: Qualitative. SETTING: Semi-structured interviews were conducted in April-May 2016. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. SUBJECTS: Adolescents residing in north-west Mexico (n 29, 55·2 % females), aged 15-19 years. RESULTS: Four main themes emerged: awareness of taxation; perceptions of how the tax has affected SSB intake; reasons why the tax was not perceived to have affected SSB intake; and preferences for substitution of the taxed SSB. Participants were mostly unaware of the tax and perceived that it would not cause reductions in their intake of SSB; they felt that the price increase was low and insufficient to affect intake. Taste preferences and 'addiction' to SSB were highlighted as the main reasons why participants perceived taxation would not affect intake. If SSB prices were to increase further via a higher tax, participants would consider substituting SSB with other beverages, namely home-made drinks (e.g. 100 % fruit juices), non-caloric, instant-flavoured drinks and water. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide important insights into the views of this sample of Mexican adolescents regarding the taxation of SSB, by pointing out several possible limitations of the tax policy in Mexico. These results could inform the design of future interventions directed at Mexican youth that would complement and strengthen the current SSB taxation.
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Atitude , Bebidas , Comportamento do Consumidor , Dieta , Açúcares da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Edulcorantes , Impostos , Adolescente , Adulto , Bebidas/economia , Comércio , Açúcares da Dieta/economia , Feminino , Preferências Alimentares , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , México , Política Pública , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Edulcorantes/administração & dosagem , Edulcorantes/economia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Data is needed about barriers to self-collection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) samples and cytology among low-income, disadvantaged women living in rural areas of lower-income countries as these women are at increased risk of cervical cancer mortality. METHODS: Individual interviews (n = 29), focus groups (n = 7, 5-11 participants) and discussion groups (n = 2, 18-25 participants) were organized with women from three indigenous ethnic groups residing in rural areas in Mexico, after they were provided with free, self-sampled HPV tests. These groups are low-income, underserved by healthcare and have historically been on the receiving end of racism and social exclusion. Descriptive, qualitative content analysis was done, including two cycles of coding. RESULTS: Interview and focus/discussion group data indicate women had limited understanding of HPV's role in cervical cancer etiology. They identified HPV's existence, that cytology detects cervical cancer, the need for regular testing and that cervical cancer is sexually transmitted. Organizational barriers to clinic-based cytology included irregular supplies of disposable speculums, distance to clinics and lack of clear communication by healthcare personnel. Women considered self-collected HPV-testing easy, less embarrassing and less painful than cytology, an opportunity for self-care and most felt they understood how to take a self-sample after a 20-min explanation. Some women feared hurting themselves when taking the self-sample or that they would take the sample incorrectly, which they worried would make the test useless. Attending HPV-testing in groups facilitated use by allowing women to discuss their doubts and fears before doing self-collection of the sample or to ask other women who were the first to do the self-sampling what the experience had been like (whether it hurt and how easy it was). Lack of indoor bathrooms was a barrier to doing HPV self-sampling at home, when those homes were resource-poor (one-room dwellings). CONCLUSIONS: Low-income, indigenous Mexican women residing in rural, underserved areas identified their need for cervical cancer screening but encountered multiple barriers to cytology-based screening. They found a number of advantages of HPV self-sampled tests. Employing self-collected HPV-testing instead of cytology could resolve some but not all gender-related, organizational or technical quality-of-care issues within cervical cancer detection and control programs.
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Indígenas Centro-Americanos , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Pobreza/economia , População Rural , Autocuidado/economia , Esfregaço Vaginal/economia , Adulto , Técnicas Citológicas , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/economia , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/métodos , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/normas , Feminino , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/economia , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/normas , Humanos , Indígenas Centro-Americanos/etnologia , Programas de Rastreamento/economia , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Programas de Rastreamento/normas , México/etnologia , Grupos Populacionais , Pobreza/etnologia , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Autocuidado/métodos , Autocuidado/normas , Manejo de Espécimes/economia , Manejo de Espécimes/métodos , Manejo de Espécimes/normas , Inquéritos e Questionários/economia , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/etnologia , Esfregaço Vaginal/métodos , Esfregaço Vaginal/normas , Adulto JovemRESUMO
El objetivo de este trabajo es reconstruir la carrera moral, es decir, la sucesión de eventos constitutivos de la trayectoria social experimentada por un conjunto de sujetos que pertenecen a una misma categoría social de adultos dependientes. Utilizamos para la reconstrucción de esta carrera, una aproximación cualitativa a partir de relatos de vida obtenidos por medio de entrevistas a familiares y cuidadores de adultos institucionalizados con deterioro cognitivo severo.
The aim of this job is to reconstruct the moral career, that is, the sequence of events that constitute the social trajectory expecienced by a group of subjects belonging to a common social category as dependant adults. For the reconstruction of this career, we used a qualitative approach based on life stories, obtained through interviews with relatives and caregivers of institutionalized adults with severe cognitive impairment.
O objetivo deste trabalho é reconstruir a carreira moral, ou seja, a sucessão de eventos que constituem a trajetória social vivida por um grupo de sujeitos pertencentes à mesma categoria social de adultos dependentes. Utilizamos para a reconstrução desta carreira, uma abordagem qualitativa baseada em histórias de vida obtidas através de entrevistas com parentes e cuidadores de adultos institucionalizados com comprometimento cognitivo grave.
Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Idoso Fragilizado , Institucionalização , Características de História de Vida , Fatores SociológicosRESUMO
Introducción: El envejecimiento es parte integrante y natural de la vida, y aunque todos aspiran a ser miembros de este proceso, alrededor del mismo se tejen representaciones diversas, en tanto diferentes sean los perceptores. Objetivo: Comprender los significados que le atribuye un grupo de ancianos al envejecimiento. Material y Métodos: Investigación cualitativa realizada a través de seis grupos focales, con personas de 60 años y más, de ambos sexos, residentes en el área del Policlínico Ana Betancourt del municipio Playa. Resultados: Los participantes hicieron notar que el envejecer no es necesariamente sinónimo de padecer. Desde sus perspectivas, el envejecimiento les brinda la posibilidad de repasar sus vidas día a día, y junto a ello disfrutar de sus familiares, de su tiempo libre; y aun de que se hagan presentes algunas enfermedades, el control de estas les puede hacer sentir bien. Conclusiones: Si bien los testimonios de los participantes (ancianos y ancianas) podrían mostrarse divergentes en los significados que ellos le atribuyen al envejecimiento, tal variación se argumenta en el hecho de que envejecer es un proceso complejo que difiere de persona a persona, y se encuentra influenciado por todos los factores que giran alrededor de su cotidianeidad; encontrándose como más relevantes lo económico y lo afectivo(AU)
Introduction: Aging is a natural and integral part of life, and although all persons aim to be members of this process, different representations merge into it, whether the preceptors are different. Objective: To understand the meaning that a group of elderly people give to the process of aging. Material and methods: Qualitative research conducted in six focus groups, in people aged 60 years or older, from both sexes, and residents in the area of Ana Betancourt Polyclinic in Playa Municipality. Results: The participants expressed that aging is not necessarily considered to be a synonym of suffering. From their perspectives, aging gives them the possibility to reorganize their lives daily, and beside this, to enjoy their family, their free time, and although suffering from some diseases which can be controlled, to feel well. Conclusions: Even though the testimonies of the participants (elderly women and men) could be different in the meaning that they give to aging, such change is argued on the fact that aging is a complex process that differs from person to person, and is also influenced by all the factors that exist in their daily lives, being the economic and the affective ones the most relevant(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Envelhecimento Saudável/psicologia , Saúde do Idoso , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Grupos Focais/métodos , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
A lo largo de la historia de la ciencia han surgido diversas corrientes de pensamiento tales como el empirismo, el materialismo dialéctico, el positivismo, la fenomenología, el estructuralismo, como diversos marcos interpretativos tales como la etnografía y el constructivismo, que han originado diferentes rutas en la búsqueda del conocimiento. Debido a las diferentes premisas que la sustentan, tales corrientes se han polarizado en dos paradigmas principales o aproximaciones al conocimiento: el paradigma cuantitativo y el cualitativo de investigación. Particularmente dentro de la tradición cualitativa se presenta el denominado enfoque biográfico, el cual propone una mirada diferente sobre la actividad humana en cuanto que ella, debe estar reflejada en el sujeto que la realiza; representa una mirada innovadora, crítica hacia el funcionalismo y el estructuralismo que habían vaciado al hombre de toda capacidad de acción y de imprevisto, bajo la jaula de hierro de la estructura, organismo o sistema (Cornejo, 2006). En tal sentido, el presente artículo tiene como propósito el exponer una reflexión sobre los paradigmas que caracterizan a la búsqueda de conocimiento científico a partir del método biográfico, con el afán de contribuir en los argumentos sobre la relevancia de la investigación longitudinal cualitativa, instalando el interés por abordar las trayectorias laborales de los adultos mayores, como objeto de estudio para las ciencias sociales. Para lo cual, se describirán algunas condiciones que se deben tomar en cuenta al desarrollar dicho enfoque, esbozando la potencialidad de las biografías como herramienta metodológica y de intervención para el trabajo social.
Throughout the history of science have emerged different currents of thought such as empiricism, dialectical materialism, positivism, phenomenology, structuralism, as various interpretative frameworks such as ethnography and constructivism, which have resulted in different routes in the pursuit of knowledge. Due to the different assumptions that underpin such currents have been polarized into two main paradigms or approaches to knowledge: the paradigm quantitative and qualitative research. Particularly within the qualitative tradition called biographical approach, which proposes a different view of human activity in that it occurs, should be reflected in the individual who performs; represents an innovative look, criticism of functionalism and structuralism man who had emptied of all capacity for action and unforeseen under the iron cage of the structure, organization or system (Cornejo, 2006). In this sense, this article aims to expose a reflection on the paradigms that characterize the pursuit of scientific knowledge from the biographical method, with the aim of contributing to the arguments on the relevance of qualitative longitudinal research, installing the interest in addressing the career paths of the elderly, as an object of study for social sciences. For that, some conditions must be taken into account when developing such an approach is described, outlining the potential of biographies as a methodological tool and intervention for social work.
Ao longo da história da ciência, surgiram diversas correntes de pensamento, como o empirismo, o materialismo dialético, o positivismo, a fenomenologia, o estruturalismo, bem como vários esquemas interpretativos como a etnografia e o construtivismo, de que se originaram rotas diferentes em busca de conhecimento. Devido aos diferentes pressupostos que as sustentam, tais correntes têm sido polarizadas em dois paradigmas ou abordagens principais ao conhecimento: o paradigma quantitativo e o qualitativo da pesquisa. Particularmente dentro da tradição qualitativa, apresenta-se a chamada abordagem biográfica, que propõe uma visão diferente sobre a atividade humana de como ela deve ser refletida no indivíduo que a executa. Representa um olhar inovador e crítico ao funcionalismo e ao estruturalismo que haviam esvaziado o homem de toda a capacidade de ação e imprevisto, sob a gaiola de ferro da estrutura, organismo ou sistema (Cornejo, 2006). Nesse sentido, este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma reflexão sobre os paradigmas que caracterizam a busca pelo conhecimento científico baseado no método biográfico, com o objetivo de contribuir para os argumentos sobre a relevância da pesquisa qualitativa longitudinal, instalando o interesse na abordagem do trabalho sobre as trajetórias dos idosos, como um objeto de estudo para as ciências sociais. Para tanto, são descritas algumas condições a serem levadas em conta ao desenvolver tal abordagem, destacando-se o potencial das biografias como instrumento metodológico e de intervenção para o trabalho social.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biografias como Assunto , Serviço Social/métodos , Envelhecimento , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Fatores SociológicosRESUMO
Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore fathers' perceptions about their role in the family, and the characteristics of their involvement in their children's lives in the Colombian context. The sample consisted of 12 Colombian fathers. The study used a qualitative methodology, one-hour in depth interviews were conducted with the participants. Results indicated important changes in the role of fathers and mothers in Colombian families. Fathers' perceptions departed to some extent from the traditional pattern attributed to nuclear families, where men are considered as the only economic provider and authority figure in the family. This departure places fathers in a category we would call "in transition", which includes perceptions of more equitable parental roles within the family and a combination of features from other typologies of fatherhood proposed in the literature. Fathers also reported a desire to participate more at home and to be more involved in their children's lives; they also emphasized the importance of expressing love and affection to their children. Work-family conflict and the impact of the quality of the father-child relationship emerged as important categories in the fathers' perceptions of their role and involvement in the family. In Colombia research on fathers is scarce and family policies mainly focus on mothers as the principal caregiver. A better understanding of fathers' roles and involvement in the family and with children will contribute to the development of programs and policies oriented toward all family members and family relationship systems.
Resumen El propósito de este estudio fue explorar las percepciones de los padres sobre su rol en la familia y las características de su involucramiento en la vida de los hijos en el contexto colombiano. La muestra estuvo conformada por 12 padres colombianos. El estudio siguió una metodología cualitativa en la cual se llevaron a cabo entrevistas en profundidad de una hora de duración con los participantes. Los resultados indicaron cambios importantes en el rol de los padres y las madres en las familias colombianas. Las percepciones de los padres se alejaron en alguna medida del patrón tradicional atribuido a las familias nucleares en las cuales los hombres son considerados como los proveedores exclusivos y las figuras de autoridad de la familia. Esta separación ubica a los padres en una categoría que nosotros llamaríamos "en transición", la cual incluye percepciones de roles parentales más equitativos dentro de la familia y una combinación de rasgos de otras tipologías de la paternidad propuestos en la literatura. Los padres también reportaron un deseo por participar más en sus hogares y por estar más involucrados en la vida de sus hijos. Adicionalmente, ellos enfatizaron en la importancia de expresar amor y afecto a sus hijos. El conflicto entre el trabajo y la familia y el impacto de la calidad de la relación padre-hijo emergieron como categorías fundamentales en las percepciones de los padres sobre su rol e involucramiento en la familia. En Colombia, la investigación sobre los papás es escasa y las políticas de familia se centran principalmente en las madres como cuidadoras principales. Una mayor comprensión del rol de los papás y de su involucramiento en la familia y con los hijos contribuirá al desarrollo de programas y las políticas orientadas hacia todos los miembros de la familia y hacia los diferentes sistemas de relación en el contexto familiar.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Paternidade , Identidade de Gênero , Comportamento Paterno , Colômbia , Políticas Inclusivas de GêneroRESUMO
Este artículo describe las concepciones de trece profesores de segundo ciclo de educación básica, de tres colegios de la Región Metropolitana de Chile, en torno a los estudiantes con talento académico y su educación. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa enmarcada en los principios de la Grounded Theory, y se recolectaron los datos a partir de la aplicación de dilemas y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los resultados muestran el desarrollo cognitivo, social y emocional como marcadores distintivos en niños con talento; el origen del talento como factor determinante; la graduación del talento como factor diferenciador; los ambientes enriquecidos como factores po-tenciadores del talento, y el reconocimiento de un sistema educativo que homogeniza la educación y no reconoce las diferencias. El análisis relacional destaca tres fenómenos que ponen en evidencia una concepción más contemporánea del talento académico: el reconocimiento de niños con talento académico en el aula, el rol del profesor en el desarrollo y potenciación del talento académico y la educación como una oportunidad de movilidad social. Para concluir, se reafirma la necesidad de considerar concepciones menos tradicionales, así como la posibilidad de generar instancias formativas en las que la educación de niños con talento sea responsabilidad de todos los profesores. Asimismo, se señala cómo las limitaciones de este estudio dan apertura a nuevas líneas de indagación.
This article describes the conceptions of thirteen teachers of Middle School about talented students and their education in three different schools of the Metropolitan Region of Chile. A qualitative methodology framed in the principles of Grounded Theory was used, and data was collected from the application of dilemmas and semi-structured interviews. The results show the cognitive, social and emotional development as distinctive trade in talent students, the origin of talent as a determining factor, graduation talent as a differentiating factor, enriched environments as factors that promote talent, and the recognition of an educational system that homogenize the education and doesn't recognize the differences. The relational analysis highlights the recognition of children with academic talent in the classroom, the teacher's role in the development and enhancement of academic talent and education as an opportunity for social mobility as three phenomena that evidence a contemporary talent academic design. In conclusion, reinforces are needed to consider non-traditional conceptions and the possibility to generate training instances in which the education of talent children, is the responsibility of all teachers. It also noted how the limitations of this study provide openness to new lines of research.
RESUMO
Nuestro objetivo en este estudio es describir la representación de la relación terapéutica desde la perspectiva de adolescentes en psicoterapia, y explorar los cambios en esta representación durante la terapia. El diseño es transversal, descriptivo, de carácter cualitativo, sustentado en entrevistas en profundidad. Hemos hecho el análisis con base en la Teoría Fundamentada. La muestra es intencional, y está conformada por 8 adolescentes de Chile de ambos sexos, de edades entre 14 y 17 años, que se encuentran en terapia. Los resultados permiten describir la relación terapéutica como un vínculo con alto componente afectivo y valorado positivamente, que provoca alivio psíquico y corporal, y es representado como un lugar de confianza y protección afectiva. También describimos la transformación de la actitud de los individuos adolescentes, desde la reticencia inicial hasta la confianza y necesidad del espacio terapéutico.
This study aims to describe the therapeutic relationship from the perspective of teenagers undergoing a psychotherapeutic process. It specifically describes the central aspects of the way adolescents represent their relationship with the therapist and it explores how that representation changes over the course of therapy. The methodological design is cross-sectional, descriptive and qualitative, using in depth interviews. Analysis is based on the grounded theory approach, with a deliberate sample of 8 Chilean adolescents between 14 and 17 years old, including both males and females, all of whom are currently undergoing a therapeutic process. Results show that these adolescents perceive the therapeutic relationship as a bond with a strong and positive affective component that produces psychic and physical relief. They also describe a transformation of this bond, from an initial reluctance towards a final phase of trust, and the perception that the therapeutic space is necessary.
Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever a representação da relação terapêutica a partir da perspectiva dos adolescentes em psicoterapia, além de explorar as mudanças nessa representação ao longo do período em que acontece a terapia. A metodologia utilizada é transversal, descritiva, de caráter qualitativo, sustentada com entrevistas em profundidade. A análise é baseada na Teoria Fundamentada e foi realizada com uma amostra intencional de oito adolescentes chilenos, de ambos os sexos, entre 14 e 17 anos, que fazem terapia. Os resultados permitem descrever a relação terapêutica como um vínculo com alto componente emocional e valorizado positivamente, o que provoca alívio físico e psíquico, e que a terapia é representada como um lugar de confiança e proteção emocional. Foi descrita, ainda, a transformação da atitude dos adolescentes a partir da relutância inicial até a confiança e a necessidade de espaço terapêutico.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adolescente , Psicoterapia , Metodologia como AssuntoRESUMO
In this study, an ambiguous loss framework as described by Boss (1999, Ambiguous loss: Learning to live with unresolved grief, First Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) was used to examine and understand the family experiences of Mexican immigrant agricultural workers in Minnesota. Transcripts from interviews with 17 workers in Minnesota and 17 family members in Mexico were analyzed using qualitative methodology to identify experiences of ambiguous loss in the participants' narratives. Key dimensions of ambiguous loss identified in the transcripts include: psychological family, feelings of chronic/recurring loss, finding support, and meaning making. In the category of psychological family, participants in both Mexico and the United States mourned the physical absence of their family members and experienced ambiguity regarding family responsibilities, but worked to maintain their psychological roles within the family. In the category of chronic/recurring loss, participants in both countries experienced chronic worry from not knowing if family members were safe, ambiguity regarding when the immigrant would return, and chronic stressors that compounded these feelings of loss. Participants in both countries coped with both real and ambiguous losses by accessing family support and by using ambiguous communication to minimize worry. Participants in Mexico also accessed work and community-based support. Participants in both countries made meaning of the ambiguous loss by identifying ways their lives were improved and goals were met as a result of the immigration for agricultural work in Minnesota.