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Solar geoengineering (also known as solar radiation modification) is garnering more attention (and controversy) among media and policymakers in response to the impacts of climate change. Such debates have become more prominent following the first-ever field trials of stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) in 2022. How the lay public perceives solar geoengineering remains unclear, however. We use nationally representative samples (N = 3013) in Mexico, United States, and United Kingdom to examine public perceptions of risks and benefits, support, and policy preferences. We also employ an information-framing design that presented individuals with media-style reports on SAI activities differing along three dimensions: location, actor, and scale and purpose. Support for SAI is found to be generally higher in Mexico; perceptions of risks and benefits do not differ between countries. Information about SAI activities has a limited effect. There is evidence that activities conducted by universities receive more support than those by start-up companies.

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Social acceptability of forestry practices plays a key role in defining sustainable forestry policies and strategies. In this study an online survey was distributed among members of environmental, non-governmental, professional, and academic organizations to assess the acceptability of forestry practices in Puerto Rico among members of civic society interested in environmental management issues. Participants were asked about their perception of forest uses, their preference of tree harvesting technologies, methods that may apply in small scale wood production settings, and trust in organizations providing forest information. We also inquired about attitudes towards economic activity in forests and the impact of such activity on recreation and biodiversity. The results show that even though participants do not place a high priority on economic development through forestry activities, acceptance of forest management for wood harvesting will be possible by considering adherence to particular forestry technologies and methods to safeguard current recreation activities and biodiversity conservation. Social acceptability information would be worthwhile when seeking consensus among a broader group of local stakeholders. As a next step we suggest the creation of a council constituted by diverse forestry sector stakeholders that would engage in a strategic planning exercise to delineate a clear road map that can guide short and long-term sustainable forest management, including wood industry development.

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BACKGROUND: Climate change is having adverse effects on the livelihoods of small-scale populations, particularly in relation to their subsistence practices. Scientific literature widely acknowledges that smallholders must first perceive climate changes to take necessary precautions and adapt to the new conditions. However, variations exist in the terminology used across the literature, and in how it conceptualizes these perceptions. This variation complicates understanding of the literature and hinders empirical evidence comparisons. Therefore, in this review, we systematically mapped the literature considering variations in the concept's usage across different thematic areas. Our goal was to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the literature on smallholder climate change perceptions. METHODS: In our systematic map, we adhered to the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence guidelines. We searched the literature adopting English terms and using five electronic databases of scientific publications (Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, BASE-Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, PubMed, and Science Direct Elsevier). We then screened the retrieved articles' titles, abstracts, and full texts according to predefined eligibility criteria. Articles meeting the eligibility criteria were chosen for full reading, data extraction, and coding, utilizing a prepared codebook. No validity appraisal occurred in this selection. A database containing coded metadata for all studies is accessible for reference. REVIEW FINDINGS: After screening 5358 articles (titles and abstracts), we identified and thoroughly reviewed 361 eligible articles at full text to map the usage of the climate change perception concept. Among these, 73 articles provided explicit definitions of perception, falling into seven categories: risk perception, perception based on psychological constructs and sensory stimuli, awareness, prior experience, observation of climate variables, beliefs, and uncertainties or threats. Implicit definitions of perception with various constructs were found, including those rooted in Cognitive Psychology, awareness, risk perception, traditional knowledge, beliefs, concerns about climate change, experiences of exposure to its effects, attitudes, worldviews, and scientific knowledge. Articles usually address multiple topics. Notably, 88% of the articles did not present any theory throughout their content. Geographically, Africa and Asia were the most frequently studied continents, with more focus on non-indigenous small-scale populations than indigenous ones. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the perception concept exhibits an interdisciplinary nature. Therefore, fostering continuous dialogue among diverse disciplines is imperative to establishing an interdisciplinary definition of the term. An in-depth understanding of the perception concept is essential, as its absence can result in erroneous conclusions, limited adaptation strategies, and a lack of awareness among small-scale populations regarding climate change impacts. Misconceptions about this concept can lead to ineffective policies, further endangering vulnerable populations. Defining the concept and its constructs facilitates article comparisons. Without this definition, meaningful comparisons become unfeasible. Moreover, the absence of proper perception definitions poses challenges for small-scale populations, researchers, and stakeholders in developing effective, efficient, and flexible adaptations over time. Perception is the first step in incorporating adaptation strategies and must be translated into policies to address climate change impacts efficiently.

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Nesta nota de conjuntura, destaca-se um pouco do histórico das pesquisas de percepção pública da ci-ência no Brasil e no mundo, como forma de dar subsídios a uma reflexão sobre o cenário atual, após o início da pandemia de covid-19. São ressaltados os indicadores que tais pesquisas conseguem elucidar e os possíveis impactos da pandemia nos mesmos, trazendo alguns dados mais recentes. Ademais, a conjuntura exige que se faça uma ponderação sobre o contexto de desinformação, pós-verdade e info-demia que estamos vivenciando, exacerbado pelo contexto de crise política no Brasil. Em especial, as críticas à mídia tradicional e à própria ciência precisam ser levadas em consideração quando se trata da 'politização da pandemia' e do combate às narrativas travado no país, mas não apenas aqui. Busca-se, assim, refletir sobre os possíveis caminhos da percepção pública que os brasileiros têm da ciência, após todas as mudanças causadas pela pandemia

In this conjuncture note, we highlight some of public perception of science's history in Brazil and in the world, as a way of providing subsidies for a reflection on the current scenario, after the start of the covid-19 pandemic. We present the indicators that such research can elucidate and the possible impacts of the pandemic on these indicators, bringing some recent data. Furthermore, the conjuncture requires that we consider the context of disinformation, post-truth and infodemic that we are experiencing, exacerbated by the context of Brazilian political crisis. In particular, criticisms of traditional media and science itself need to be taken into account when it comes to the 'politicization of the pandemic' and the fight against narratives waged in the country, but not just here. Thus, we seek to reflect on possible paths of public perception of science by Brazilians after all the changes caused by the pandemic

En esta nota de coyuntura, se destaca un poco del histórico de las investigaciones sobre la percepción pública de la ciencia en Brasil y en el mundo, como una forma de subsidiar una reflexión sobre el escenario actual, después del inicio de la pandemia de covid-19. Se señalan los indicadores que pueden dilucidar y los impactos de la pandemia en ellos, trayendo algunos datos más recientes. Además, la coyuntura requiere que se haga una reflexión sobre el contexto de desinformación, posverdad e infodemia que estamos viviendo, exacerbado por el contexto de crisis política en Brasil. En particular, las críticas a los medios tradicionales y a la propia ciencia deben tenerse en cuenta cuando se trata de la 'politización de la pandemia' y la lucha contra las narrativas que se ocurre en el país, pero no solo aquí. Así, buscamos reflexionar sobre los posi-bles caminos de percepción pública que los brasileños tienen de la ciencia, después de todos los cambios provocados por la pandemia

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An extensive body of research has been noted that many socially deprived communities tend to live in areas characterized by higher levels of outdoor air pollution. Whilst there is an expanding literature documenting this disproportionate distribution, most previous studies have taken place in the Global North, have focused with industrial or vehicle air pollution sources and have tend to ignore the complex interactions between exposures, public perceptions and social factors. In this paper, we investigate the social vulnerability to and risk perceptions of air pollution sourced from domestic heating in two Chilean cities with particularly high levels of PM2.5 during winter months. To this end, we integrate primary survey data, with geographically detailed estimates of air pollution exposures and area-level characteristics obtained from the Chilean Census. We first examine the spatial distribution of PM2.5 exposures and air quality perceptions, and subsequently explore relationships between socio-demographic characteristics, air pollution exposure, and health concerns. Our results revel evident spatial patterns of dispersion, with some neighborhoods being more polluted than others. Age and percentage of roofs in poor condition in the participant's census tract are the best predictors of PM2.5 exposure. We find no correlation between perceived and real levels of contamination. Our multivariate analysis indicates that personal perceptions of air quality are significantly associated with age, gender, family structure, and heating behaviors. Such detailed depictions provide insights into potential meaningful strategies to improve air quality and highlight the need to incorporate measures to better protect older adults.

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BACKGROUND: Climate change is affecting small-scale populations worldwide. Evidence of adverse effects has been reported for smallholders' agriculture, hunting, fishing, and gathering products from natural ecosystems (non-timber forest products). To take precautions or deal with such problems (i.e. to adapt), smallholders need to perceive climatic changes. Acknowledging this need, the literature on this topic is vast. Despite that, authors adopt alternative concepts of climate change perception, which may hinder comparisons of results across studies. Hence, the review team aim to systematically map the literature usage of the climate change perception concept. METHODS: This systematic map will follow the CEE guidelines and conform to the Reporting Standards for Systematic Evidence form. The review team will rely on five electronic databases of scientific publications-Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, BASE-Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Science Direct Elsevier and PubMed-with pre-tested search terms only in English. Publications will be filtered through the "articles only" and "English language" selections. Titles, abstracts, and full texts will then be screened using pre-defined eligibility criteria, including small-scale and indigenous populations inhabiting rural areas, as well as presenting explicitly or implicitly the concept of climate change perception. From articles meeting the eligibility criteria, the review team will extract and encode the data while selecting the full texts for reading. The review team will use a codebook pre-elaborated for encoding. No critical appraisal of study validity will be undertaken. Finally, a database with coded metadata of all studies in the map will be made available. The review team will present the evidence in a report map with text, figures, and tables, besides a catalogue of all identified perception definitions.

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Paraguay is integrated into the world mainly through its agricultural activity. The population's perception of genetically engineered crops is relevant to design communication strategies that convey the advantages and limitations of the various technologies used in the country. We aimed to know the perception of the population of four Departments of the country where such crops are grown through a survey, which revealed a low level of knowledge about genetically engineered crops in general, and specifically about the effects of genetically engineered crops on production, nutrition, and the environment. Respondents expressed a willingness to receive information on genetically engineered crops, in particular from the National Government and the Health Sector.

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Resumo Neste estudo, analisamos a percepção de brasileiros e brasileiras sobre a COVID-19 em 12 cidades do país. Foram abordadas questões sobre a gravidade e os perigos da doença, fontes de informações e confiabilidade, checagem de informações, atitudes, precauções e prioridades para o enfrentamento e relações de confiança na ciência. Este estudo foi realizado no contexto de uma pesquisa mais ampla sobre como brasileiros e brasileiras veem a Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz). A survey foi aplicada no período de 18 de maio e 10 de junho de 2020 com 1.643 moradores com mais de 16 anos nas cidades brasileiras em que a Fiocruz possui unidade ou escritório técnico. Os resultados revelam que boa parte dos entrevistados reconhece a gravidade da pandemia, a importância de se informar corretamente, considera as medidas indicadas por autoridades de saúde válidas e confia em cientistas e instituições científicas como fontes de informação. Com o senso de urgência e a potencialização e vivência das incertezas acerca do presente e do futuro, o fortalecimento da confiança nas instituições se faz presente.

Abstract In this study, the perception of Brazilians regarding COVID-19 in 12 cities in the country was analyzed. Issues about the severity and dangers of the disease, sources of information and reliability, checking information, attitudes, precautions, and priorities for coping and trusting relationships in science were addressed. This study was carried out in the context of broader research on how Brazilians perceive the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz). The survey was applied between May 18 and June 10, 2020, with 1,643 residents over 16 years of age in Brazilian cities where Fiocruz has a technical unit or office. The results reveal that the majority of the interviewees appreciate the seriousness of the pandemic, the importance of being properly informed, considers the measures indicated by health authorities important and trusts scientists and scientific institutions as sources of information. With the sense of urgency and experience of uncertainties about the present and the future, the need for strengthening of trust in institutions is present.

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RESUMEN Objetivo Medir la actitud emprendedora de los médicos especialistas en un hospital de Huancavelica, Perú. Determinar si la edad, sexo, tiempo de trabajo, modalidad de contrato, estado civil, ingresos económicos y especialidad influyen en su actitud emprendedora. Materiales y métodos Estudio observacional, prospectivo y transversal. Se aplicó un cuestionario calificado a escala de Likert a 32 médicos especialistas sobre actitud emprendedora y también se evaluaron la edad, el sexo, el tiempo de trabajo, el tipo de contrato, el estado civil, los ingresos económicos y la especialidad. Se hicieron análisis descriptivos e inferenciales. Resultados El 85 % mostró una sólida actitud emprendedora, y el 15 % podría ser emprendedor. Ningún participante descartó el emprendimiento como una opción. En la asociación de la actitud emprendedora y los factores estudiados no se encontraron diferencias significativas con ninguna variable. Conclusiones El 85 % de los médicos participantes tienen una actitud positiva hacia el emprendimiento, independientemente de los factores asociados estudiados.

ABSTRACT Objective To measure the entrepreneurial attitude of medical specialists at a hospital in Huancavelica, Peru. To determine if age, sex, job tenure, type of contract, marital status, income and medical specialty influence their entrepreneurial attitude. Materials and methods An observational, prospective and cross-sectional study. A Likert-scale questionnaire on entrepreneurial attitude was administered to 32 medical specialists. Also age, sex, job tenure, type of contract, marital status, income and medical specialty were assessed. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. Results Eighty-five percent (85 %) of the study population showed a solid entrepreneurial attitude, while the remaining 15 % might be an entrepreneur. No participant rejected entrepreneurship as an option. Regarding the association between the entrepreneurial attitude and the studied factors, no significant differences were found in any variable. Conclusions Eighty-five percent (85 %) of the study population showed a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship regardless of the studied associated factors.

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BACKGROUND: This study aims to understand how sociodemographic factors influence perceptions of "Brazilian Butt Lift" (BBL), the cosmetic procedure with the highest reported mortality rate, among adult women. We also investigate whether education about risks changes willingness to receive this procedure. METHODS: A Qualtrics© survey including education about BBL was administered on Amazon Mechanical Turk, with inclusion criteria of female sex. RESULTS: Survey data from 489 female participants were included. 78.1% of participants found the BBL mortality rate to be higher than expected. 70.1% of the original 177 willing or neutral participants became unwilling to undergo a BBL after education. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that individuals who were more willing to undergo BBL after education were individuals who have a diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder (OR 60.5, p = 0.02) or have an acquaintance who received a BBL (OR 230.2, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, survey participants were less willing to undergo BBL after learning its risks, indicating the critical role of patient education during informed consent. Additionally, individuals who are unhappy with their body shape, or who feel cultural or social pressure to attain a certain body shape, may accept higher levels of risk to improve their looks, suggesting patient motivation for the procedure may limit even the most effective informed consent process. In light of these findings, the surgical community may consider regulating the BBL procedure and improving safety using evidence-based risk reduction techniques. Ensuring that patients fully understand the risks associated with the BBL procedure is critical for both surgeon and patient. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

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Introducción: La identificación de trabajos de grado con enfoque social en programas de Salud Ocupacional de Instituciones de Educación Superior, Bogotanas, permite establecer tendencias de profesionales en formación de estos Programas y su interés por el trabajo con población laboral informal. Objetivos: Identificar y examinar trabajos de grado con enfoque social realizados en Instituciones de Educación Superior Bogotanas durante 2016 y 2017. Métodos: Revisión sistemática donde se seleccionaron trabajos de grado de pregrado y postgrado, en repositorios físicos y virtuales de programas de salud ocupacional con enfoque social realizados en los años 2016-2017. Se trabajaron las categorías de revisión: Modalidad de grado social, estadísticas generales de trabajos de grado, uso de indicadores sociales, utilización de metodologías de investigación con enfoque social, alineación de productos propuestos con procesos de innovación y cambio social, en particular; a través de revisión bibliográfica apoyada en Resúmenes Analíticos Especializadosa. Resultados: Se revisaron trabajos de grado de 15 universidades con 2 programas técnicos, 1 programa tecnológico, 5 programas profesionales, 18 postgrados y 7 005 proyectos de grado totales, antes de aplicar criterios de selección. Conclusiones: Se describe la pertinencia de la investigación formativa en el contexto de la informalidad en Colombia y la preparación de las Instituciones de Educación Superior en este desarrollo, generando discusión alrededor de los resultados de la revisión. Se descubre que este problema estructural de salud pública en Colombia no ha encontrado aún una solución estructural(AU)

Introduction: The identification of diploma papers with a social approach in occupational health programs of higher education institutions in Bogota allows to establish trends of professionals in training under these programs and their interest in working with informal labor population. Objectives: To identify and examine diploma papers with a social approach carried out in higher education institutions in Bogota during 2016 and 2017. Methods: Systematic review where undergraduate and postgraduate studies were selected, in physical and virtual repositories of occupational health programs with social focus carried out in the years 2016-2017. The review categories were worked on: Modality of social degree, general statistics of degree work, use of social indicators, use of research methodologies with a social focus, alignment of proposed products with innovation processes and social change, in particular; through bibliographic review supported by Specialized Analytical Abstracts. Results: We reviewed diploma papers from 15 universities with two technical programs, one technological program, five professional programs, 18 postgraduate courses, and a sheer number of 7005 diploma papers, before applying the selection criteria. Conclusions: The relevance is described for the formative research in the context of informality in Colombia and the preparation of higher education institutions in this development, which generated discussion around the results of the review. It has been found out that this structural problem of public health in Colombia has not yet found a structural solution(AU)

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A primary lead smelter operated in Santo Amaro City in Brazil from 1960 to 1993, leaving approximately 500,000 tons of industrial dross containing 2⁻3% of lead and other toxic elements that contaminated the industry grounds and the urban environment. This study aimed to present the local residents' perception towards soil contamination by the smelter. In a cross-sectional study, 208 residents from randomly selected households were interviewed about dross hazards and proposals for its management. A city map depicts the distribution and concentration of lead, cadmium, arsenic, zinc, nickel, and antimony, measured in the soil of the 39 households with visible smelter dross. Only one site complies with the soil quality reference values; 27 (69.2%) call for preventive measures, and 11 (28.2%) require intervention. The smelter dross continues widely spread over the city. Thirty (76.9%) out of the 39 residents were able to recognize the smelter dross on household surroundings. However, this ability was not associated with the concentrations of toxic elements in the soil of their residences and surroundings. The smelter and the local Prefecture were most frequently held liable for taking soil cleanup actions. The most frequently (38.0%) cited solution for managing the dross found in the households was "to provide the residents with information about health risks related to the dross".

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Genetically modified organisms have been at the centre of a major public controversy, involving different interests and actors. While much attention has been devoted to consumer views on genetically modified food, there have been few attempts to understand the perceptions of genetically modified technology among farmers. By investigating perceptions of genetically modified organisms among Brazilian farmers, we intend to contribute towards filling this gap and thereby add the views of this stakeholder group to the genetically modified debate. A comparative analysis of our data and data from other studies indicate there is a complex variety of views on genetically modified organisms among farmers. Despite this diversity, we found variations in such views occur within limited parameters, concerned principally with expectations or concrete experiences regarding the advantages of genetically modified crops, perceptions of risks associated with them, and ethical questions they raise. We then propose a classification of prevailing profiles to represent the spectrum of perceptions of genetically modified organisms among farmers.

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In the last decade, jatropha-based bioenergy projects have gotten significant attention as a solution to various social, economic, and environmental problems. Jatropha's popularity stemmed out from different discourses, some real and some perceived, in scientific and non-scientific literature. These discourses positioned jatropha as a crop helpful in producing biodiesel and protecting sustainability by reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels and increasing local, rural development by creating jobs. Consequently, many countries established national policies that incentivized the establishment of jatropha as a bioenergy feedstock crop. In this paper, we explore the case of jatropha bioenergy development in Yucatan, Mexico and argue that the popular discourse around jatropha as a sustainability and rural development tool is flawed. Analyzing our results from 70 semi-structured interviews with community members belonging to a region where plantation-scale jatropha projects were introduced, we found that these projects did not have many significant social sustainability benefits. We conclude from our case that by just adding bioenergy projects cannot help achieve social sustainability in rural areas alone. In ensuring social sustainability of bioenergy projects, future policymaking processes should have a more comprehensive understanding of the rural socioeconomic problems where such projects are promoted and use bioenergy projects as one of the many solutions to local problems rather than creating such policies based just on popular discourses.

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The primary aim of this study was to assess the influence of provision of information on lay citizens' opinions regarding 2 common management practices, zero-grazing and cow-calf separation. To aid in the interpretation of the findings, our secondary aim was to explore the awareness and opinions of Brazilian citizens about these practices. We surveyed a convenience sample of Brazilian citizens (192 men and 208 women), recruited in a public place, with the majority stating that they were largely unfamiliar with animal production and lived in urban environments. Participants were presented short scenarios with information on the primary production factors and welfare concerns for and against zero-grazing (n = 200) or cow-calf separation (n = 200). Participants were then asked to state their position (reject, indifferent, or support), and to provide the reason(s) justifying their position. Immediately following, participants were provided a short statement describing either zero-grazing or cow-calf separation, depending on what question they responded to in the first part. Two closed questions (Q) followed each of these statements: (Q1) "Are you aware of this practice?" with choices yes, somewhat, or no, and (Q2) "What is your position regarding this practice?" with choices reject, indifferent, or support. Only 31 and 33% of the respondents were aware of zero-grazing and cow-calf separation, respectively. Previous awareness of existence of practice did not influence levels of support. Provision of information resulted in more people rejecting the practices of zero-grazing and cow-calf separation. Participants' main justifications to reject zero-grazing and cow-calf separation focused on perceived negative effects of practices on farm animal welfare and product quality, and loss of naturalness. Survey participants, Brazilians living in urban environments, with little or no association with dairy production, were generally unaware that many cows do not have access to pasture and that cows are separated from their calf at birth. Independent of provision of additional information, most participants did not support these practices. Provision of brief explanatory information played a minor role in influencing people's views, but failed to result in general acceptance.

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Resumo O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar os comentários de leitores de um jornal brasileiro sobre o texto intitulado "Sedentarismo mata?", publicado em sua versão on-line, relacionando-os ao complexo debate sobre o tema no âmbito da saúde coletiva. Para tanto, os 46 comentários emitidos foram agrupados em categorias emanadas das ideias de (Giddens, 1991), da leitura isotópica (Greimas, 1987) e, por fim, analisados sob a perspectiva da semiótica. A variedade de opiniões sobre a mortalidade do sedentarismo denota a complexidade da vida humana e, por conseguinte, a dificuldade inerente à formulação de ações e políticas no campo da prevenção em saúde. Assim, para além de ações individualizantes e moralizadoras dos estilos de vida arriscados, a redução das desigualdades sociais deve ser o imperativo ético e pressuposto básico de toda ação e política de saúde.

Abstract The authors analyzed 46 readers' comments on a short article named "Does sedentarism kill?", published in the online version of a Brazilian newspaper. Their analysis considers the complexities of the debates on sedentarism taking place in the collective health fora. The comments were grouped according to categories based on Giddens' work (1991), Greimas's isotopic reading (1987), and were eventually analyzed under a semiotic perspective. The diversity of opinions on the causality between sedentarism and mortality demonstrates how complex human life is and thus how difficult it is to design health-related prevention action and policies. Therefore, beyond individualistic and moralizing measures against risky lifestyles, the reduction of social inequalities should be the health ethical imperative and basic premise underlying policies and public action.

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The increasing separation of the public from production agriculture means there is often a lack of knowledge among consumers about current production practices and a perception that increased productivity and economic efficiency are necessarily associated with a decline in animal welfare. A symposium was organized to present information about animal welfare issues and the challenges they pose for both scientists and the poultry and allied industries. Companion papers provide information about understanding public attitudes and physiological/immunological approaches to welfare assessment, while this paper outlines current and future challenges to egg and meat production and industry responses to those challenges. For broiler chickens, increases in growth rate result in corollary increases in metabolic heat generation and water consumption, leading to the need for continuing improvements in housing, ventilation, and litter management. Stocking densities, lighting programs, muscle myopathies, and use of antibiotics are also areas that require research attention. In the layer industry, the key challenge is housing, with the industry undergoing a shift from conventional cage housing to alternatives like enriched colonies or cage-free. While these alternative systems have hen welfare advantages, there are also welfare disadvantages that require the development of mitigation strategies, and it is also essential to address associated issues including economic, environmental, egg safety, and worker health impacts. Concerns on the horizon include euthanasia of surplus male chicks and spent hens as well as beak-trimming. The humaneness of slaughter methods is an important welfare and consumer confidence issue, and the current regulations for poultry slaughter in the USA are discussed and compared to those for livestock. The poultry and allied industries, including retailers, are responding to these concerns by consulting with experts, developing science-based animal care standards and auditing programs, strengthening training and oversight programs, promoting research, and improving communication channels. In future, intensifying multi-disciplinary research efforts and developing mechanisms to improve communication between scientists and stakeholders, including the public, will be critical to addressing these issues.

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This study evaluated primary care attributes of patient-centered care associated with the public perception of good quality in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and El Salvador. We conducted a secondary data analysis of a Latin American survey on public perceptions and experiences with healthcare systems. The primary care attributes examined were access, coordination, provider-patient communication, provision of health-related information and emotional support. A double-weighted multiple Poisson regression with robust variance model was performed. The study included between 1500 and 1503 adults in each country. The results identified four significant gaps in the provision of primary care: not all respondents had a regular place of care or a regular primary care doctor (Brazil 35.7%, Colombia 28.4%, Mexico 22% and El Salvador 45.4%). The communication with the primary care clinic was difficult (Brazil 44.2%, Colombia 41.3%, Mexico 45.1% and El Salvador 56.7%). There was a lack of coordination of care (Brazil 78.4%, Colombia 52.3%, Mexico 48% and El Salvador 55.9%). Also, there was a lack of information about healthy diet (Brazil 21.7%, Colombia 32.9%, Mexico 16.9% and El Salvador 20.8%). The public's perception of good quality was variable (Brazil 67%, Colombia 71.1%, Mexico 79.6% and El Salvador 79.5%). The primary care attributes associated with the perception of good quality were a primary care provider 'who knows relevant information about a patient's medical history', 'solves most of the health problems', 'spends enough time with the patient', 'coordinates healthcare' and a 'primary care clinic that is easy to communicate with'. In conclusion, the public has a positive perception of the quality of primary care, although it has unfulfilled expectations; further efforts are necessary to improve the provision of patient-centered primary care services in these four Latin American countries.

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Objetivo: determinar la relación de la percepción del acudiente del menor sobre la calidad del servicio asistencial de vacunación y su adherencia al Programa Ampliado de Inmunización en una institución de salud en Cúcuta. Materiales y Métodos: estudio descriptivo, corte transversal, con una muestra de 334 niños. Se aplicó el cuestionario de la Escala Servqual, evaluando las dimensiones de elementos tangibles: fiabilidad, capacidad de respuesta, seguridad y empatía. Se utilizó la escala de Linkert donde 1 es la menor calificación y 5 la mayor calificación. Resultados: los acudientes tienen una percepción de indiferencia del 55.7% e insatisfacción del 34.4% en la dimensión tangible porque en oportunidades carecen de información. Menor es el nivel de satisfacción en la fiabilidad con el 24.3% expresaron sentirse muy satisfechos con los tiempos de espera prolongados para el acceso al servicio. Mientras en la capacidad de respuesta, el 6.9% de los acudientes manifestaron estar satisfechos, opinión más frecuente en acudientes de niños entre los 2 y 5 años. Igualmente frente a la seguridad, la mayoría expresan un grado de satisfacción neutro, siendo más frecuentes en acudientes de menores de 1 año y medio de edad 61.2%. Para la empatía, se constata un nivel alto de insatisfacción donde solo el 5.1% se considera satisfecho frente a un 43.1% de insatisfacción. Conclusión: los usuarios se encuentran vinculados al servicio de vacunación por demanda y necesidad pero es evidente que se debe fortalecer todas las dimensiones de forma integral.

Objective: to determine the relationship of the child´s caregiver perception on the quality of care vaccination service and its adherence to the expanded immunization program in a health institution in Cucuta city. Materials and Methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional, with a sample of 334 children, Servqual Scale questionnaire was applied, testing the dimensions of tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. Linkert scale is used, where 1 is the lowest rating and 5 is the highest rating. Results: the caregivers have perceived indifference of 55.7% and 34.4% dissatisfaction in the tangible dimension opportunities because they have a certain lack of information. The lower level of satisfaction with the reliability 24.3% reporting a very good feeling of satisfaction with long waiting times for accessing to the service. While responsiveness 6.9% of caregivers were satisfied. That is the more frequent opinion of caregivers of children between 2 and 5 years old. Facing security, most of them have a neutral level of satisfaction, being more frequent in caregivers of children under 1 year and a half old 61.2%. For empathy, there is a high level of dissatisfaction where only 5.1% is satisfied compared to 43.1% of dissatisfaction. Conclusion: Users are attached to the vaccination service by demand and need but it´s evident to strengthen all dimensions integrally.

Objetivo: para determinar a relação do guardião percepção da criança sobre a qualidade do serviço de vacinação e cuidados de sua adesão ao Programa Alargado de Vacinação em uma instituição de saúde em Cucuta. Materiais e Métodos: estudo descritivo, transversal, com uma amostra de 334 crianças, questionário Servqual Escala foi aplicada, avaliando as dimensões de tangibilidade, confiabilidade, receptividade, segurança e empatia. Linkert escala em que 1 é a classificação mais baixa e 5 a mais alta classificação é usado. Resultados: os cuidadores têm percebido a indiferença de 55,7% e 34,4% insatisfação nas oportunidades dimensão tangíveis por falta de informação. Quanto mais baixo o nível de satisfação com a fiabilidade com 24,3% relataram sentir-se muito satisfeito, com longos tempos de espera para o acesso ao serviço. Enquanto a capacidade de resposta, 6,9% dos cuidadores estavam satisfeitos, guardiões de opinião mais freqüentes de crianças entre 2 e 5 anos. Também contra mais segurança, expressando um grau de satisfação neutra, sendo mais freqüente em cuidadores de crianças menores de 1 ano e meio de idade 61,2%. Para empatia, um alto nível de insatisfação onde apenas 5,1% está satisfeito em comparação com 43,1% de insatisfação é encontrado. Conclusão: Utilizadores estão ligados à demanda de serviços de vacinação e precisa, mas claramente deve ser reforçada todas as dimensões de forma holística

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