RESUMO

Agriculture is one of the most important commercial activities worldwide since it contributes to a great amount of the nation's gross domestic product, labor opportunities, and food production. However, on the other hand, current industrial agriculture is extremely dependent on chemicals, both pesticides and fertilizers that are a serious threat to the health of people and the environment. Despite the advent of new technologies like unmanned aerial spraying systems (UASS), regulations surrounding the aerial spraying of pesticides to accommodate the benefits and limitations necessary to ensure the protection of humans and ecosystems are still scarce. High concentrations of chemical substances released by drones in a spray solution at improper altitudes, inappropriate ambient temperatures, or with incorrect droplet sizes increase the risk of phytotoxicity effects and spreading to non-target areas, potentially contaminating non-resistant neighboring crops, agricultural workers, and surrounding communities. Following the increase in the number of aircraft, the contamination events due to the drift events of pesticides increased parallelly. Research points out that “technical drift” may reach up to 19% of the sprayed volume, which does not reach the target, but goes to the soil, water, air, nearby plantations, and communities. Exposure to pesticides in smaller and regular doses can lead to chronic health conditions, which is much more difficult to study and prove. In some cases, illnesses develop years or decades after exposure but still are of great concern since the use of pesticides, notably in highly agricultural countries, has increased greatly to reach food and commodities demand.

RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate the internal and microbiological quality of eggs submitted to different types of shell treatments. One hundred and forty-four fresh red eggs were distributed in a scheme of 4 treatments (no washing; washing and immersion in chlorine; washing and immersion in peracetic acid; and washing and spraying of propolis extract) x 5 storage periods (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days), stored at 25°C, in each period 6 eggs per treatment were analyzed. The parameters to assess were: weight loss; shell weight; yolk weight; albumen weight, yolk diameter; yolk height; albumen height and Haugh unit (HU). The microbiological quality of eggs was evaluated at 35 days through analysis for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and molds and yeasts. The treatment with propolis extract was the only effective one to maintain the high HU quality of the eggs until 21 days of storage at 25°C and was effective against microbiological contamination of all bacterial groups. The results presented showed greater effectiveness of the propolis extract for maintenance of internal and microbiological quality of eggs, it can be an alternative product to chemical sanitizers.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate the internal and microbiological quality of eggs submitted to different types of shell treatments. One hundred and forty-four fresh red eggs were distributed in a scheme of 4 treatments (no washing; washing and immersion in chlorine; washing and immersion in peracetic acid; and washing and spraying of propolis extract) x 5 storage periods (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days), stored at 25°C, in each period 6 eggs per treatment were analyzed. The parameters to assess were: weight loss; shell weight; yolk weight; albumen weight, yolk diameter; yolk height; albumen height and Haugh unit (HU). The microbiological quality of eggs was evaluated at 35 days through analysis for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and molds and yeasts. The treatment with propolis extract was the only effective one to maintain the high HU quality of the eggs until 21 days of storage at 25°C and was effective against microbiological contamination of all bacterial groups. The results presented showed greater effectiveness of the propolis extract for maintenance of internal and microbiological quality of eggs, it can be an alternative product to chemical sanitizers.

This study aimed to evaluate the internal and microbiological quality of eggs submitted to different types of shell treatments. One hundred and forty-four fresh red eggs were distributed in a scheme of 4 treatments (no washing; washing and immersion in chlorine; washing and immersion in peracetic acid; and washing and spraying of propolis extract) x 5 storage periods (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days), stored at 25°C, in each period 6 eggs per treatment were analyzed. The parameters to assess were: weight loss; shell weight; yolk weight; albumen weight, yolk diameter; yolk height; albumen height and Haugh unit (HU). The microbiological quality of eggs was evaluated at 35 days through analysis for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and molds and yeasts. The treatment with propolis extract was the only effective one to maintain the high HU quality of the eggs until 21 days of storage at 25°C and was effective against microbiological contamination of all bacterial groups. The results presented showed greater effectiveness of the propolis extract for maintenance of internal and microbiological quality of eggs, it can be an alternative product to chemical sanitizers.

RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate the internal and microbiological quality of eggs submitted to different types of shell treatments. One hundred and forty-four fresh red eggs were distributed in a scheme of 4 treatments (no washing; washing and immersion in chlorine; washing and immersion in peracetic acid; and washing and spraying of propolis extract) x 5 storage periods (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days), stored at 25°C, in each period 6 eggs per treatment were analyzed. The parameters to assess were: weight loss; shell weight; yolk weight; albumen weight, yolk diameter; yolk height; albumen height and Haugh unit (HU). The microbiological quality of eggs was evaluated at 35 days through analysis for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and molds and yeasts. The treatment with propolis extract was the only effective one to maintain the high HU quality of the eggs until 21 days of storage at 25°C and was effective against microbiological contamination of all bacterial groups. The results presented showed greater effectiveness of the propolis extract for maintenance of internal and microbiological quality of eggs, it can be an alternative product to chemical sanitizers.

This study aimed to evaluate the internal and microbiological quality of eggs submitted to different types of shell treatments. One hundred and forty-four fresh red eggs were distributed in a scheme of 4 treatments (no washing; washing and immersion in chlorine; washing and immersion in peracetic acid; and washing and spraying of propolis extract) x 5 storage periods (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days), stored at 25°C, in each period 6 eggs per treatment were analyzed. The parameters to assess were: weight loss; shell weight; yolk weight; albumen weight, yolk diameter; yolk height; albumen height and Haugh unit (HU). The microbiological quality of eggs was evaluated at 35 days through analysis for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and molds and yeasts. The treatment with propolis extract was the only effective one to maintain the high HU quality of the eggs until 21 days of storage at 25°C and was effective against microbiological contamination of all bacterial groups. The results presented showed greater effectiveness of the propolis extract for maintenance of internal and microbiological quality of eggs, it can be an alternative product to chemical sanitizers.

RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate the internal and microbiological quality of eggs submitted to different types of shell treatments. One hundred and forty-four fresh red eggs were distributed in a scheme of 4 treatments (no washing; washing and immersion in chlorine; washing and immersion in peracetic acid; and washing and spraying of propolis extract) x 5 storage periods (7, 14, 21, 28,and 35 days), stored at 25°C, in each period 6 eggs per treatment were analyzed. The parameters to assess were: weight loss; shell weight; yolk weight; albumen weight, yolk diameter; yolk height; albumen height and Haugh unit (HU). The microbiological quality of eggs was evaluated at 35 days through analysis for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcusspp., Salmonellaspp. and molds and yeasts. The treatment with propolis extract was the only effective one to maintain the high HU quality of the eggs until 21 days of storage at 25°C and was effective against microbiological contamination of all bacterial groups. The results presented showed greater effectiveness of the propolis extract for maintenance of internal and microbiological quality of eggs, it can be an alternativeproduct to chemical sanitizers.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

RESUMO Este trabalho buscou analisar o contexto social, institucional e ambiental da contaminação humana e ambiental por agrotóxicos, via pulverização aérea, por meio do estudo de caso de uma comunidade atingida, incluindo a possibilidade de os agrotóxicos serem utilizados como arma química em região onde há conflitos por terras e territórios. Como metodologia, utilizou-se o estudo de caso sobre a pulverização ocorrida no Assentamento Raimundo Vieira III, Gleba Gama, Nova Guarita-MT. No caso estudado, há indícios de intencionalidade no processo de contaminação das famílias, principalmente considerando que estas já vinham sofrendo outras agressões. O estudo mostrou a ineficiência, intencional ou não, dos aparelhos públicos tanto na investigação e responsabilização dos envolvidos quanto no atendimento das pessoas contaminadas. Conclui-se que o método de pulverização aérea é ineficiente com perdas elevadas, só podendo justificar sua adoção por razões econômicas em detrimento da racionalidade técnica e dos princípios de prevenção e precaução. O Estado não consegue manter efetivamente a fiscalização do uso de agrotóxicos, e há uma ampliação dos riscos vinculados aos agrotóxicos com as mudanças legais que têm sistematicamente ocorrido desde 2015.

ABSTRACT This work sought to analyze the social, institutional and environmental context of human and environmental contamination by pesticides by aerial spraying, through the case study of an affected community, including the possibility of pesticides being used as a chemical weapon in a region where there are conflicts over land and territories. The methodology used was the case study on the spraying that occurred in the Raimundo Vieira III Settlement, Gleba Gama, Nova Guarita-MT. It was concluded that, in the case studied, spraying is part of a framework with several other types of violence experienced by families. The study showed the inefficiency, intentional or not, of public institutions in the investigation and accountability of those involved and in the care of t he infected people. It is concluded that the aerial spraying method is inefficient with high losses, and its adoption can only be justified for economic reasons to the detriment of technical rationality and the principles of prevention and precaution. The State is unable to effectively maintain inspection of the use of pesticides, and there is an increase in the risks linked to pesticides with the legal changes that have been systematically taking place since 2015.

RESUMO

Brazil is currently one of the largest pesticide consumers worldwide. However, a lack of scientific information regarding airborne pollution is still an issue, with tragic consequences to human health and the environment. To reduce pollution of the lower air layers, where pesticide spraying occurs, green barriers that filter the air could be an effective mitigation procedure. Modifying pulverization habits, by pulverizing in the late afternoon instead of in the morning could also reduce pesticide volatilization, while other recommendations with the purpose of lowering the pesticide amounts currently applied are likewise pursued. Data obtained about volatilization have demonstrated that, in order to reduce air pollution risks, one of the most effective preventive strategies is to ban products with high vapor pressure. Global/local stakeholders need to assume the responsibility to find the best way to reduce airborne pesticide pollution, which has increasingly shown disastrous effects as major poisons to human health and the environment.

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RESUMO

Pesticide air pollution by spraying was evaluated under different temperature, humidity and wind climatic conditions in Brazil. Field experiments were performed with application towards the soil and in guava orchards, where spray dispersion was monitored by adding p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a fluorescent substance, as a tracer to the water contained in the spray tanks. Samples were collected with filter membranes (Whatman 180025), and the PABA was extracted from the filters by shaking with water in a Petri dish and measured in a spectrofluorometer. A spray aimed towards the soil with filters positioned on the ground and hung at different heights did not show different upward dispersion as observed when lateral pulverization was conducted. In this case, a tractor with a sprayer moved through a 3 m high and 6 m wide frame with filter membranes mounted at 60 cm intervals. Spray dispersion patterns were modified by guava leaf resistance. No influence of temperature and humidity was observed in this short-lived spraying process. Nevertheless, wind drift can occur during airborne dispersion and is an important pesticide pollution source which requires control. Droplets with PABA powered by assisted spraying upwards returned to the ground by gravity and, therefore, did not constitute a vertical source of atmospheric pollution.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar o efeito do pré-tratamento de sementes, via pulverização, com paclobutrazol em sementes de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú, em duas situações, com e sem deficiência de água, no Laboratório de Sementes da UNOESTE. As sementes passaram pelo pré-tratamento, sendo expostas de maneira uniforme a uma pulverização com 0, 21, 42, 84 e 168 mg L-1 de paclobutrazol (PBZ) na proporção de 10 mL de calda por quilograma de semente, para o teste preliminar, e posteriormente colocadas para secar à sombra, e após procedeu-se o teste de germinação. Posteriormente, estabeleceu-se as doses de 0, 84 e 168 mg L-1 de paclobutrazol e a testemunha (semente sem pré-tratamento). Com essas sementes realizou-se o teste de germinação por plântulas normais (GPN) no potencial osmótico 0,-0,3, -0,6 e -0,9 MPa. Na germinação por protrusão de raiz (GPR) e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) utilizou-se 0, -0,3, -0,6 e -1,2 MPa. No teste preliminar a germinação máxima foi na dose de 105 mg L-¹ de PBZ. A restrição hídrica reduz a GPN, GPR e IVG. O pré-tratamento das sementes favorece a GPN e GPR em condição de restrição hídrica, respectivamente, até -0,9 MPa e -0,6 MPa. A semente tratada com PBZ tem potencial para alcançar, em condição de restrição hídrica, a germinação final semelhante à obtida na ausência de restrição hídrica. O PBZ favorece a germinação inicial.

The objective of the work was to verify the pre-treatment, by spraying, with paclobutrazol solutions in seeds of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú, in two situations, with and without water deficiency, upon germination and seeding development. Seeds were uniformly exposed to a spray with 0, 21, 42, 84 and 168 mg L-1 of paclobutrazol (PBZ) in the proportion of 10 mL of solution per kilogram of seed. After the treatment, the seeds were shaded dried and then installed the germination test. The results showed that the maximum germination wasin the 105 mg L-¹ de PBZ and the doses of 84 e 168 mg L-1were chosen to the water deficiency test. With treated seeds and control were performed germination test by normal seedlings evaluation (GNS) in the osmotic potentials of 0,-0.3,-0.6 and-0.9 MPa. For germination by root protrusion evaluation (GRP) and germination speed index (GSI) the potentials were 0, -0.3, -0.6 and-1.2 MPa. The water restriction decreases the GNS, GRP and GSI. The pre-treatment with PBZ increases GNS e GRP in water restriction conditions, respectively, up to -0.9 MPa e -0.6 MPa. The seed treated with PBZ has the potential of achieve, in water deficit conditions, the final germination similar to that achieve without water deficiency.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar o efeito do pré-tratamento de sementes, via pulverização, com paclobutrazol em sementes de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú, em duas situações, com e sem deficiência de água, no Laboratório de Sementes da UNOESTE. As sementes passaram pelo pré-tratamento, sendo expostas de maneira uniforme a uma pulverização com 0, 21, 42, 84 e 168 mg L-1 de paclobutrazol (PBZ) na proporção de 10 mL de calda por quilograma de semente, para o teste preliminar, e posteriormente colocadas para secar à sombra, e após procedeu-se o teste de germinação. Posteriormente, estabeleceu-se as doses de 0, 84 e 168 mg L-1 de paclobutrazol e a testemunha (semente sem pré-tratamento). Com essas sementes realizou-se o teste de germinação por plântulas normais (GPN) no potencial osmótico 0,-0,3, -0,6 e -0,9 MPa. Na germinação por protrusão de raiz (GPR) e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) utilizou-se 0, -0,3, -0,6 e -1,2 MPa. No teste preliminar a germinação máxima foi na dose de 105 mg L-¹ de PBZ. A restrição hídrica reduz a GPN, GPR e IVG. O pré-tratamento das sementes favorece a GPN e GPR em condição de restrição hídrica, respectivamente, até -0,9 MPa e -0,6 MPa. A semente tratada com PBZ tem potencial para alcançar, em condição de restrição hídrica, a germinação final semelhante à obtida na ausência de restrição hídrica. O PBZ favorece a germinação inicial.(AU)

The objective of the work was to verify the pre-treatment, by spraying, with paclobutrazol solutions in seeds of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú, in two situations, with and without water deficiency, upon germination and seeding development. Seeds were uniformly exposed to a spray with 0, 21, 42, 84 and 168 mg L-1 of paclobutrazol (PBZ) in the proportion of 10 mL of solution per kilogram of seed. After the treatment, the seeds were shaded dried and then installed the germination test. The results showed that the maximum germination wasin the 105 mg L-¹ de PBZ and the doses of 84 e 168 mg L-1were chosen to the water deficiency test. With treated seeds and control were performed germination test by normal seedlings evaluation (GNS) in the osmotic potentials of 0,-0.3,-0.6 and-0.9 MPa. For germination by root protrusion evaluation (GRP) and germination speed index (GSI) the potentials were 0, -0.3, -0.6 and-1.2 MPa. The water restriction decreases the GNS, GRP and GSI. The pre-treatment with PBZ increases GNS e GRP in water restriction conditions, respectively, up to -0.9 MPa e -0.6 MPa. The seed treated with PBZ has the potential of achieve, in water deficit conditions, the final germination similar to that achieve without water deficiency.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Different types of hair were submitted to different milling procedures and their resulting powders were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser diffraction (LD). SEM results were qualitative whereas LD results were quantitative and accurately characterized the hair powders through their particle size distribution (PSD). Different types of hair were submitted to an optimized milling conditions and their PSD was quite similar. A good correlation was obtained between PSD results and ketamine concentration in a hair sample analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Hair samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen for 5min and pulverized at 25Hz for 10min, resulting in 61% of particles <104µm and 39% from 104 to 1000µm. Doing so, a 359% increment on ketamine concentration was obtained for an authentic sample extracted after pulverization comparing with the same sample cut in 1mm fragments. When milling time was extended to 25min, >90% of particles were <60µm and an additional increment of 52.4% in ketamine content was obtained. PSD is a key feature on analysis of pulverized hair as it can affect the method recovery and reproducibility. In addition, PSD is an important issue on sample retesting and quality control procedures.

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RESUMO

The practice of large-scale agriculture requires the use of pesticides in order to maximize production. This activity has gained increasing attention in recent years, especially from rural workers, due to the risks associated with long-term exposure to pesticides. To minimize these risks, personal protection equipment (e.g., covers, gloves, and goggles) and collective protection equipment (e.g., agricultural tractors with sealed cabins) have been developed. In general, these approaches are intended to reduce the contact of farmers and agricultural machinery operators with the more toxic and stable compounds, an example of which is fenitrothion. In this study, fenitrothion was used as a marker to evaluate the protection afforded inside a sealed tractor cabin. To simulate the pesticide exposure, tests were performed using artificial cotton targets as passive adsorptive agents inside the cabin during the pesticide application. Samples were extracted according to the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) procedure using ultrasonic extraction and as proposed by the Brazilian Standard for Solid Waste Classification (NBR 10004). The extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The chromatographic method was optimized using a factorial design. The combined results indicated that the best conditions were achieved using a mobile phase with a water/acetonitrile ratio of 35:65, a column temperature of 40 °C, and a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, with a total analysis time of <10 min. The method was evaluated in the linear range of 0.50 to 2.01 mg/kg, with a determination coefficient of 0.9886. The precision was evaluated on different days and the relative standard deviations were between 0.17 and 3.41 %. In relation to the accuracy, recovery values of 95 to 104 % were obtained. The detection and quantification limits were 0.18 and 0.50 mg/kg, respectively. None of the target cottons showed concentrations of fenitrothion above the limit of detection of 0.18 mg/kg.

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RESUMO

ABSTRACT:For a crop protection product to achieve its goal, the product must be applied and remain on the leaves until it is absorbed. This situation may be compromised due to rainfall after spraying, thus necessitating reapplication which increase the overall cost. Application technology research has focused on alternatives and solutions to mitigate this effect through the use of adjuvants. The objective of this research was to evaluate the deposit of spraying liquid on citrus seedlings using the products spirodiclofen, propargite, imidacloprid, lambda cyhalothrin, copper oxychloride, and copper hydroxide with water mixed with the adjuvants polydimethylsiloxane and phosphatidylcholine. Seedlings were subjected to simulated rains of 10mm at intervals of 1, 6, 12 and 24h after spraying, and the remaining deposits of spraying liquid per leaf area were analyzed by spectrophotometry by assessing a metallic marker previously added in the spraying liquids. Variables were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey's test (P<0.05). The rains that occurred soon after spraying resulted in decreased spraying liquids deposits on citrus leaves. Adjuvant phosphatidylcholine promoted the greatest retention of spraying liquid on citrus leaves after rainfall.

RESUMO:A aplicação de um produto fitossanitário deve assegurar que ocorra sua chegada e permanência das gotas sobre folhas até que sejam absorvidos para manifestação do efeito biológico. Essa situação pode ser comprometida pela ocorrência de chuvas após a pulverização, necessitando de reaplicações que elevam os custos. A tecnologia de aplicação busca alternativas e soluções para amenizar esse efeito, como o uso de adjuvantes. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o depósito de caldas fitossanitárias pulverizadas sobre mudas de citros, com os produtos espirodiclofeno, propargite, imidacloprido, lambida cialotrina, oxicloreto de cobre e hidróxido de cobre apenas com água e em mistura com os adjuvantes polidimetilsiloxano e fosfatidilcoline antes e após chuvas artificais de 10mm, com intervalos de 1, 6, 12 e 24 horas após a pulverização. Os depósitos de caldas remanescentes por área foliar foram analisados por espectrofotometria, considerando um marcador metálico previamente adicionado nas caldas. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey (P<0,05). As chuvas ocorridas mais próximas do momento das pulverizações resultaram em menores depósitos de calda sobre as folhas de citros. O adjuvante fosfatidilcoline manteve a maior quantidade das caldas sobre folhas de citros, quando da ocorrência de chuvas após a pulverização.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: For a crop protection product to achieve its goal, the product must be applied and remain on the leaves until it is absorbed. This situation may be compromised due to rainfall after spraying, thus necessitating reapplication which increase the overall cost. Application technology research has focused on alternatives and solutions to mitigate this effect through the use of adjuvants. The objective of this research was to evaluate the deposit of spraying liquid on citrus seedlings using the products spirodiclofen, propargite, imidacloprid, lambda cyhalothrin, copper oxychloride, and copper hydroxide with water mixed with the adjuvants polydimethylsiloxane and phosphatidylcholine. Seedlings were subjected to simulated rains of 10mm at intervals of 1, 6, 12 and 24h after spraying, and the remaining deposits of spraying liquid per leaf area were analyzed by spectrophotometry by assessing a metallic marker previously added in the spraying liquids. Variables were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey's test (P<0.05). The rains that occurred soon after spraying resulted in decreased spraying liquids deposits on citrus leaves. Adjuvant phosphatidylcholine promoted the greatest retention of spraying liquid on citrus leaves after rainfall.

RESUMO: A aplicação de um produto fitossanitário deve assegurar que ocorra sua chegada e permanência das gotas sobre folhas até que sejam absorvidos para manifestação do efeito biológico. Essa situação pode ser comprometida pela ocorrência de chuvas após a pulverização, necessitando de reaplicações que elevam os custos. A tecnologia de aplicação busca alternativas e soluções para amenizar esse efeito, como o uso de adjuvantes. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o depósito de caldas fitossanitárias pulverizadas sobre mudas de citros, com os produtos espirodiclofeno, propargite, imidacloprido, lambida cialotrina, oxicloreto de cobre e hidróxido de cobre apenas com água e em mistura com os adjuvantes polidimetilsiloxano e fosfatidilcoline antes e após chuvas artificais de 10mm, com intervalos de 1, 6, 12 e 24 horas após a pulverização. Os depósitos de caldas remanescentes por área foliar foram analisados por espectrofotometria, considerando um marcador metálico previamente adicionado nas caldas. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey (P<0,05). As chuvas ocorridas mais próximas do momento das pulverizações resultaram em menores depósitos de calda sobre as folhas de citros. O adjuvante fosfatidilcoline manteve a maior quantidade das caldas sobre folhas de citros, quando da ocorrência de chuvas após a pulverização.

RESUMO

For a crop protection product to achieve its goal, the product must be applied and remain on the leaves until it is absorbed. This situation may be compromised due to rainfall after spraying, thus necessitating reapplication which increase the overall cost. Application technology research has focused on alternatives and solutions to mitigate this effect through the use of adjuvants. The objective of this research was to evaluate the deposit of spraying liquid on citrus seedlings using the products spirodiclofen, propargite, imidacloprid, lambda cyhalothrin, copper oxychloride, and copper hydroxide with water mixed with the adjuvants polydimethylsiloxane and phosphatidylcholine. Seedlings were subjected to simulated rains of 10mm at intervals of 1, 6, 12 and 24h after spraying, and the remaining deposits of spraying liquid per leaf area were analyzed by spectrophotometry by assessing a metallic marker previously added in the spraying liquids. Variables were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey"s test (P 0.05). The rains that occurred soon after spraying resulted in decreased spraying liquids deposits on citrus leaves. Adjuvant phosphatidylcholine promoted the greatest retention of spraying liquid on citrus leaves after rainfall.(AU)

A aplicação de um produto fitossanitário deve assegurar que ocorra sua chegada e permanência das gotas sobre folhas até que sejam absorvidos para manifestação do efeito biológico. Essa situação pode ser comprometida pela ocorrência de chuvas após a pulverização, necessitando de reaplicações que elevam os custos. A tecnologia de aplicação busca alternativas e soluções para amenizar esse efeito, como o uso de adjuvantes. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o depósito de caldas fitossanitárias pulverizadas sobre mudas de citros, com os produtos espirodiclofeno, propargite, imidacloprido, lambida cialotrina, oxicloreto de cobre e hidróxido de cobre apenas com água e em mistura com os adjuvantes polidimetilsiloxano e fosfatidilcoline antes e após chuvas artificais de 10mm, com intervalos de 1, 6, 12 e 24 horas após a pulverização. Os depósitos de caldas remanescentes por área foliar foram analisados por espectrofotometria, considerando um marcador metálico previamente adicionado nas caldas. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey (P 0,05). As chuvas ocorridas mais próximas do momento das pulverizações resultaram em menores depósitos de calda sobre as folhas de citros. O adjuvante fosfatidilcoline manteve a maior quantidade das caldas sobre folhas de citros, quando da ocorrência de chuvas após a pulverização.(AU)

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RESUMO

Although non-innervated, the placenta contains both cholinesterases (ChEs), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). These enzymes are well-known for their multiple molecular forms. In a first approach, we used recognized specific inhibitors, substrate preferences and non-denaturating gel electrophoresis in order to characterize the ChE profile of term placenta from uncomplicated pregnancy. Results strongly suggest that the predominant cholinesterasic form present was tetrameric BChE. It is well established that both ChEs are targets of cholinesterase-inhibiting organophosphates (OP), one of the most important classes of chemicals actively applied to the environment. However, we have previously reported increased ChEs activity in placenta of rural residents exposed to OP. In the present work, we have studied: 1) whether this finding was reproducible and, 2) whether AChE or BChE up regulation is behind the increase of placental ChE activity. The population studied included forty healthy women who live in an agricultural area. Samples were collected during both the OP pulverization period (PP) and the recess period (RP). The placental ChEs activity increased in PP, evidencing reproducibility of previous results. The analysis of non-denaturating gels revealed that increased activity of total ChE activity in placenta from women exposed to OP may be attributable to tetrameric BChE up-regulation.

RESUMO

A utilização de equipamentos de pulverização com menor volume de aplicação no controle de doenças é uma tendência na agricultura. Portanto, este trabalho tem por objetivo determinar a eficiência de equipamentos com baixo volume de aplicação no controle de doenças foliares do trigo. O experimento foi conduzido em duas safras agrícolas e três cultivares no município de Santa Maria, RS. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de diferentes equipamentos de pulverização, sendo eles: pontas hidráulicas do tipo leque (XR 110015) e cone vazio sem indução de ar (TX-VK6), ambos com volume de aplicação de 120L ha-1, atomizadores rotativos de discos, utilizando baixo volume oleoso (BVO(r)), com volumes de aplicação de 24L ha-1 e 34L ha-1 e uma testemunha sem aplicação. As gotas geradas pelos equipamentos (densidade, diâmetro mediano volumétrico) foram avaliadas através da utilização de papéis hidrosensíveis. Também foram avaliadas a severidade da mancha amarela e da ferrugem da folha. A utilização de bicos hidráulicos com volume de aplicação de 120L ha-1 apresentaram as maiores eficiências no controle das doenças. O atomizador rotativo de discos com volume de aplicação de 34L ha-1 apresentou eficiência no controle das doenças semelhantes ao bico hidráulico. A densidade de gotas foi superior a 40 gotas cm-2 em todos os tratamentos, mesmo nos tratamentos com atomizadores rotativos de disco com baixo volume de aplicação. O controle das doenças não apresentou relação direta com a cobertura mensurada pelos cartões hidrosensíveis.

The use of spraying equipments with lower spray volume at disease control is a tendency in agriculture. The study aimed to determinate the efficiency of low spray volume at the wheat leaf diseases control. The experiment was carried during two harvest years and three cultivars in Santa Maria, RS. The treatments were constituted of different spraying equipments: hydraulic nozzle (XR 110015) and hollow cone (TX-VK6), both with spray volume of 120L ha-1, rotary-disk atomizer using low volume in oil, with spray volume of 24L ha-1 and 34L ha-1 and a control treatment without application. The droplets generated by the equipments (density, medium volumetric diameter) were evaluated throughout the use of water sensible cards. Also were evaluated the yellow leaf blight and leaf rust. The use of hydraulic nozzle at spray volume of 120L ha-1 showed higher efficiency on the disease control. The rotary-disk atomizer with spray volume of 34L ha-1 showed similar efficiency in the disease control of hydraulic nozzle. The droplet density was superior to 40 droplets cm-2 in all treatments, also at the rotary-disk treatments with low pulverization rates. The disease control did not show direct relation with the coverage measured by the water sensible cards.

RESUMO

A utilização de equipamentos de pulverização com menor volume de aplicação no controle de doenças é uma tendência na agricultura. Portanto, este trabalho tem por objetivo determinar a eficiência de equipamentos com baixo volume de aplicação no controle de doenças foliares do trigo. O experimento foi conduzido em duas safras agrícolas e três cultivares no município de Santa Maria, RS. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de diferentes equipamentos de pulverização, sendo eles: pontas hidráulicas do tipo leque (XR 110015) e cone vazio sem indução de ar (TX-VK6), ambos com volume de aplicação de 120L ha-1, atomizadores rotativos de discos, utilizando baixo volume oleoso (BVO(r)), com volumes de aplicação de 24L ha-1 e 34L ha-1 e uma testemunha sem aplicação. As gotas geradas pelos equipamentos (densidade, diâmetro mediano volumétrico) foram avaliadas através da utilização de papéis hidrosensíveis. Também foram avaliadas a severidade da mancha amarela e da ferrugem da folha. A utilização de bicos hidráulicos com volume de aplicação de 120L ha-1 apresentaram as maiores eficiências no controle das doenças. O atomizador rotativo de discos com volume de aplicação de 34L ha-1 apresentou eficiência no controle das doenças semelhantes ao bico hidráulico. A densidade de gotas foi superior a 40 gotas cm-2 em todos os tratamentos, mesmo nos tratamentos com atomizadores rotativos de disco com baixo volume de aplicação. O controle das doenças não apresentou relação direta com a cobertura mensurada pelos cartões hidrosensíveis.(AU)

The use of spraying equipments with lower spray volume at disease control is a tendency in agriculture. The study aimed to determinate the efficiency of low spray volume at the wheat leaf diseases control. The experiment was carried during two harvest years and three cultivars in Santa Maria, RS. The treatments were constituted of different spraying equipments: hydraulic nozzle (XR 110015) and hollow cone (TX-VK6), both with spray volume of 120L ha-1, rotary-disk atomizer using low volume in oil, with spray volume of 24L ha-1 and 34L ha-1 and a control treatment without application. The droplets generated by the equipments (density, medium volumetric diameter) were evaluated throughout the use of water sensible cards. Also were evaluated the yellow leaf blight and leaf rust. The use of hydraulic nozzle at spray volume of 120L ha-1 showed higher efficiency on the disease control. The rotary-disk atomizer with spray volume of 34L ha-1 showed similar efficiency in the disease control of hydraulic nozzle. The droplet density was superior to 40 droplets cm-2 in all treatments, also at the rotary-disk treatments with low pulverization rates. The disease control did not show direct relation with the coverage measured by the water sensible cards.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Qili Powder, a preparation from Traditional Chinese Medicine, commonly used to treat injuries from falling or stumbling, pain caused by bruising, and traumatic hemorrhage. The aim of the present work was to investigate the application of the superfine pulverization on Qili Powder properties. The physicochemical and medicinal properties of fine Qili Powder with D90 particle size of 164.5 μm, and superfine Qili Powder with D90 particle size of 32.2 μm were investigated. The results showed that with decreasing particle size, the specific surface area and pore volume increased, the fluidity decreased, and the percentage of moisture absorption and the balanced moisture content decreased. Analysis HPLC, XRD and FTIR results indicated that superfine pulverization didn’t influence dracorhodin content, nor the molecular structure and crystal form of Qili Powder. The percentage of dissolution of dracorhodin was significantly improved after superfine pulverization. Pharmacokinetics results confirmed that superfine pulverization increases the absorption rate in rats and dracorhodin content of Qili Powder.

RESUMO

O trabalho objetivou avaliar os perfis de distribuição volumétrica, o diâmetro de gotas, a tensão superficial, o ângulo de contato de gotas e a deposição de calda de pulverização sobre folhas de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) submetidas à chuva artificial, em comparação à deposição sem chuva, usando-se dois modelos de pontas hidráulicas de jatos planos e caldas inseticidas com e sem adição de adjuvantes. Utilizou-se mesa de deposição para análise da distribuição volumétrica, analisador de partículas a laser para avaliar o diâmetro de gotas formadas pelas pontas SF 110015 e XR 110015 e tensiômetro para as análises de tensão e ângulo de contato de gotas. As caldas avaliadas foram: água, lambda-cialotrina, lambda-cialotrina + tributilcitrat + polidimetilsiloxano e lambda-cialotrina + óleo mineral. Os ensaios seguiram um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F e as comparações das médias pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Concluiu-se que deve ser considerado um espaçamento máximo na barra de pulverização de 50 e 90 cm entre as pontas, para SF 110015 e XR 110015, respectivamente. O efeito dos adjuvantes no diâmetro de gotas depende da ponta de pulverização e do produto empregado, sendo que a adição dos adjuvantes à calda afetou o risco potencial de deriva; O Diâmetro Mediano Volumétrico (DMV) das gotas produzidas pelas pontas enquadraram-se na classe fina e não foram influenciados pelos adjuvantes. O tributilcitrat + polidimetilsiloxano pode ser indicado para melhorar a cobertura e deposição de gotas no alvo.

The present work aimed to evaluate the volumetric distribution profiles, droplet spectra, surface tension, contact angle of droplet and the spraying liquid deposition over the peanut leaves (Arachis hypogaea L.), under artificial rain, in comparison with deposition without rain, using two hydraulic nozzle models of plain fan and insecticide spraying liquids with and without adjuvants addition. It were used a patternator for volumetric distribution analysis, a laser particles analyzer to evaluate droplet spectra produced by SF 110015 and XR 110015 nozzles and tensiometer for droplet tension and contact angle. The spraying liquids evaluated were: water, lambda-cialotrina, lambda-cialotrina + nitrogen fertilizer and lambda-cialotrina + mineral oil. All experiments followed a completely randomized design. Data were submitted to variance analysis by F test and the means comparisons by Scott-Knott test at 5% of probability. According to the results, it must be considered the maximum spacing in spray boom usage of 50 and 90 cm between the nozzles SF110015 and XR110015, respectively. The adjuvants effects on droplet spectra have shown addicted to the nozzle and the product used, and the adjuvants addition to the spraying liquid affected the potential risk of drift; The Volumetric Median Diameter (VMD) of produced droplets by nozzles filled into thin class and were not influenced by the adjuvants. The nitrogen fertilizer adjuvant may be indicated to promote improvements on coverage and droplet deposition on target.

Assuntos