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Since its introduction by Ilizarov, the distraction osteogenesis technique has been used to treat trauma-related conditions, infections, bone tumors, and congenital diseases, either as methods of bone transport or elongation. One of the major dilemmas for the orthopedic surgeon who performs osteogenic distraction is establishing a reproducible method of assessing the progression of the osteogenesis, enabling the early detection of regenerate failures, in order to effectively interfere during treatment, and to determine the appropriate time to remove the external fixator. Several quantitative monitoring methods to evaluate the structural recovery and biomechanical properties of the bone regenerate at different stages, as well as the bone healing process, are under study. These methods can reveal data on bone metabolism, stiffness, bone mineral content, and bone mineral density. The present review comprehensively summarizes the most recent techniques to assess bone healing during osteogenic distraction, including conventional radiography and pixel values in digital radiology, ultrasonography, bone densitometry and scintigraphy, quantitative computed tomography, biomechanical evaluation, biochemical markers, and mathematical models. We believe it is crucial to know the different methods currently available, and we understand that using several monitoring methods simultaneously can be an ideal solution, pointing to a future direction in the follow-up of osteogenic distraction.
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Abstract Since its introduction by Ilizarov, the distraction osteogenesis technique has been used to treat trauma-related conditions, infections, bone tumors, and congenital diseases, either as methods of bone transport or elongation. One of the major dilemmas for the orthopedic surgeon who performs osteogenic distraction is establishing a reproducible method of assessing the progression of the osteogenesis, enabling the early detection of regenerate failures,inorder toeffectively interfereduring treatment, andtodeterminetheappropriate time to remove the external fixator. Several quantitative monitoring methods to evaluate the structural recovery and biomechanical properties of the bone regenerate at different stages,aswell as the bone healing process, are under study. These methods can reveal data on bone metabolism, stiffness, bone mineral content, and bone mineral density. The present review comprehensively summarizes the most recent techniques to assess bone healing during osteogenic distraction, including conventional radiography and pixel values in digital radiology, ultrasonography, bone densitometry and scintigraphy, quantitative computed tomography, biomechanical evaluation, biochemical markers, and mathematical models. We believe it is crucial to know the different methods currently available, and we understand that using several monitoring methods simultaneously can be an ideal solution, pointing to a future direction in the follow-up of osteogenic distraction.
Resumo Desde que foi descrita por Ilizarov, a técnica de osteogênese por distração tem sido utilizada para o tratamento de diversas condições relacionadas ao trauma, infecções, tumores ósseos edoenças congênitas, naforma detransporteou alongamento ósseo. Um dos dilemas mais comuns do cirurgião ortopédico que realiza distração osteogênica é o estabelecimentodeum método reprodutível deverificaçãoda progressão da osteogênese, que permita a detecção precoce de falhas no regenerado, para que se possa interferir de formaeficazduranteotratamento,bemcomodeterminarotempoapropriadoderemoção dofixadorexterno.Recentemente,váriosmétodosdemonitoramentoquantitativo,comos quais se poderia avaliar a recuperação da estrutura e as propriedades biomecânicas do regenerado ósseoemdiferentes estágios, alémdoprocessodecicatrização óssea, têm sido amplamente investigados. Por esses métodos, pode-se saber o conteúdo mineral ósseo, a densidade mineral óssea, a rigidez e o metabolismo ósseo. Nesta revisão, resumimos de forma abrangente as técnicas mais recentes para avaliar a cicatrização óssea durante a distração osteogênica, entre elas, métodos como aradiografia convencional e os valores de pixels em radiologia digital, a ultrassonografia, a densitometria e a cintilografia ósseas, a tomografia computadorizada quantitativa, a avaliação biomecânica, os marcadores bioquímicos e os modelos matemáticos. Consideramos fundamental o conhecimento dos diversos métodos à disposição atualmente e entendemos que a utilização de vários métodos de monitoramento simultaneamente possa ser uma solução ideal, que aponte para uma direção futura no seguimento da distração osteogênica.
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Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Estudos de Avaliação como AssuntoRESUMO
This work is mainly aimed at the detection, visualization and description of the scientific collaboration patterns in the Nursing field in Latin America as a response to the lack of evidence on the implications of collaboration and its effects on the scientific influence in the Nursing field. For this purpose, a retrospective quantitative analysis was conducted by including all the publications classified under the code 2900 in All Science Journal Classification Codes of Scopus, corresponding to the field of General Nursing during 2005-2020. A total of 40 countries and 362,354 unique publications were analyzed, although the main subset herein consists of 18,371 unique publications authored by Latin-American institutions. World proportion of Latin-American publications in Nursing is higher than all the publications in the region. This increase is especially remarkable in the latest year of the studied period, which may result from the progressive increase in the numbers of nursing schools, the diversity in the graduate and specialization programs, the creation of scientific societies, and the many conferences carried out recently on Nursing.
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Purpose: To verify, through quali-quantitative analysis, the satisfaction and adherence of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) to the insertion of functional circuit training into conventional training. Patients and Methods: 23 patients with COPD from a randomized clinical trial were invited to participate in a quali-quantitative analysis after the training finalization, divided into FTG (Functional Training Group) and CTG (Conventional Training Group). A total of 21 patients participated [(FTG: n=10; 65.80±7.31 years; FEV1/FVC: 56.44±12.67%) and CTG (n=11; 70.36±7.02 years; FEV1/FVC: 55.89±8.20)]. For the qualitative evaluation, focus groups were performed, using a previously developed script. Adherence was verified by the presence in the training sessions that were prescribed, and the quantitative analysis was performed using questionnaires with multiple-choice questions (evaluation of the aspects that can interfere in a training). The participants were asked to define a grade between zero and ten regarding the aspects of the training (satisfaction). Results: In both groups, there was similar adherence (p=0.965) and satisfaction (p=0.341). The qualitative analysis identified seven themes and 17 codes, representing factors related to satisfaction and negative aspects, as follows: factors associated with satisfaction: self-efficacy management, physical and psychosocial improvement, interpersonal relationships, and proposed exercises. Negative aspects: pains, comorbidities, beliefs, and personal demotivation. In the quantitative analysis, was verified that an increase in the symptoms, the distance between home and training center, and personal problems were not factors that interfered in the adherence of the participants (p<0.05). Conclusion: Similar satisfaction and adherence of patients with COPD were observed in the FTG and CTG and patients from FTG reported higher fatigue.
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(1) Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder represented by the progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons, it decreases the individual's motor functions and affects the execution of movements. There is a real need to include quantitative techniques and reliable methods to assess the evolution of PD. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed the variability of wrist RUD (radial and ulnar deviation) and FE (flexion and extension) movements measured by two pairs of capacitive sensors (PS25454 EPIC). The hypothesis was that PD patients have less variability in wrist movement execution than healthy individuals. The data was collected from 29 participants (age: 62.13 ± 9.7) with PD and 29 healthy individuals (60.70 ± 8). Subjects performed the experimental tasks at normal and fast speeds. Six features that captured the amplitude of the hand movements around two axes were estimated from the collected signals. (3) Results: The movement variability was greater for healthy individuals than for PD patients (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusion: The low variability seen in the PD group may indicate they execute wrist RUD and FE in a more restricted way. The variability analysis proposed here could be used as an indicator of patient progress in therapeutic programs and required changes in medication dosage.
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Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO2) is a successful treatment of diabetic foot ulcerations. Research on the characterization of tissue by ultrasonography (CATUS) or by imaging (CATIM) has grown. We investigated the photographic pCATIM feasibility to quantitate HBO2 effects. Besides, we analyzed pre and post HBO2 treatment photographs quantitatively based on pixel brightnesses of gray-scale imaging versions. Grayscale Medians (GSM) for (1) entire ulceration, (2) inner core, (3) ulceration border, and (4) adjacent skin decreased from 92 to 77, 60 to 56, 105 to 101, and 105 to 90. Entire ulceration post-HBO2 pixel percentages were lower in the 112-153 intervals, 11% vs 29% (p = .0013 by Chi-square), and higher in the 41-111 brightness range, 87% vs 68% (p = .0008). A case report showed quantifiable relative changes detected by pCATIM post HBO2 treatment of diabetic foot ulceration. Further investigation may quantify brightness variabilities and/or specific GSM for ulceration and skin regions.
A oxigenioterapia hiperbárica (HBO2) tem sido um tratamento de sucesso para úlceras do pé diabético, enquanto cresce o número de pesquisas caracterizando o tecido por meio de ultrassonografia (Catus) ou imagem (Catim) sendo que a pCatim torna viável quantificar os efeitos da oxigenioterapia hiperbárica. Fotografias do pré e pós tratamento foram analisadas quantitativamente com base em brilhos de pixel de versões de imagens em escala de cinza. Houve redução das medianas da escala de cinza (gray scale medians GSM) para (1) ulceração inteira, de 92 para 77; (2) núcleo interno, de 60 para 56; (3) borda da ulceração, de 105 para 101; e (4) pele adjacente, de 105 para 90. Na úlcera completa, após a HBO2, as porcentagens de pixels foram menores nos intervalos 112-153 (11% contra 29%, p = 0,0013 por qui-quadrado) e maiores na faixa de brilho 41-111 (87% contra 68%, p = 0,0008). Um relato de caso demonstrou mudanças relativas quantificáveis detectadas por pCatim após o tratamento com HBO2 de uma úlcera do pé diabético, e investigações mais aprofundadas podem quantificar as variabilidades de brilho e/ou GSM específicas para cada ulceração e regiões da pele.
La oxigenación hiperbárica (HBO2) ha sido un tratamiento exitoso de las ulceraciones del pie diabético. Ha crecido la investigación sobre la caracterización de tejidos por ecografía (CATUS) o por imágenes (CATIM). Se investigó la viabilidad fotográfica de pCATIM para cuantificar los efectos de HBO2. Las fotografías anteriores y posteriores al tratamiento con HBO2 se analizaron cuantitativamente en función del brillo de los píxeles de las versiones de imágenes en escala de grises. Medianas de escala de grises (GSM) para (1) ulceración completa, (2) núcleo interno, (3) borde de ulceración y (4) piel adyacente disminuyeron de 92 a 77, 60 a 56, 105 a 101 y 105 a 90, respectivamente. En la ulceración completa, después de HBO2, los porcentajes de píxeles fueron más bajos en los intervalos 112-153, 11% vs 29% (p = .0013 por Chi-cuadrado) y más altos en el rango de brillo 41-111, 87% vs 68% (p = .0008). Un informe de caso demostró cambios relativos cuantificables detectados por pCATIM después del tratamiento con HBO2 de una ulceración del pie diabético. Una investigación adicional puede cuantificar las variaciones de brillo y o GSM específico para ulceraciones y regiones de la piel.
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Úlcera do Pé , Pé Diabético , Relatório de Pesquisa , Oxigenoterapia HiperbáricaRESUMO
Considering that infusion devices are safety-critical systems, the main goal of this paper is to evaluate the infusion accuracy and precision of a low-cost insulin infusion pump prototype, using two different methodologies. The first one used a microgravimetric method adapted from IEC60601-2-24, and the second estimated the displacement of the syringe plunger in response to programmed infusions. The low-cost prototype resulted in a compact and functional device with good accuracy. The prototype infused the programmed fluid doses with an average error of 2.2%. The percentage of infusions within ± 5% accuracy was 42.50 and of 84.17% for the ± 15% limit. The developed miniaturized mechanical system presented functionality, precision, and accuracy when coupled to the electronic system, responded well to repeatability tests. Additionally, the results from in vitro tests demonstrated that the performance of the device is satisfactory and comparable to commercial continuous insulin infusion pumps. This study presents a low-cost prototype as a candidate to be used by type 1 diabetic patients in Brazil and developing countries, especially in the context of public health.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Desenho de Equipamento , Sistemas de Infusão de Insulina , Brasil , HumanosRESUMO
The interface pressure between the residual limb and prosthetic socket has a significant effect on the amputee's mobility and level of comfort with their prosthesis. This paper presents a socket interface pressure (SIFP) system to compare the interface pressure differences during gait between two different types of prosthetic sockets for a transtibial amputee. The system evaluates the interface pressure in six critical regions of interest (CROI) of the lower limb amputee and identifies the peak pressures during certain moments of the gait cycle. The six sensors were attached to the residual limb in the CROIs before the participant with transtibial amputation donned a prosthetic socket. The interface pressure was monitored and recorded while the participant walked on a treadmill for 10 min at 1.4 m/s. The results show peak pressure differences of almost 0.22 kgf/cm2 between the sockets. It was observed that the peak pressure occurred at 50% of the stance phase of the gait cycle. This SIFP system may be used by prosthetists, physical therapists, amputation care centers, and researchers, as well as government and private regulators requiring comparison and evaluation of prosthetic components, components under development, and testing.
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Cotos de Amputação , Membros Artificiais , Desenho de Prótese , Amputação Cirúrgica , Marcha , Humanos , Desempenho Físico Funcional , Tíbia/cirurgiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Using a method developed for this study, the objective was to perform a quantitative analysis of glottic aperture during the respiratory cycle in subjects suspected of having inducible laryngeal obstruction (ILO) and to compare results to healthy individuals. Correlations between glottic aperture and spirometric parameters were assessed. METHODS: Subjects with high clinical suspicion of ILO and atypical inspiratory findings in spirometry had the images of their laryngoscopy displayed alongside a respiratory flow chart and both were recorded simultaneously. This method allowed detailed analysis of the glottic aperture by measuring the angle of the anterior commissure during inspiration and expiration. Healthy volunteers who performed the same tests and agreed to provide data to this study were used as a control group. RESULTS: All 15 subjects with ILO and 16 healthy participants were evaluated successfully using the proposed method. Measures of the anterior commissure angle in the ILO versus control group were significantly different in all observed parameters and just three ILO subjects had an anterior commissure closure greater than 50% during the respiratory cycle. Inspired volume (FIF50 ) and mid-vital capacity ratio (FEF50 /FIF50 ) had a significant correlation with glottic aperture parameters when considering the evaluation of the subjects all together. CONCLUSION: The proposed method provided precise and quantitative analysis of glottic aperture during the respiratory cycle thus indicating that the usage of equipment that allows for such assessment should be encouraged. Also, the threshold of vocal cords closure accepted as indicative of ILO should be reconsidered, especially during the intercritical period of the disease. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 130:E349-E356, 2020.
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Expiração/fisiologia , Glote/diagnóstico por imagem , Laringoscopia/métodos , Laringoestenose/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Glote/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Laringoestenose/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Volume de Ventilação Pulmonar , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Aim. To test the efficiency and acceptance of school-based dental education for improving oral self-care in Mexican elementary school-aged children. Method. A total of 408 students from 4 schools were examined at the baseline, 3 months (follow-up rate was 94%) and 6 months observations (follow-up rate 91%). Group 1 served as a control, Group 2 received a lecture-based education, and Group 3 consisted of trained peer-leaders who educated their peers. Oral self-care practice and oral self-care skills were assessed at the baseline and both follow-ups. A number of sociodemographic and oral health behavior/knowledge characteristics were tested as predictors of oral self-care outcomes at different observation periods. Results. Oral self-care outcomes improved in Groups 2 and 3, but not in the control group. The selected child population, their caregivers and teachers perceived the school-based educational strategy as important and necessary. There was no consistent pattern of predictors explaining variations in oral self-care outcomes at any of the observation periods. Oral self-care improvement observed at the 6 months observation was mainly predicted by the baseline oral self-care levels, dental education, and age. Conclusions. The school-based dental education was easy to implement, and it was effective for improving children's oral self-care practice and skills.
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Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Saúde Bucal/educação , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/organização & administração , Autocuidado/métodos , Cuidadores , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Grupo AssociadoRESUMO
A phosphorus resource crisis threatens the security of global crop production, especially in developing countries like China and Brazil. Legacy phosphorus (legacy-P), which is left behind in agricultural soil by over-fertilization, can help address this issue as a new resource in the soil phosphorus pool. However, issues involved with calculating and defining the spatial distribution of legacy-P hinder its future utilization. To resolve these issues, this study applied remote sensing and ecohydrological modeling to precisely quantify legacy-P and define its spatial distribution in China's Sanjiang Plain from 2000 to 2014. The total legacy-P in the study area was calculated as 579,090â¯t with an annual average of 38,600â¯t; this comprises 51.83% of the phosphorus fertilizer applied annually. From 2000 to 2014, the annual amount of legacy-P increased by more than 3.42-fold, equivalent to a 2460-ton increase each year. The spatial distribution of legacy-P showed heterogeneity and agglomeration in this area, with peaks in cultivated land experiencing long-term agricultural development. This study supplies a new approach to finding legacy-P in soil as a precondition for future utilization. Once its spatial distribution is known, legacy-P can be better utilized in agriculture to help alleviate the phosphorus resource crisis.
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Agricultura , Fósforo/análise , Brasil , China , Fertilizantes , SoloRESUMO
Resumen El progreso de la bioingeniería ha permitido el desarrollo de herramientas tecnológicas para cuantificar las variables asociadas al examen físico. En este artículo se presenta la descripción, ventajas y limitaciones de tecnologías para la medición de fuerza, arcos de movimiento, equilibrio y estabilidad, coordinación y marcha. Se proponen también alternativas para uso de estas tecnologías como parte del proceso de valoración de pacientes complejos, ya sea porque se sospeche simulación o porque presenten lesiones graves en las que se requiera sugerir opciones en el proceso de rehabilitación o cierre de caso. En tales circunstancias se identifican alternativas para un diagnóstico más completo que disminuyan la subjetividad del terapeuta y con mayores posibilidades de monitoreo.
Abstract The progress of bioengineering has allowed the development of technological tools to quantify the variables associated to the physical assessment process. The description, advantages and limitations of technologies to measure the strength, range of motion, balance and stability, coordination and gait are shown. Some alternatives are proposed for using those technologies as part of the appreciation process in complex patients, either for any suspicion of simulation or because any serious injury can exist where some alternatives for rehabilitation process are required. In such cases, must be identified some options for a more complete diagnosis, decreasing the subjectivity of the therapist and with more monitoring possibilities.
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OBJECTIVES: This study estimated the maximum tongue pressure (MTP) against teeth in bruxers, and verified the effect of a stabilization splint. METHOD: Forty subjects (mean age: 26.57 years) were assigned to two groups (n520): bruxers and nonbruxers. Sleep bruxism was diagnosed by self-report, presence of tooth wear and tongue indentation, and by using a BiteStrip2 device. Maximum tongue pressure was measured by intraoral appliances containing pressure sensors. After baseline evaluation, bruxers received a stabilization splint and non-bruxers received a palatal splint, both for nocturnal use. Maximum tongue pressure was reassessed after 30 and 60 days. Data were submitted to repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey test (Pv0.05). RESULTS: Bruxers showed an increased MTP against teeth (Pv0.05). Splint therapy decreased MTP for bruxers and non-bruxers. DISCUSSION: Bruxers present tongue indentations or ulcerations; however, there is no evidence on their MTP. Further research should focus on therapies to avoid tongue ulcerations in bruxers.
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Pressão , Bruxismo do Sono/terapia , Contenções , Língua/fisiologia , Adulto , Humanos , Bruxismo do Sono/fisiopatologia , Contenções/efeitos adversos , Língua/patologia , Doenças da Língua/etiologia , Dente , Úlcera/etiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The objective of our study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a community-based intervention designed to improve physical activity levels and dietary intake and to reduce diabetes risk in a largely Hispanic population residing along the U.S.-Mexico border. METHOD: We forecasted disease outcomes, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained, and lifetime costs associated with actual and projected attainment of 2% and 5% weight loss taking a societal cost perspective. We extrapolated changes in beverage calorie consumption between baseline and 6-month follow-up to attain projected weight loss measures. Outcomes were projected 5, 10, and 20 years into the future and discounted at a 3.0% rate. RESULTS: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $57,430 and $61,893, respectively, per QALY gained when compared with usual care for the 2% and 5% weight loss scenarios. The intervention was particularly cost-effective for morbidly obese participants. Cost-effectiveness improves when using 3-year weight loss projections based on changes in sugar-sweetened beverage caloric consumption to $49,478 and $24,092 for the 2% and 5% weight loss scenarios. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis demonstrates that a culturally sensitive community-based weight loss and maintenance intervention can be cost-effective even when healthy weight individuals participate.
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Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Americanos Mexicanos , Sobrepeso/economia , Sobrepeso/terapia , Pobreza , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Análise Custo-Benefício , Competência Cultural , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Dieta , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Promoção da Saúde/economia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/terapia , Sobrepeso/etnologia , Qualidade de Vida , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Estados Unidos , Programas de Redução de PesoRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio exploratorio con los objetivos de identificar empresas que produzcan o manipulen nanopartículas en Chile, evaluar los riesgos para la salud de estas actividades y entregar recomendaciones para su control. Se encontró que la nanotecnología está en una etapa incipiente, con un reducido número de aplicaciones en procesos industriales, concentrándose el desarrollo y aplicación principalmente en centros de investigación de las universidades, donde los investigadores y estudiantes son el principal grupo de potenciales expuestos. Para evaluar la exposición en las empresas e instituciones identificadas, se utilizó un método cualitativo simplificado y un método cuantitativo que se basa en las técnicas tradicionales de higiene ocupacional complementadas con la caracterización de las nanopartículas mediante microscopía electrónica. Se evalúa la exposición a nanopartículas de cobre, carbonato de calcio y partículas ultrafinas de humos de soldadura. La metodología de evaluación cualitativa, si bien requiere algún grado de acondicionamiento, demostró ser una herramienta particularmente útil para definir sistemas de protección en el caso de las nanopartículas, cuya toxicidad es incierta y de las cuales no se tienen establecidas técnicas de medición ni límites permisibles. Los métodos de medición tradicionales de la higiene industrial no entregan la información suficiente para evaluar la exposición, debiendo ser complementados con microscopía electrónica para caracterizar el tamaño y composición química, parámetros claves en la toxicidad de las nanopartículas. El trabajo realizado entrega una base de información y conocimiento a nivel exploratorio, que se estima útil para evaluar el riesgo de exposición en aplicaciones que pudieran surgir en el contexto actual del desarrollo de la nanotecnología en nuestro país.
An exploratory research was developed in order to identify companies which produce or handle nanoparticles in Chile, evaluate the risks for health from these activities and give suggestions for controlling them. It was found that nanotechnology is in an incipient stage, with a reduced numbers of applications in industrial processes, focusing the development and application mainly on research centers in Universities, where researchers and students are the main exposed potential groups. To evaluate the exposure in identified companies and institutions, it was used a qualitative simplified method and a quantitative method which is based in traditional technique of occupational hygiene complemented by the characterization of nanoparticles with electronic microscopy. It was evaluated the exposure to nanoparticles of copper, calcium carbonate and welding smoke ultrafine particles. The methodology of qualitative evaluation, although requires some degree of conditioning, showed being a especially useful tool to define protection systems in nanoparticles case, whose toxicity is uncertain and we do not have established techniques of measuring them or permissible limits. Traditional measuring methods of industrial hygiene do not bring enough information to evaluate the exposure, and they must be complemented with electronic microscopy to characterize the size and chemical composition, key parameters in nanoparticles toxicity. This work provides a base of information and knowledge in a exploratory level, which is estimated as a useful tool to evaluate the exposure risk in applications that may appear in the current nanotechnology development in our country.
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Humanos , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , Nanopartículas/toxicidade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Riscos Ocupacionais , Microscopia Eletrônica , Chile , Saúde Ocupacional , Medição de Risco , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Material Particulado/toxicidade , Nanopartículas/ultraestrutura , Doenças Profissionais/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Introducción: El éxito del tratamiento ortodóncico temprano se fundamenta en el conocimiento del desarrollo de la dentición, por lo cual la medición de susdimensiones en los diferentes estadios de desarrollo se considera como un factor predictor para el tratamiento y rehabilitación de la población. Objetivo: Conocer y evaluar las características cuantitativas de los anchos intercaninos e intermolares según sexo en la población de niños de 6 a 8 años de la Escuela Artística San Luis de Contulmo.Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, de corte transversal, descriptivo y correlacional. La población de estudio correspondió a 48 alumnos de 6 a 8 años seleccionados por muestreo por conveniencia, a los cuales se les tomó modelos de estudio, midiendo y comparando los anchos intercaninos e intermolares. Resultados: Los promedios resultantes de las mediciones efectuadas fueron: distancia intercanina maxilar 33,2 +/-2,6 mm en hombres y 32,2 +/-2,3 mm en mujeres, respectivamente la distancia intercanina mandibular 27,1 +/-2,3 mm y 26, 6 +/-1,9 mm, la distancia intermolar maxilar 51,9 +/-3,1 y 51,2 +/-3,0 mm y la distancia intermolar mandibular 46 +/-2,6 y 44,8 +/-3,0 mm. Conclusión: Las diferencias entre los anchos intercaninos e intermolares según sexo no son significativas, en cuanto a la edad se observan diferencias significativas entre los 6 y 8 años en el sexo masculino, no así en el femenino. Este estudio representa un interesante punto de partida para el análisis y discusión de futuras investigaciones.
Introduction: The early orthodontic treatment success is based on knowledge the development of the dentition, so measuring their dimensions at different stages of development is considered as a predictor for treatment and rehabilitation of the population. Objective: To explore and evaluate the quantitative characteristics of intercanine and intermolar widths by sex in the population of children of 6-8 years of the Escuela Artistica San Luis de Contulmo. Methodology: quantitative study, non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational. The study population corresponded to 48 students from 6 to 8 years selected by probabilistic sampling, unintentional and opportunistic, to which took study models, measuring and comparing intercanine and intermolar widths. Results: The resulting averages of measurements were: maxillary intercanine 33.2 +/-2.6 mm in men and 32.2 +/-2.3 mm in women, mandibular intercanine distances respectively 27.1 +/- 2.3 mm and 26 6 +/-1.9 mm, the distance intermolar maxillary 51.9 +/-3.1 and 51.2 +/-3.0 mm and the distance mandibular intermolar 46 +/-2.6 and 44.8 +/-3.0 mm. Conclusion: In relation to the difference between intercanine and intermolar widths by sex are not significant, in terms of age significant differences between 6 and 8 males but not in females. This study represents an interesting starting point for the analysis and discussion of future research.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Arco Dental/anatomia & histologia , Arco Dental/anormalidades , Dentição Mista , Odontometria , Distribuição por Idade e Sexo , Arco Dental/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Caracteres Sexuais , Fatores Sexuais , EstudantesRESUMO
The extracellular matrix is a key element in the tracheal morphology and physiology, both in normal and pathological states, yet little is known regarding its composition and organization. Herein we carried out a detailed study of the morphological organization and volumetric density of elastic system fibers in the trachea of Wistar rats. Six Wistar rats at the age of 45 days were used. The trachea was excised following anesthesia with Thiopental and perfusion through the left ventricle with buffered saline followed by formalin solution. Samples were fixed in formaline, embedded in paraffin, and histologically processed. The elastic system fibers were evaluated at light microscopy by using Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin technique after oxidation with oxone. Morphometric studies were performed by the point-counting method. Quantities were expressed ( percent, mean) as volumetric densities and were determined on 25 random fields for each animal. Elastic system fibers were identified beneath the tracheal mucosa showing mainly a longitudinal profile. There were also some bundles of oblique fibers in this region, forming an irregular network of elastic tissue. Close to the inner surface of the cartilaginous ring, a well defined circular layer is present. The volumetric density of the elastic system fibers in the trachea of Wistar rats is 2.46 +/- 0.99 percent. The data in the present study provides original information regarding the elastic system fibers of the rat trachea, which might be used as a model for studying human major airway morphology. The results reported herein provide the basis for continuous investigations on tracheal extracellular matrix by stereology.
La matriz extracelular es un elemento clave en la morfología y fisiología de la tráquea, tanto en estados normales como patológicos. Sin embargo, poco se sabe acerca de su composición y organización. Se llevó a cabo un estudio detallado de la organización morfológica y la densidad volumétrica de fibras del sistema elástico en la tráquea de ratas Wistar. Se utilizaron seis ratas Wistar edad de 45 días de vida. La tráquea fue extraída después de anestesia con tiopental y la perfusión a través del ventrículo izquierdo con solución salina tamponada seguido de solución de formalina. Las muestras fueron fijadas en formalina e incluidas en parafina y se procesaron histológicamente. Las fibras del sistema elástico fueron evaluadas en microscopía de luz utilizando la técnica de Weigert, resorcina-fucsina después de la oxidación con Oxone. Los estudios morfométricos fueron realizados por el método de conteo de puntos. Las cantidades se expresaron ( por ciento, media) como la densidad volumétrica y se determinaron en 25 campos al azar para cada animal. Las fibras elásticas del sistema fueron identificadas por bajo la mucosa traqueal que muestra principalmente un perfil longitudinal. También se encontraron algunos haces de fibras oblicuas en esta región, formando una red irregular de tejido elástico. Cerca de la superficie interna del anillo cartilaginoso, una capa bien definida circular está presente. La densidad volumétrica de las fibras del sistema elástico en la tráquea de ratas Wistar fue de 2,46 +/- 0,99 por ciento. Los datos del presente estudio proporcionan información inicial sobre las fibras del sistema elástico de la tráquea de rata, que puede ser utilizado como un modelo para el estudio de la morfología de las vías respiratorias humanas. Los resultados reportados en este documento constituyen la base de investigaciones continuas en la tráquea de la matriz extracelular por estereología.
Assuntos
Adulto , Ratos , Traqueia/anatomia & histologia , Traqueia/embriologia , Traqueia/inervação , Traqueia/irrigação sanguínea , Traqueia , Traqueia/ultraestrutura , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto/métodos , Ratos Wistar/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
The respiratory process and several aerobic cells oxidative reactions lead to the formation of free radicals which contribute to the appearance of different diseases. The human cells depend on their antioxidant ability to provide protection against the prejudicial effects of free radical and reactive oxygen species that are inevitable consequences of aerobic life. Several epidemiologic studies indicate that high plant products ingestion is associated to a reduction in the hazard of a variety of cronical diseases such as arteriosclerosis and cancer. These effects have been specifically attributed to the plant compounds that have antioxidant activity: vitamin C and E, phenolic compounds, specially flavonoids, and carotenoids. Phenolic compounds act as antioxidants, not only for their ability to donate hydrogen atoms or electrons, but also because of their stable intermediary radicals, that prevent the oxidation of many food ingredients, especially lipids. Carotenoids are built by polyene chains in a long conjugated double bonds system, electron rich, which is responsible for the antioxidant activity of these compounds, by the absorption of singlet oxygen and free radicals, to interrupt the chain reaction they are involved in. This paper had as a goal to review the different qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods of the main non-nutrient antioxidants in plant originated foods: phenolic compounds and carotenoids.
O processo respiratório e diversas reações oxidativas das células aeróbicas levam à formação de radicais livres, que contribuem para o aparecimento de diversas doenças. As células humanas dependem de sua capacidade antioxidante para fornecer proteção contra os efeitos prejudiciais de radicais livres e espécies reativas do oxigênio, que são conseqüências inevitáveis da vida aeróbica. Vários estudos epidemiológicos indicam que a alta ingestão de produtos vegetais está associada com uma redução no risco de uma variedade de doenças crônicas como aterosclerose e câncer, efeitos que têm sido particularmente atribuídos aos compostos que possuem atividade antioxidante nos vegetais: vitaminas C e E, os compostos fenólicos, especialmente os flavonóides, e os carotenóides. Compostos fenólicos agem como antioxidantes, não somente por sua habilidade em doar hidrogênio ou elétrons, mas também em virtude de seus radicais intermediários estáveis, que impedem a oxidação de vários ingredientes do alimento, particularmente de lipídios. Carotenóides são constituídos de cadeias de polienos, em um longo sistema de duplas ligações conjugadas, rico em elétrons, responsável pela atividade antioxidante desses compostos: tanto na absorção do oxigênio singlet quanto de radicais livres, para interromper as reações em cadeia onde eles estão envolvidos. Este trabalho teve por finalidade revisar as diferentes formas de avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa dos principais componentes não-nutrientes antioxidantes em alimentos de origem vegetal: compostos fenólicos e carotenóides.
Assuntos
Plantas , Carotenoides , Compostos Fenólicos , AntioxidantesRESUMO
The respiratory process and several aerobic cells oxidative reactions lead to the formation of free radicals which contribute to the appearance of different diseases. The human cells depend on their antioxidant ability to provide protection against the prejudicial effects of free radical and reactive oxygen species that are inevitable consequences of aerobic life. Several epidemiologic studies indicate that high plant products ingestion is associated to a reduction in the hazard of a variety of cronical diseases such as arteriosclerosis and cancer. These effects have been specifically attributed to the plant compounds that have antioxidant activity: vitamin C and E, phenolic compounds, specially flavonoids, and carotenoids. Phenolic compounds act as antioxidants, not only for their ability to donate hydrogen atoms or electrons, but also because of their stable intermediary radicals, that prevent the oxidation of many food ingredients, especially lipids. Carotenoids are built by polyene chains in a long conjugated double bonds system, electron rich, which is responsible for the antioxidant activity of these compounds, by the absorption of singlet oxygen and free radicals, to interrupt the chain reaction they are involved in. This paper had as a goal to review the different qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods of the main non-nutrient antioxidants in plant originated f
O processo respiratório e diversas reações oxidativas das células aeróbicas levam à formação de radicais livres, que contribuem para o aparecimento de diversas doenças. As células humanas dependem de sua capacidade antioxidante para fornecer proteção contra os efeitos prejudiciais de radicais livres e espécies reativas do oxigênio, que são conseqüências inevitáveis da vida aeróbica. Vários estudos epidemiológicos indicam que a alta ingestão de produtos vegetais está associada com uma redução no risco de uma variedade de doenças crônicas como aterosclerose e câncer, efeitos que têm sido particularmente atribuídos aos compostos que possuem atividade antioxidante nos vegetais: vitaminas C e E, os compostos fenólicos, especialmente os flavonóides, e os carotenóides. Compostos fenólicos agem como antioxidantes, não somente por sua habilidade em doar hidrogênio ou elétrons, mas também em virtude de seus radicais intermediários estáveis, que impedem a oxidação de vários ingredientes do alimento, particularmente de lipídios. Carotenóides são constituídos de cadeias de polienos, em um longo sistema de duplas ligações conjugadas, rico em elétrons, responsável pela atividade antioxidante desses compostos: tanto na absorção do oxigênio singlet quanto de radicais livres, para interromper as reações em cadeia onde eles estão envolvidos. Este trabalho teve por finalidade revisar as diferentes
RESUMO
Foram avaliadas 240 ninhadas de coelhos, da desmama ao abate, em três ordens de parto (OP), oriundas de matrizes submetidas a diferentes níveis de energia na dieta e idade de desmama dos láparos. Os tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 (2.600 e 2.800 kcal ED kg-1 até desmama versus desmama aos 28 e 35 dias versus dietas com alto ou baixo nível de amido (21 ou 16%) da desmama ao abate versus três ordens de parto), com dez repetições (ninhada). O nível de 2.600 kcal kg-1 de ração até a desmama elevou o ganho de peso, melhorou a conversão alimentar e reduziu o custo da ração no período da desmama aos 50 dias. A desmama aos 28 dias reduziu o consumo médio diário de ração da desmama ao abate. O nível mais elevado de amido nas dietas pós-desmama reduziu o consumo médio até 50 dias de idade e reduziu os custos. A sequência da ordem de parto elevou o peso vivo à desmama, aos 50 e aos 70 dias, o ganho de peso diário, o consumo de ração e o peso das vísceras comestíveis. Os dados sugerem o uso de ração com 2.600 kcal ED kg-1 até o desmame, desmame aos 28 dias e 21% de amido na ração dos coelhos da desmama ao abate.(AU)
240 litters of rabbits were used, from weaning to slaughter, in three parturition sequences, descended from rabbit does which were feed with different levels of digestible energy on diet and weaning age of young rabbits. The litters were allocated in a 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design (diets with 2600 and 2800 kcal DE kg-1 until weaning versus weaning at 28 and 35 days old versus diets with 21 or 16% of starch from weaning to slaughter versus three parturition sequences), with 10 replications (litters). The 2600 kcal DE kg-1 level improved weight gain, feed: gain ratio and reduced the diet cost from weaning to 50 days of age. Weaning at 28 days reduced the average feeding intake from weaning to slaughter. The higher level of starch reduced average feeding intake until 50 days of age and also reduced the cost. The parturition sequence increased the live weight at 70 days, daily weight gain and feeding intake during the experiment period, as well as heart, liver and kidney weight. The results suggest the use of feed with 2600 kcal DE kg-1, weaning at 28 days old and 21% of starch on diet for rabbits from weaning to slaughter.(AU)