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Abstract Background Skin modification through tattoos is as old as humanity itself. However, this trend is on the rise, and with the use of different types of pigments and application practices, both cutaneous and systemic complications can arise. Adverse reactions can be grouped into five classes: inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, aesthetic, and miscellaneous. On histopathology, inflammatory reactions can exhibit a lichenoid pattern or present as spongiotic dermatitis, granulomatous reactions, pseudolymphoma, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, or scleroderma/morphea-like changes. This article reviews tattoo complications, including their clinical and histopathological characteristics. Methods An open search was conducted on PubMed using the terms "tattoo", "complications", and "skin". No limits were set for period, language, or publication type of the articles. Results Reactions to tattoos are reported in up to 67% of people who get tattooed, with papulonodular and granulomatous reactions being the most common. Some neoplastic complications have been described, but their causality is still debated. Any pigment can cause adverse reactions, although red ink is more frequently associated with them. Patients with pre-existing dermatoses may experience exacerbation or complications of their diseases when getting tattoos; therefore, this procedure is not recommended for this patient group. Conclusions Dermatological consultation is recommended before getting a tattoo, as well as a histopathological examination in case of complications. In patients who develop cutaneous inflammatory reactions following tattooing, additional studies are recommended to investigate systemic diseases such as sarcoidosis, pyoderma gangrenosum, atopic dermatitis, and neoplasms. It is important for physicians to be trained in providing appropriate care in case of complications.

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BACKGROUND: Skin modification through tattoos is as old as humanity itself. However, this trend is on the rise, and with the use of different types of pigments and application practices, both cutaneous and systemic complications can arise. Adverse reactions can be grouped into five classes: inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, aesthetic, and miscellaneous. On histopathology, inflammatory reactions can exhibit a lichenoid pattern or present as spongiotic dermatitis, granulomatous reactions, pseudolymphoma, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, or scleroderma/morphea-like changes. This article reviews tattoo complications, including their clinical and histopathological characteristics. METHODS: An open search was conducted on PubMed using the terms "tattoo", "complications", and "skin". No limits were set for period, language, or publication type of the articles. RESULTS: Reactions to tattoos are reported in up to 67% of people who get tattooed, with papulonodular and granulomatous reactions being the most common. Some neoplastic complications have been described, but their causality is still debated. Any pigment can cause adverse reactions, although red ink is more frequently associated with them. Patients with pre-existing dermatoses may experience exacerbation or complications of their diseases when getting tattoos; therefore, this procedure is not recommended for this patient group. CONCLUSIONS: Dermatological consultation is recommended before getting a tattoo, as well as a histopathological examination in case of complications. In patients who develop cutaneous inflammatory reactions following tattooing, additional studies are recommended to investigate systemic diseases such as sarcoidosis, pyoderma gangrenosum, atopic dermatitis, and neoplasms. It is important for physicians to be trained in providing appropriate care in case of complications.

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La recurrencia del cáncer diferenciado de tiroides (CDT) a nivel del cuello ocurre en 5%-20% de los casos. El estudio citológico mediante punción de adenopatías ha sido utilizado para confirmar los hallazgos ecográficos sospechosos de malignidad, su sensibilidad varía entre 75%-85%. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar la utilidad de la tiroglobulina (Tg) medida en la punción por aspiración de aguja fina (PAAF) (Tg-PAAF), en el diagnóstico de metástasis ganglionares de pacientes en seguimiento por CDT mayores de 18 años. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional en una muestra de 14 pacientes predominantemente de sexo femenino (71,4%), con edad promedio 40,9 ± 2,9 años. Resultados: la variante CDT unifocal fue la más frecuente. De los 22 ganglios sospechosos la mitad tuvieron Tg-PAAF ≥ 1 ng/ml. Todas las adenitis reactivas tuvieron un resultado < 1 ng/ml, en cambio las adenopatías metastásicas obtuvieron un resultado ≥ 1 ng/ml. El 85,7% de pacientes tuvieron anticuerpos anti-Tg ≥10 UI/ml (5 pacientes con valores de Tg-PAAF ≥1 ng/ml y siete pacientes con Tg-PAAF < 1 ng/ml) y 14,3% tuvieron valores < 10 UI/ml (todos con Tg-PAAF <1 ng/ml). Se realizaron cuatro vaciamientos ganglionares, en todas se encontró metástasis de CDT. Conclusiones: la Tg-PAAF es un buen estudio para el diagnóstico de metástasis ganglionares en pacientes en seguimiento de CDT. Dado los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo, apoyado en la búsqueda bibliográfica, el uso de la Tg-PAAF tiene un gran valor diagnóstico para detectar metástasis ganglionares en el seguimiento del CDT por lo que se recomienda su uso junto con la citología y/o la anatomía patológica.

Recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in the cervix is 5-20% of cases. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of adenopathies has been used to confirm ultrasound findings when suspicions of being malignant. The study aims to evaluate usefulness of fine-needle aspiration of lymph gland to diagnose gland metastases in patients over 18 years old under papillary thyroid cancer follow-up. Retrospective, descriptive and observational study in a 14-patient-sample, mainly female (71,4%), with an average age of 40.9 ± 2.9 years old. Results: single tumor focus papillary thyroid cancer was the most common type of thyroid cancer found. 50% of the 22 suspicious glands had FNATg ≥1ng/ml. All reactive adenitis had measurements < 1ng/ml, whereas metastatic adenopathies results were ≥ 1ng/ml. 85.7% of patients had anti-TG Ac ≥ 1ng/ml (5 patients with FNATg values ≥1ng/ml and 7 patients with FNATg < 1ng/ml), 14.3% of which obtained results < 10 UI/ml (all of them with FN1 ng/ml). Gland emptying was performed in 4 cases, and papillary thyroid cancer metastases was found in all of them. Conclusions: FNATg is a good study to diagnose gland metastases in patients under differentiated thyroid cancer follow-up. Given the results of this study, supported by a bibliographic search, the use of FNATg has a great diagnostic value to detect gland metastases in the follow up of differentiated thyroid cancer, and thus it is recommended along with cytological and/or pathology studies.

A recorrência do câncer diferenciado de tiroides (CDT) no nível do pescoço, ocorre em 5-20% dos casos. O estudo citológico mediante punção de linfadenopatia foi utilizado para confirmar os achados ecográficos suspeitos de malignidade; sua sensibilidade varia entre 75-85%. O objetivo do estudo era avaliar a utilização da tiroglobulina (Tg) medida na punção por aspiração por agulha fina (PAAF) (Tg-PAAF), no diagnóstico de metástase ganglionar de pacientes em seguimento por CDT maiores de 18 anos. Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e observacional em uma amostra de 14 pacientes predominantemente de sexo feminino (71,4%), com idade média de 40,9 ± 2,9 anos. Resultados: a variante CPT unifocal foi a mais frequente. Dos 22 linfonodos suspeitos, a metade apresentou Tg-PAAF ≥ 1ng/ml. Todas as adenites reativas apresentaram um resultado < 1ng/ml, no entanto as linfadenopatias metastásicas tiveram um resultado ≥ 1ng/ml. 85,7% dos pacientes apresentam Ac anti-Tg ≥10 UI/ml (5 pacientes com valores de Tg-PAAF ≥1ng/ml e 7 pacientes com Tg-PAAF < 1ng/ml) e 14,3% valores < 10 UI/ml (todos com Tg-PAAF <1 ng/ml). Foram feitos 4 esvaziamentos ganglionares, em todos foram encontradas metástases da CPT. Conclusões: o Tg-PAAF é um bom método para o diagnóstico de metástase ganglionar em pacientes em seguimento de CDT. Considerando os resultados obtidos neste trabalho, apoiado na bibliografia, o uso do Tg-PAAF tem um grande valor diagnóstico para detectar metástase ganglionar no seguimento do CDT; por essa razão recomenda-se seu uso junto com a citologia e/ou anatomia patológica.

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Abstract Introduction: There are several approaches for pericardiocentesis. However, there is no definite suggestion about puncture location after cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is any difference regarding puncture location during pericardiocentesis in postoperative cardiac tamponade comparing to nonsurgical cardiac tamponade. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients who had undergone pericardiocentesis from August 2011 to December 2019. Patients were examined in two groups, nonsurgical and postsurgical, based on the etiology of pericardial tamponade. Clinical profiles, echocardiographic findings, and procedural outcomes were identified and compared. Results: Sixty-eight pericardiocenteses were performed in this period. The etiology of pericardial effusion was cardiac surgery in 27 cases and nonsurgical medical conditions in 41 cases. Baseline demographic variables were similar between the surgical and nonsurgical groups. Loculated effusion was more common in the postsurgical group (48.1% vs. 4.9%, P<0.001). Maximal fluid locations were different between the groups; right ventricular location was more common in the nonsurgical group (36.6% vs. 11.1%, P=0.02), while lateral location was more common in the postsurgical group (12.2% vs. 40.7%, P=0.007). Apical drainage was more frequently performed in the postsurgical group compared to the nonsurgical group (77.8% vs. 53.7%, P=0.044). Conclusion: Apical approach as a puncture location can be used more frequently than subxiphoid approach for effusions occurred after cardiac surgery compared to nonsurgical effusions. Procedural success is prominent in this group and can be the first choice of treatment.

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INTRODUCTION: There are several approaches for pericardiocentesis. However, there is no definite suggestion about puncture location after cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is any difference regarding puncture location during pericardiocentesis in postoperative cardiac tamponade comparing to nonsurgical cardiac tamponade. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients who had undergone pericardiocentesis from August 2011 to December 2019. Patients were examined in two groups, nonsurgical and postsurgical, based on the etiology of pericardial tamponade. Clinical profiles, echocardiographic findings, and procedural outcomes were identified and compared. RESULTS: Sixty-eight pericardiocenteses were performed in this period. The etiology of pericardial effusion was cardiac surgery in 27 cases and nonsurgical medical conditions in 41 cases. Baseline demographic variables were similar between the surgical and nonsurgical groups. Loculated effusion was more common in the postsurgical group (48.1% vs. 4.9%, P<0.001). Maximal fluid locations were different between the groups; right ventricular location was more common in the nonsurgical group (36.6% vs. 11.1%, P=0.02), while lateral location was more common in the postsurgical group (12.2% vs. 40.7%, P=0.007). Apical drainage was more frequently performed in the postsurgical group compared to the nonsurgical group (77.8% vs. 53.7%, P=0.044). CONCLUSION: Apical approach as a puncture location can be used more frequently than subxiphoid approach for effusions occurred after cardiac surgery compared to nonsurgical effusions. Procedural success is prominent in this group and can be the first choice of treatment.

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ABSTRACT Objective To present a study protocol to compare glucose and reflexology in pain relief in neonate intensive care during arterial punctures. Methods A randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial protocol will be carried out at a teaching hospital maternity, with30 newborns admitted to neonate intensive care who are to undergo blood collection by arterial puncture. They will be randomly assigned to a control group (25% glucose) or an intervention group (foot reflexology). The primary outcome will be neonate pain scores during and after arterial puncture. Secondary outcomes will be crying time and variation in neonates' vital signs during and after the arterial puncture procedure. Registration number RBR-639bff. Discussion The results of this trial will provide new insights into the most appropriate intervention for the relief of neonate pain during painful procedures.

RESUMEN Objetivo Presentar un protocolo de estudio para comparar glucosa y reflexología en el alivio del dolor en cuidados intensivos neonatales durante la punción arterial. Método Protocolo de ensayo clínico aleatorizado, controlado, doble ciego, en 30 recién nacidos en cuidados intensivos neonatales en la maternidad de un hospital escuela, que necesiten extracción de sangre por punción arterial. Serán asignados aleatoriamente a un grupo control (25% de glucosa) o a un grupo de intervención (reflexología podal). El resultado primario serán los escores de dolor neonatal durante y después de la punción arterial. Los resultados secundarios serán el tiempo de llanto y la variación en los signos vitales de los recién nacidos durante y después del procedimiento de punción arterial. Número de registro RBR-639bff. Discusión Los resultados de este ensayo proporcionarán nuevos conocimientos sobre la intervención más adecuada para el alivio del dolor neonatal durante los procedimientos dolorosos.

RESUMO Objetivo Apresentar um protocolo de estudo para comparar a glicose e reflexoterapia no alívio da dor em terapia intensiva neonatal durante a punção arterial. Método Protocolo de ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado, duplo-cego, será realizado em 30recém-nascidos internados em terapia intensiva neonatal de uma maternidade escola que apresentem indicação de coleta de sangue por punção arterial. Serão distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupo controle (glicose 25%) ou grupo intervenção (reflexoterapia podal). O desfecho primário será escores de dor neonatal durante e após a punção arterial. Os desfechos secundários serão o tempo de choro e variação nos sinais vitais dos neonatos durante e após o procedimento da punção arterial. Número do registro RBR-639bff. Discussão Os resultados deste ensaio fornecerão novos conhecimentos sobre a intervenção mais adequada para o alívio da dor neonatal durante procedimentos dolorosos.

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ABSTRACT Objective To analyze in the scientific literature the effects of massage on pain relief in newborns submitted to puncture. Method Systematic review with meta-analysis performed in October 2020, using PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane and Gale databases. Studies without time frame were included, which used massage as the main technique for relieving neonatal pain during puncture. Data were extracted using standardized forms and the synthesis of results occurred in a descriptive way. Results From the 12 studies included, massage was effective in pain relief in 83.3% of the studies. The comparative meta-analysis of massage versus routine care that assessed duration of crying obtained a statistically significant result (p = 0.0002; 95% CI -85.51 to -27.09). Conclusion Massage contributes to neonatal pain relief by reducing pain score and reducing crying time in newborns submitted to puncture.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar en la literatura científica los efectos del masaje en el alivio del dolor en recién nacidos sometidos a punción. Método Revisión sistemática con metanálisis realizada en octubre de 2020, utilizando las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane y Gale. Se incluyeron estudios sin corte temporal, que utilizaron el masaje como técnica principal para el alivio del dolor neonatal durante la punción. Los datos fueron extraídos mediante formularios estandarizados y la síntesis de los resultados ocurrió de forma descriptiva. Resultados De los 12 estudios incluidos, el masaje fue efectivo para aliviar el dolor en el 83,3% de los estudios. El metanálisis comparativo de masaje versus atención de rutina que evaluó la duración del llanto obtuvo un resultado estadísticamente significativo (p = 0,0002; IC del 95%: -85,51 a -27,09). Conclusión El masaje contribuye al alivio del dolor neonatal al reducir el puntaje de dolor y reducir el tiempo de llanto en recién nacidos sometidos a punción.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar na literatura científica os efeitos da massagem no alívio da dor em recém-nascidos submetidos a punção. Método Revisão sistemática com meta-análise realizada em outubro de 2020, utilizando as bases PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane e Gale. Incluíram-se estudos sem delimitação de recorte temporal, que utilizaram massagem como principal técnica para o alívio da dor neonatal durante a punção. Os dados foram extraídos através de formulários padronizados e a síntese dos resultados ocorreram de forma descritiva. Resultados Dos 12 estudos incluídos, a massagem foi eficaz no alívio da dor em 83,3% dos estudos. A meta-análise comparativa da massagem versus cuidados de rotina que avaliou duração do choro obteve resultado estatisticamente significativo (p = 0,0002; IC 95% -85,51 a -27,09). Conclusão A massagem contribui para o alívio da dor neonatal através da redução do escore de dor e redução do tempo de choro em recém-nascidos submetidos a punção.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pain and stress are the main factors stimulating behavioral, physiological, and hormonal changes in preterm newborns (PTNB) admitted to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU); therefore, the systematic multidimensional assessment of pain at the bedside becomes an essential tool for reducing the impact of brain stimulation, as it guides the appropriate treatment. The objectives of this study were to assess the pain at the bedside of PTNB submitted to peripheral venipuncture or diaper change and to describe the measures for pain relief. METHODS: Longitudinal study, with a prospective cohort of 25 PTNB, carried out in an NICU in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Pain assessment at the bedside was performed at three different times, using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) and Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP), when subjected to peripheral venipuncture for infusion therapy and diaper changes. The scores of the scales were analyzed using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: In the puncture group, there was pain and increased intensity. In the diaper group, three PTNB showed pain at the third assessment. During peripheral venipuncture, the non-pharmacological measures were used: oral 25% glucose, non-nutritive suction and a combination of the two. CONCLUSION: Assessing pain at the bedside using scales helps nursing professionals in pain prevention and treatment, avoiding altered responses of newborns in the face of procedures.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor e o estresse são os principais fatores de estímulo às alterações comportamentais, fisiológicas e hormonais dos recém-nascidos pré-termos (RNPT) internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN); portanto, a avaliação multidimensional sistemática da dor se torna uma ferramenta imprescindível para a redução do impacto da estimulação cerebral, visto que direciona para o adequado tratamento. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a dor à beira do leito de RNPT submetidos à punção venosa periférica ou à troca de fraldas e descrever as medidas para o alívio da dor. MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal, com uma coorte prospectiva de 25 RNPT, realizado em uma UTIN no município do Rio de Janeiro. Foi realizada avaliação da dor à beira do leito em três momentos distintos, com a Neonatal Infant Pain Scale e Premature Infant Pain Profile, quando submetidos à punção venosa periférica para terapia infusional e troca de fraldas. As pontuações das escalas foram analisadas por meio do teste Qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: No grupo punção, houve presença de dor e aumento da intensidade. No grupo fralda, três RNPT mostraram presença de dor na terceira avaliação. Durante a punção venosa periférica, foram utilizadas as medidas não farmacológicas; glicose oral a 25%, sucção não nutritiva e a combinação das duas. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação da dor à beira do leito por meio de escalas auxilia os profissionais de enfermagem na prevenção e tratamento da dor, evitando respostas alteradas do recém-nascido diante de procedimentos.

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RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a intensidade de dor durante a punção arterial realizada em recém-nascidos internados em uma unidade de cuidados progressivos neonatais e avaliar a percepção do profissional em relação à dor neonatal. Métodos: Estudo observacional analítico, em que foram observadas 62 punções arteriais realizadas em 35 neonatos. Avaliou-se a dor durante a coleta pela escala Premature Infant Pain Profile. Os profissionais responsáveis pela coleta avaliaram a dor pela escala numérica verbal de zero a dez. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva por meio do programa Statistical Package for the Social Science. Resultados: Entre os recém-nascidos, 30,6% (n = 19) não tiveram dor ou tiveram dor leve (0 - 6), 24,2% (n = 15) apresentaram dor leve a moderada (7 - 11) e 45,2% (28) dor intensa (12 - 21). Constatou-se que os profissionais identificam a dor durante o procedimento. Conclusão: A punção arterial é considerada um procedimento doloroso e pode resultar em dor leve a intensa, sendo necessária a adoção de estratégias sistematizadas de avaliação, possibilitando a intervenção terapêutica adequada.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate pain intensity during arterial puncture performed in newborns admitted to a neonatal progressive care unit and to evaluate the perception of health professionals regarding neonatal pain. Methods: This was an observational analytical study in which 62 arterial punctures were performed in 35 neonates. Pain was assessed during collection using the Premature Infant Pain Profile scale. The health professionals responsible for collection evaluated pain using a verbal numerical scale ranging from zero to ten. The data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Science software. Results: Among the newborns, 30.6% (n = 19) had no pain or mild pain (0 - 6), 24.2% (n = 15) had mild to moderate pain (7 - 11) and 45.2% (28) had severe pain (12 - 21). It was found that health professionals identified pain during the procedure. Conclusion: Arterial puncture is considered a painful procedure that can result in mild to severe pain. The adoption of systematic evaluation strategies is necessary to enable appropriate therapeutic intervention.

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Evolved eggshell strength is greater in several lineages of obligate avian brood parasites (birds that lay their eggs in other species' nests) than in their hosts. Greater strength is typically indirectly implied by eggshell thickness comparisons between parasites and hosts. Nevertheless, there is strong evidence that the eggshell structural organization differentially influences its mechanical properties. Using instrumental puncture tests and SEM/EBSD and XRD techniques, we studied the most relevant eggshell mechanical, textural, ultrastructural and microstructural features between several host species and their parasitic cowbirds (Molothrus spp.). These parasitic species display different egg-destructive behaviors, reducing host reproductive fitness, including the more frequently host-egg puncturing M. rufoaxillaris and M. bonariensis, and the host egg-removing M. ater. The results, analyzed using a phylogenetic comparative approach, showed interspecific patterns in the mechanical and structural features. Overall, the eggshells of the two egg-puncturing parasites (but not of M. ater) were stronger, stiffer and required greater stress to produce a fracture than the respective hosts' eggs. These features were affected by eggshell microstructure and ultrastructure, related to the increase in the intercrystalline boundary network acting in cooperation with the increase in palisade layer thickness. Both structural features generate more options and greater lengths of intercrystalline paths, increasing the energy consumed in crack or fissure propagation. The reported patterns of all these diverse eggshell features support a new set of interpretations, confirming several hypotheses regarding the impact of the two reproductive strategies (parasitic versus parental) and parasitic egg destruction behaviors (more versus less frequently puncturing).

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RESUMO Objetivo Comparar o efeito da sucção não nutritiva, glicose oral 25% e glicose oral 25% combinada com a sucção não nutritiva no alívio da dor de recém-nascidos prematuros submetidos à punção do calcanhar para monitorização da glicemia. Método Ensaio clínico randomizado crossover, com 34 prematuros que, randomicamente, receberam as intervenções: sucção não nutritiva, glicose oral 25% e as duas intervenções combinadas durante três dias consecutivos na punção do calcanhar para monitorização da glicemia. Avaliação pelo Premature Infant Pain Profile por 30 segundos antes da intervenção, denominado período basal e por 5 minutos após a punção. Resultados A combinação das intervenções fez com que os prematuros retornassem ao período basal, com 1 minuto e 30 segundos após a punção do calcanhar, promovendo uma redução percentual de 2,2% na escala. Conclusão A comparação do efeito das intervenções isoladas e combinadas mostrou que, quando oferecidas de forma combinada, os prematuros conseguiram retornar aos parâmetros do período basal mais rapidamente. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos: RBR-3gm6w5.

RESUMEN Objetivo Comparar el efecto de la succión no nutritiva, glucosa oral 25% y glucosa oral 25% combinada con succión no nutritiva para aliviar el dolor en recién nacidos prematuros sometidos a punción de talón para monitorización de glucosa en sangre. Método Ensayo clínico cruzado aleatorizado, con 34 prematuros que recibieron aleatoriamente las intervenciones: succión no nutritiva, glucosa oral al 25% y las dos intervenciones combinadas durante tres días consecutivos en la punción del talón para monitorizar la glucemia. La evaluación por el Premature Infant Pain Profile se realizó durante 30 segundos antes de la intervención, llamado período de línea base y durante 5 minutos después de la punción. Resultados La combinación de intervenciones hizo que los prematuros volvieran a la basal, 1 minuto y 30 segundos después de la punción del talón, promoviendo una reducción porcentual de la escala del 2,2%. Conclusión La comparación del efecto de las intervenciones aisladas y combinadas mostró que, cuando se ofrecían en combinación, los recién nacidos prematuros podían volver a los parámetros iniciales más rápidamente. Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos: RBR-3gm6w5.

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the effect of non-nutritive sucking, 25% oral glucose and 25% oral glucose combined with non-nutritive sucking in pain relief in premature infants submitted to heel puncture for blood glucose monitoring. Method This is a randomized crossover clinical trial with 34 preterm infants who randomly received interventions: non-nutritive sucking, 25% oral glucose and the two interventions combined for three consecutive days in heel puncture for blood glucose monitoring. Assessment by the Premature Infant Pain Profile for 30 seconds before the intervention, called the baseline period and for 5 minutes after puncture. Results The combination of interventions made the premature infants return to baseline, with 1 minute and 30 seconds after heel puncture, promoting a 2.2% percentage reduction in the scale. Conclusion Comparing the effect of isolated and combined interventions showed that, when offered in combination, preterm infants were able to return to baseline parameters more quickly. Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry: RBR-3gm6w5.

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Introdução: Durante sua permanência no alojamento conjunto, o recém-nascido é submetido a diversos procedimentos considerados dolorosos, sendo a punção do calcanhar um dos mais dolorosos e mais realizados em recém-nascidos saudáveis e a termo. Com isso, é importante tratar a dor em recém-nascidos para reduzir qualquer impacto negativo no desenvolvimento e funcionamento do cérebro em longo prazo. Objetivos: Comparar o efeito do contato pele a pele e da amamentação isolados nas respostas de dor através do tempo basal, em recém-nascidos a termo submetidos à punção do calcanhar para verificação da glicemia no alojamento conjunto. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo piloto de ensaio clínico randomizado, realizado no período de setembro de 2019 a março de 2020, no alojamento conjunto de uma Maternidade Escola localizada no Rio de Janeiro com amostra de 18 recém-nascidos alocados no grupo intervenção (contato pele a pele) ou grupo controle ativo (amamentação). O estudo foi composto por três períodos: período basal, período de intervenção e período pós-punção. A face dos recém-nascidos foi filmada durante todas os períodos da coleta de dados para posterior análise através dos movimentos faciais fronte saliente, fenda palpebral estreitada e sulco nasolabial aprofundado. A frequência cardíaca e a saturação de oxigênio também foram monitoradas e posteriormente avaliadas. Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva e inferencial utilizando o Programa estatístico R® versão 4.0.3. O estudo foi aprovado pelos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa da instituição proponente e da coparticipante com os números dos pareceres 3.192.251 e 3.210.073, respectivamente, e encontra-se registrado na Plataforma Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos com o registro RBR-5trktfy. Resultados: Dos 46 recém-nascidos elegíveis, 18 foram incluídos no estudo, sendo 09 alocados no grupo intervenção e 09 no grupo controle ativo. No grupo intervenção pode-se observar diferença significativa na frequência cardíaca máxima durante o período de intervenção em relação ao período basal, indicando que houve um aumento da frequência cardíaca máxima enquanto em contato pele a pele. No grupo controle ativo, não houve diferença significativa na frequência cardíaca máxima quando comparado o período de intervenção com o período basal. Já no período pós-punção, ambos os grupos apresentaram diferença significativa para a frequência cardíaca máxima quando comparada aos níveis apresentados no período basal. Em ambos os grupos, a saturação de oxigênio mínima foi significativamente diferente no período de intervenção quando comparado ao período basal. Porém, observou-se que a saturação de oxigênio retornou aos níveis apresentados no período basal somente no grupo contato pele a pele. Constatou-se que a intervenção contato pele a pele diminuiu a média de saturação de oxigênio quando comparado à intervenção amamentação. Pode-se afirmar que os recém-nascidos do grupo contato pele a pele tiveram um aumento significativo na média de tempo dos movimentos faciais fronte saliente e sulco nasolabial aprofundado quando comparados aos do grupo amamentação. Conclusão: Não houve diferença significativa entre as intervenções contato pele a pele e amamentação para as variáveis fisiológicas e para as variáveis comportamentais. Portanto, deve-se estimular cada vez mais a utilização do contato pele a pele e da amamentação como medidas não farmacológicas para o alívio da dor dos recém-nascidos que se encontram no alojamento conjunto.

Introduction: During their stay in rooming-in-care, the newborn is submitted to several procedures considered painful, being the heel puncture one of the most painful and most performed in healthy and full-term newborns. Thus, it is important to treat pain in newborns to reduce any negative impact on long-term brain development and functioning. Objectives: To compare the effect of skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding isolated on pain responses through baseline, in term newborns submitted to heel puncture to check blood glucose in rooming-in-care. Methodology: This is a pilot study of a randomized clinical trial, carried out from September 2019 to March 2020, in the rooming-in-care of a Maternity School located in Rio de Janeiro with a sample of 18 newborns allocated to the intervention group (skin-to-skin contact) or active control group (breastfeeding). The study consisted of three periods: baseline period, intervention period and post-puncture period. The newborns' faces were filmed during all periods of data collection for further analysis through facial movements brow bulge, eye squeeze and nasolabial furrow. Heart rate and oxygen saturation were also monitored and later evaluated. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using the Statistical Program R® version 4.0.3. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of the proposing institution and of the co-participant with the numbers 3.192.251 and 3.210.073, respectively, and is registered in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Platform with registration RBR-5trktfy. Results: Of the 46 eligible newborns, 18 were included in the study, with 09 allocated to the intervention group and 09 to the active control group. In the intervention group, a significant difference can be observed in the maximum heart rate during the intervention period in relation to the baseline period, indicating that there was an increase in the maximum heart rate while in skin-to-skin contact. In the active control group, there was no significant difference in maximum heart rate when comparing the intervention period with the baseline period. In the post-puncture period, both groups showed a significant difference for the maximum heart rate when compared to the levels presented in the baseline period. In both groups, the minimum oxygen saturation was significantly different in the intervention period when compared to the baseline period. However, it was observed that oxygen saturation returned to the levels presented in the baseline period only in the skin-to-skin contact group. It was found that the skin-to-skin contact intervention decreased the mean oxygen saturation when compared to the breastfeeding intervention. It can be stated that the newborns in the skin-to-skin contact group had a significant increase in the average time of facial movements, protruding forehead and deepened nasolabial fold, when compared to those in the breastfeeding group. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding interventions for physiological and behavioral variables. Therefore, the use of skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding should be increasingly encouraged as non-pharmacological measures to relieve the pain of newborns who are in rooming-in-care.

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Abstract Early recognition and rapid and appropriate treatment of cardiac tamponade are mandatory to prevent the irreversible deterioration of cerebral perfusion and other important organs. In this study, cardiac tamponade was induced by inadvertent transseptal puncture, which was managed with pericardial drainage and surgical repair in a patient with symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Epicardial atrial fibrillation ablation and left atrial appendage amputation were also performed at the same time.

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Objetivo: compreender a utilização da técnica broken needle de punção venosa periférica na prática profissional de assistência a neonatos prematuros. Método: estudo qualitativo realizado por meio de entrevista a profissionais da assistência neonatal submetida à Análise de Conteúdo segundo Bardin. Resultados: foram identificadas as categorias: percepções dos profissionais quanto aos benefícios da técnica broken needle para o neonato; e aprendizado e vivência profissional da técnica broken needle. Conclusão: a transferência do conhecimento de um profissional ao outro favoreceu a incorporação da técnica na instituição. A equipe se preocupa em realizar técnicas que sejam menos agressivas ao neonato e, portanto, realizam a broken needle porque acreditam que seja mais vantajosa e benéfica e não tenha efeitos adversos ao neonato. Os profissionais decidem qual técnica utilizar, levando em consideração as características anatômicas e clínicas do neonato, a sua habilidade e a segurança na execução

Objective: to understand the use of the broken needle technique peripheral venous puncture in the professional practice of assistance to preterm infants. Method: qualitative study conducted through interviews with neonatal care professionals submitted to Content Analysis to Bardin. Results: the following categories were identified: Professional perceptions regarding the benefits of the broken needle technique for the neonate; Learning and professional experience of broken needle technique. Conclusion: the transfer of knowledge from one professional to another favored the incorporation of the technique in the institution. The team is concerned with performing techniques that are less aggressive to the newborn and therefore perform the broken needle because they believe it is more advantageous and beneficial and has no adverse effects on the neonate. The professionals decide which technique to use taking into account the anatomical and clinical characteristics of the neonate, their ability and safety in the execution

Objetivo: comprender el uso de la técnica broken needle de punción venosa periférica en la práctica profesional de asistencia a neonatos prematuros. Método: estudio cualitativo realizado por medio de entrevista a profesionales de la asistencia neonatal sometida al Análisis de Contenido según Bardin. Resultados: se identificaron las categorías: Percepciones de los profesionales en cuanto a los beneficios de la técnica broken needle para el neonato; Aprendizaje y vivencia profesional de la técnica broken needle. Conclusión: la transferencia del conocimiento de un profesional al otro favoreció la incorporación de la técnica en la institución. El equipo se preocupa de realizar técnicas que sean menos agresivas al neonato y, por lo tanto, realizan la técnica porque creen que es más ventajosa y benéfica y no tiene efectos adversos al neonato. Los profesionales deciden qué técnica utilizar teniendo en cuenta las características anatómicas y clínicas del neonato, su habilidad y seguridad en la ejecución

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Ultrasonography is currently used in investigating many vascular diseases, especially for guiding vascular access. OBJECTIVE: The objective here was to summarize the evidence from Cochrane systematic reviews (SRs) on the effects of ultrasound-guided vascular access as an intervention approach. DESIGN AND SETTING: Review of SRs, conducted in the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery of Universidade Federal de São Paulo. METHODS: A broad search was conducted in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to retrieve any Cochrane SRs that assessed the effects of ultrasound guidance as a therapeutic approach towards performing any vascular access. The key characteristics and results of all the reviews included were summarized and discussed. RESULTS: Three SRs on venous access at all ages and one review on arterial access in pediatric participants were included. There was low to moderate certainty of evidence that ultrasound increased the success rate from the first puncture and the overall success rate of the procedure; and reduced the total rate of perioperative and postoperative adverse events, number of punctures, time needed to achieve success and rate of failure to place catheters. CONCLUSION: Evidence of low to moderate quality showed that ultrasound-guided vascular access seems to reduce the total rate of perioperative and postoperative complications/adverse effects, number of punctures, time needed to achieve success and rate of failure to perform venous catheterization in adults and arterial punctures in children. There is a lack of information regarding ultrasound-guided arterial puncture in adults. Further studies are still imperative for reaching solid conclusions, especially regarding arterial ultrasound-guided access.

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Resumo Objetivo Avaliar se um workshop de simulação e curta duração sobre punção da artéria radial melhoraria a competência de alunos de enfermagem em um nível em que pudessem praticar o procedimento em um paciente vivo sem comprometer sua segurança. Métodos Estudo quase-experimental do tipo pré-teste e pós-teste com um grupo de 111 estudantes do terceiro ano de enfermagem. Foi implementado um workshop de simulação e 1,5 horas de duração. Isso incluiu uma vídeo-palestra, demonstrações ao vivo, prática simulada autodirigida em díades e feedback intermitente individual. As habilidades, conhecimentos e autoeficácia dos participantes em punção arterial foram medidos antes e depois da participação no workshop. Resultados Após a intervenção, 61,1% dos participantes demonstraram o nível de competência necessário para a prática segura da punção da artéria radial em um paciente vivo sob supervisão. Conclusão O treinamento efetivo em punção arterial baseado em simulação para estudantes de enfermagem não necessariamente precisa ser intensivo em recursos. Sessões de treinamento bem planejadas e baseadas em evidências, com uso de simuladores de baixa tecnologia podem ajudar os educadores a alcançarem bons resultados educacionais e promover a segurança do paciente.

Abstract Objective To evaluate whether a short simulation-based workshop in radial artery puncture would improve nursing students’ competence to a level in which they could practise the procedure on a live patient without compromising his safety. Methods Quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest study with 111 third-year nursing students. A 1.5-hour simulation-based workshop was implemented. This included a video-lecture, live demonstrations, self-directed simulated practice in dyads and individual intermittent feedback. Participants’ skills, knowledge and self-efficacy in arterial puncture were measured before and after attending the workshop. Results After the intervention, a total of 61.1% of the participants showed the level of competence required to safely practice radial artery puncture on a live patient under supervision. Conclusion Effective simulation-based training in arterial puncture for nursing students does not necessarily need to be resource-intensive. Well-planned, evidence-based training sessions using low-tech simulators could help educators to achieve good educational outcomes and promote patient safety.

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RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender os componentes representacionais, as origens das experiências dos participantes com o processo de punção de veias periféricas, suas percepções e marcadores implícitos e explícitos de demandas de cuidado segundo concepção de Neuman. Métodos: Pesquisa de Representação Social Processual realizada com adultos que tiveram veias puncionadas internados num hospital de Minas Gerais. Amostra de 149 pessoas de seleção completa. Entrevistas individuais gravadas usando técnica de recorte e colagem de gibi. Na análise de conteúdo, aplicaram-se NVivo e teoria de Neuman. Resultados: Predominaram mulheres em idade ≥ 50 anos. Experiências contemplaram relatos próprios, com terceiros, familiares e profissionais, percebidas como dialógicas, expressando sentimentos/comportamentos, valores, informações/conhecimentos e objetos representacionais, sendo aquelas com familiares pouco expressivas devido ao enfoque sobre acolhimento. Conclusão: Fragmentos de discurso e imagens de gibi selecionados demonstram exposição a estressores (intrapessoais, extrapessoais e interpessoais), caracterizando lacunas nas demandas de cuidados de enfermagem quando se integram tecnologias relacionais, cognitivas/especializadas e instrumentais.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender los componentes representacionales, las orígenes de las experiencias de los participantes en proceso de punción de venas periféricas, sus percepciones y marcadores implícitos y explícitos de demandas de cuidado según la concepción de Neuman. Métodos: Investigación de Representación Social Procesual realizada con 149 adultos de un hospital en Minas Gerais. Fueron realizadas entrevistas individuales, grabadas utilizando la técnica de recorte y colaje de libros de historietas. En el análisis de contenido, se aplicaron NVivo y la Teoría de Neuman. Resultados: Predominaron mujeres de ≥ 50 anos. Las experiencias contemplaron testimonios propios, con terceros, familiares y profesionales, percibidas como dialógicas, expresando sentimientos/comportamientos, valores, informaciones/conocimientos y objetos representacionales. Conclusión: Fragmentos de discurso e imágenes seleccionados demuestran exposición a estresores (intrapersonales, extrapersonales e interpersonales), caracterizando lagunas en las demandas de cuidados de enfermería cuando se aplican tecnologías relacionales, cognitivas/especializadas e instrumentales.

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the representational components, the origins of the participants' experiences with venipuncture process, their perceptions and (im)explicit markers of care demands according to Neuman. Methods: Social Procedural Representation research, conducted with hospitalized adults with punctured veins in a hospital in Minas Gerais. Sample of 149 people with full selection. Individual interviews recorded using clipping and collage of comic books' technique. Content analysis applied NVivo and Neuman's theory. Results: Most participants were female age ≥ 50 years. Experiences contemplated own accounts, with third parties, families and professionals, perceived as dialogic, expressing feelings/behaviours, values, information/knowledge and representational objects, with those with families less significant due to the focus on care. Conclusion: Selected comic books' speech fragments and images demonstrate exposure to stressors (intrapersonal, interpersonal and extra personal), presenting gaps in the demands of nursing care when integrating relational, cognitive/specialized and instrumental technologies.

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PURPOSE: To compare curative effect of different treatments for hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage of 25 to 35ml. METHODS: In this study, 595 cases were enrolled and grouped regarding treatments including conservative treatment, evacuation with microinvasive craniopuncture technique within 6h and 6-48h after the attack. RESULTS: After follow up for three months after the attack, the assessment based on the Activity of Daily Living (ADL) indicated no significant difference among conservative treatment and surgical interventions (p>0.05). However, surgical interventions showed advantages of shorter hospitalization, quick removal of hematoma and obvious reduction of cost. CONCLUSION: The microinvasive craniopuncture technique to drain the hematoma within 6-48h may be a good way in treating hypertensive hemorrhage of basal ganglia region.

OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito curativo de diferentes tratamentos da hemorragia hipertensiva cerebral de 25 a 35ml. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 595 casos agrupados segundo tratamento conservador e evacuação com técnica de punção transcraniana dentro de 6h ou de 6 às 48h do início do quadro clínico. RESULTADOS: O seguimento após três meses e avaliado pelo Escore de Atividade de Vida Diário, indicou que não houve diferenças significantes entre os tratamentos conservador e cirúrgico (p>0.05) O tratamento cirúrgico mostrou vantagem com hospitalização mais curta e redução de custos. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica de punção transcraniana para drenagem de hematoma dos núcleos da base pode ser uma boa alternativa de tratamento.

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PURPOSE: To compare curative effect of different treatments for hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage of 25 to 35ml. METHODS: In this study, 595 cases were enrolled and grouped regarding treatments including conservative treatment, evacuation with microinvasive craniopuncture technique within 6h and 6-48h after the attack. RESULTS: After follow up for three months after the attack, the assessment based on the Activity of Daily Living (ADL) indicated no significant difference among conservative treatment and surgical interventions (p>0.05). However, surgical interventions showed advantages of shorter hospitalization, quick removal of hematoma and obvious reduction of cost. CONCLUSION: The microinvasive craniopuncture technique to drain the hematoma within 6-48h may be a good way in treating hypertensive hemorrhage of basal ganglia region.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito curativo de diferentes tratamentos da hemorragia hipertensiva cerebral de 25 a 35ml. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 595 casos agrupados segundo tratamento conservador e evacuação com técnica de punção transcraniana dentro de 6h ou de 6 às 48h do início do quadro clínico. RESULTADOS: O seguimento após três meses e avaliado pelo Escore de Atividade de Vida Diário, indicou que não houve diferenças significantes entre os tratamentos conservador e cirúrgico (p>0.05) O tratamento cirúrgico mostrou vantagem com hospitalização mais curta e redução de custos. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica de punção transcraniana para drenagem de hematoma dos núcleos da base pode ser uma boa alternativa de tratamento.(AU)

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