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The COVID-19 pandemic has generated a global crisis with severe consequences for public health. There have been negative impacts on people's quality of life and mental health due to various stressors arising in this context, such as physical, social, economic, and psychological challenges. Noteworthy among these are the indirect effects of health measures, especially social distancing and confinement, which have significantly altered people's daily lives and social activities, producing high levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. This study proposes developing and validating a cross-sectional scale called the "Environmental Stressors Scale (ECSS-20)" to address the need to measure the impact of environmental stressors during confinement. The scale, which has been validated following ethical and methodological guidelines, consists of four dimensions: economic stressors (EE), social activities (SA), habitability (H), and exposure to virtual media (EMV). A pilot study (n = 113) and a main study (n = 314) were applied. The results showed that the instrument has a reliable and valid structure, with satisfactory internal consistency and factorial validity. Likewise, gender invariance tests supported its suitability for its applicability to women and men. Overall, the ECSS-20 is a valuable instrument for assessing the impact of confinement and improving the understanding of people's subjective experiences in this situation. Future research could further develop its applicability in different contexts and populations to better understand its usefulness and psychometric properties.

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Conflito trabalho-família evidencia tensionamento entre domínios da vida profissional e familiar, com repercussões negativas para a performance no trabalho e satisfação com a vida e família. Este estudo procurou adaptar e levantar evidências psicométricas iniciais da Work-Family Behavioral Role Conflict (WFBRC) no Brasil. Participaram 229 adultos, ativos no mercado de trabalho e envolvidos em relações familiares. Procedimentos de análise fatorial exploratória resultaram em evidências iniciais positivas de validade de estruturas interna e externa e precisão, atestando a favor de seu uso no Brasil. A versão final da WFBRC discriminou duas dimensões: trabalho interferindo na família (15 itens; α e ω = 0,90) e família interferindo no trabalho (15 itens; α = 0,90 e; ω = 0,89). Evidências convergentes e discriminantes da WFBRC com medidas de percepção de conflito e enriquecimento trabalho-família foram apresentadas. Conclui-se que o instrumento é adequado e pode contribuir teoricamente com investigações e práticas relativas ao conflito trabalho-família.

Work-family conflict shows tension between professional and family life domains, with negative repercussions for job performance, satisfaction with life, and family. This study sought to adapt and gather initial psychometric evidence from the Work-Family Behavioral Role Conflict (WFBRC) in Brazil. Participants were 229 adults, active in the labor market and involved in family relationships. Exploratory factor analysis procedures resulted in positive initial evidence of the validity of internal, external, and precision structure, attesting in favor of its use in Brazil. The final version of the WFBRC distinguished two dimensions: work interfering with family (15 items; α and ω = 0.90) and family interfering with work (15 items; α = 0.90 and; ω = 0.89). Results indicate convergent and discriminant validity between the WFBRC and conflict perception, as well as work-family enrichment. The conclusion is that the instrument is adequate and can contribute theoretically, to investigations, and to work-family conflict-related practices

Conflicto trabajo-familia evidencia tensión entre dominios de vida profesional y familiar, con repercusiones negativas para desempeño laboral, satisfacción con la vida y la familia. Este estudio buscó adaptar y presentar evidencia psicométricas iniciales de la Work-Family Behavioral Role Conflict (WFBRC) en Brasil. Participaron 229 adultos, activos en el mercado laboral e involucrados en relaciones familiares. El análisis factorial exploratorio resulto en evidencias iniciales positivas de validez de la estructura interna, externa y de precisión, indicando adecuación de uso en Brasil. La versión final del WFBRC distinguió dos dimensiones: trabajo interfiriendo con la familia (15 ítems; α y ω = 0,90) y familia interfiriendo con el trabajo (15 ítems; α = 0,90 y; ω = 0,89). Se presentó evidencia convergent y discriminatoria de la WFBRC con medidas de percepción de conflicto y enriquecimiento trabajo-familia. Se concluye que el instrumento es adecuado y puede contribuir teóricamente, con investigaciones, y prácticas relativas al conflicto trabajo-familia.

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Currently, domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are the most common species among companion animals. The close bond that can grow between owners and their dogs could be worn out and finally broken due to various causes. One main cause is canine behavioral problems, leading to dogs being abandoned or euthanized due to the costs faced by the owner when caring for the animal. Tools have been developed to evaluate the mental and emotional cost of caring for humans, but there is currently no validated tool for evaluating this particular problem. The objective of this study was to develop a questionnaire to evaluate caregiver burnout syndrome for owners of dogs with behavioral disorders. The methodology used consisted of drafting the tool, peer validation using the Delphi methodology and internal validation via Cronbach's alpha. Non-linear snowball sampling was used (n = 156 participants). A questionnaire with 35 questions was obtained which referred to various aspects of caregivers' lives. Regarding the description of the sample used, 50% had Low Burnout, 41% had Medium-Low Burnout and 9% had Medium-High Burnout. Furthermore, regarding the internal validation of the questionnaire, the general Cronbach's alpha coefficient was α = 0.9468. We can thus conclude that the questionnaire is valid for measuring caregiver burnout syndrome in owners of dogs with behavioral disorders.

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Condom use is the most effective preventive behavior against HIV transmission, and its inadequate use is a public health problem that occurs mostly among youth and young adults. Although there are scales that measure condom use, those that exist correspond to English-speaking developments or do not have psychometric evidence to support them, so it is possible that the available adaptations of instruments do not adequately reflect the phenomenon in the Chilean population. Thus, the study aims to develop a scale to assess attitudes toward condom use in Chilean youth and young adults. Initially, a sample of students between 18 and 39 years (n = 520) was used for debugging the instrument. Then, a second sample was taken from the general population aged 18 to 40 (n = 992) to confirm the factor structure of the proposed model. The final scale has 10 items and 3 attitudinal dimensions (affective, cognitive, and behavioral). The results show that the identified structure provides adequate levels (ω > 0.7) or at least sufficient of reliability (ω > 0.6) and presents evidence of validity, based on the internal structure of the test, through ESEM (CFI = 0.993; TLI = 0.984; RMSEA = 0.056). In addition, evidence of validity was obtained based on the relationship with other variables and strong invariance between the scores of men and women. It is concluded that the scale developed has adequate psychometric properties to assess, in brief form, condom use attitudes in equal samples for research and screening purposes.

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Abstract Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), mainly HIV/AIDS, are acquired through risky sexual behaviors that have been associated with sexual sensation seeking. The purpose of this work is development a new scale for the assessment of sexual sensations seeking, with evidence of validity based on internal structure and relationship to other measures, for use in young people and adults in a Latin American context. An instrumental study was performed, with time-space sampling of students from the two Chilean cities with the highest rates of HIV. Final scale has 9 items to evaluate two dimensions: (1) sexual emotions seeking and (2) tendency to sexual boredom. The identified structure provides good levels of reliability and presents validity evidence, based on the internal structure of the test, using CFA and ESEM. Two-dimensional sexual sensation seeking scale evidence proper psychometric properties to evaluate the seeking for sexual sensations in equivalents samples.

Resumen Resumen Las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS), principalmente el VIH/SIDA, son adquiridas a través de comportamientos sexuales de riesgo que se han asociado con la búsqueda de sensaciones sexuales. El propósito de este trabajo es desarrollar un nuevo instrumento de medida para evaluar la búsqueda de sensaciones sexuales en jóvenes y adultos en Latinoamérica. Se realizó un estudio instrumental, con un muestreo espaciotemporal en estudiantes de las dos ciudades chilenas con mayores índices de VIH. La escala final contiene 9 ítems para evaluar dos dimensiones: (1) búsqueda de emociones sexuales y (2) tendencia al aburrimiento sexual. La estructura identificada proporciona niveles adecuados de confiabilidad y presenta evidencia de validez, basada en la estructura interna del test, utilizando AFC y ESEM. La Escala Bidimensional de Búsqueda de Sensaciones Sexuales evidencia propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para eva luar la búsqueda de sensaciones sexuales en muestras equivalentes.

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BACKGROUND: Most studies on female sexual dysfunction are performed in population inventories and under specific clinical conditions. These approaches are performed using validated psychometric scales. Different scales to assess sexual function use different numbers of questions to characterize their domains. They also may or may not include domains of interaction between sexual partners. The objective of this study was to compare the precision between scales to be able to analyze their accuracy for better diagnosis of sexual dysfunction. METHODS: Fifty (50) healthy young women were enrolled in this study. Three questionnaires (FSFI, SQ-F, and GRISS) were applied to assess sexual function (n = 44). The accuracy measured by the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for individual domains and to cross-validated pairwise comparison of the three analyzed instruments was used. Kruskall-Wallis test to analyze individual domains of the scales was also used.The P-value was established as 0.05. RESULTS: The results showed that all domains and total FSFI and GRISS scores were significantly different between normal and dysfunctional women, but not for SQ-F domains. Indeed, AUC accuracy varied from excellent-good domain discrimination for FSFI and GRISS, but fair-poor for SQ-F. For the paired comparison between the three questionnaires a fair accuracy was detected. The specificity percentage was around 84% whereas that for sensibility was low, around 30%. CONCLUSIONS: The best agreement was between FSFI and SQ-F, probably being related to high similar shared questions when compared to GRISS. The agreement between SQ-F and GRISS was low possible due to low number of questions in SQ-F to characterize similar domains. This study evidenced high agreement between scales to sensitivity and low agreement for specificity, thereby conferring fair accuracy between them. Thus, the limited grade for discriminatory capacity (AUC) for sexual response should be considered when comparing results from these three different questionnaires and also when comparing with other different scales. In addition, despite the diversity of scales, the high reliability and fit for their desire domain suggest that the FSFI scale has good accuracy for the current clinical assessment of women's sexual health. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03241524 . Retrospectively registered on 08/02/2017.

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Existen principalmente tres grupos de factores que afectan el rendimiento de los deportistas: situacionales, externos y de personalidad o internos (González- Boto et al., 2006; Márquez, 2004; Weinberg & Gould, 1996), y aunque existen diversos instrumentos para evaluar factores de personalidad, no los hay para medir las fuentes situacionales y externas que pueden afectar el rendimiento de los deportistas. Conocer estos factores, permitirá diseñar estrategias para optimizar su desempeño. Objetivo: construir y validar un instrumento para medir los factores situacionales y externos que afectan a los deportistas de alto rendimiento. Método: se contó con la participación de 243 deportistas. Resultado: el resultado final fue un instrumento de 19 reactivos distribuidos en cuatro subescalas: Incertidumbre, Importancia de la competencia, Percepción hábitos de descanso y alimentación, y Percepción de Entrenamiento, con un nivel de confiabilidad total de .724, el cual se encuentra en un rango aceptable para la investigación básica. Conclusión: no obstante es necesario seguir trabajando teórica y estadísticamente para obtener mejores niveles de confiabilidad. Sin embargo, ya se cuenta con un instrumento útil para identificar los factores externos y situacionales que inciden en el rendimiento de los deportistas.

Existem principalmente três grupos de fatores que afetam o desempenho dos esportistas: situacionistas, externos e de personalidade ou internos(González- Boto et al., 2006; Márquez, 2004; Weinberg & Gould, 1996),e, embora existam vários instrumentos para medir os fatores da personalidade,não existem ainda para medir as fontes situacionistas e externasque podem afetar o desempenho dos esportistas. Conhecer estes fatores permitira desenhar estratégias para aperfeiçoar o desempenho. Objetivo:Construir e validar um instrumento para medir os fatores situacionistas e externos que afetam aos esportistas de alto desempenho. Método: Contou-se com a participação de 243 esportistas. Resultado: O resultado final foi um instrumento de 19 reagentes distribuídos em quatro sue-escalas:Incerteza, Importância da competição, Percepção costumes de descanso e alimentação, e Percepção do treino, com um nível de confiabilidade totalde, 724, o qual se encontra numa faixa aceitável para a pesquisa básica.Conclusão: não obstante, é preciso continuar trabalhando teórica e estatisticamente para obter melhores níveis de confiabilidade. No entanto,conta-se com um instrumento útil para identificar os fatores externos e situacionistas que incidem no desempenho dos esportistas.

There are mainly three groups of factors that influence the performance ofathletes: situational, external and personality or internal (González- Botoet al., 2006; Márquez, 2004; Weinberg & Gould, 1996), even though thereare several instruments to assess personality factors, there are none toasses the external and situational sources that may affect the performanceof athletes. A deeper knowledge of these factors will allow the design ofperformance optimizing strategies. Objective: Construct and validate aninstrument intended to measure the situational and external factors thatinfluence high-performance athletes. Method: A total of 243 athletes participated.Results: The final result was a 19-item instrument, distributed infour subscales: Uncertainty, Importance of competition, Perception of restingand feeding habits, and Perception of Training, with a Cronbach’s alphaof .724, within an acceptable range for basic research. Conclusion: Eventhough it is necessary to continue working at both theoretical and statisticallevels in order to reach higher internal consistency, the present is a usefulinstrument to identify external and situational factors that affect the performanceof athletes.

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Realizou-se adaptação transcultural da Escala de Satisfação com o Suporte Social (ESSS) para a língua portuguesa. As qualidades psicométricas foram avaliadas numa amostra de 1.023 estudantes do ensino superior do Brasil e de Portugal. A partir dos resultados obtidos propõe-se uma versão modificada da ESSS com 12 itens que avaliam 4 dimensões. A versão modificada revelou adequada confiabilidade, validade fatorial, validade concorrente, divergente e discriminante com exceção dessa última para Satisfação com as Amizades e a Intimidade. A validade convergente esteve no limite do aceitável. Observou-se invariância dos pesos fatoriais entre Brasil e Portugal, permitindo sua utilização para a avaliação da Satisfação com o Suporte Social em estudantes do ensino superior de ambos os países.(AU)

The Social Support Satisfaction Scale (SSSS) was submitted to an adaptation to Portuguese language. Psychometric qualities of the SSSS were assessed in a sample of 1,023 university and college students from Brazil and Portugal. From the results obtained, we propose a modified version of the SSSS with 12 items that assess four dimensions (Satisfaction with Friendship, Intimacy, Satisfaction with Family and Social Activities). The modified version of the SSSS demonstrated good reliability; factorial validity; and concurrent, divergent and discriminant validity. Convergent valid is in the limit of what is acceptable. There was invariance of the factorial weights in the Portuguese and Brazilian samples, allowing its use for assessing "Social Support Satisfaction" in higher education students in both countries.(AU)

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Realizou-se adaptação transcultural da Escala de Satisfação com o Suporte Social (ESSS) para a língua portuguesa. As qualidades psicométricas foram avaliadas numa amostra de 1.023 estudantes do ensino superior do Brasil e de Portugal. A partir dos resultados obtidos propõe-se uma versão modificada da ESSS com 12 itens que avaliam 4 dimensões. A versão modificada revelou adequada confiabilidade, validade fatorial, validade concorrente, divergente e discriminante com exceção dessa última para Satisfação com as Amizades e a Intimidade. A validade convergente esteve no limite do aceitável. Observou-se invariância dos pesos fatoriais entre Brasil e Portugal, permitindo sua utilização para a avaliação da Satisfação com o Suporte Social em estudantes do ensino superior de ambos os países.

The Social Support Satisfaction Scale (SSSS) was submitted to an adaptation to Portuguese language. Psychometric qualities of the SSSS were assessed in a sample of 1,023 university and college students from Brazil and Portugal. From the results obtained, we propose a modified version of the SSSS with 12 items that assess four dimensions (Satisfaction with Friendship, Intimacy, Satisfaction with Family and Social Activities). The modified version of the SSSS demonstrated good reliability; factorial validity; and concurrent, divergent and discriminant validity. Convergent valid is in the limit of what is acceptable. There was invariance of the factorial weights in the Portuguese and Brazilian samples, allowing its use for assessing "Social Support Satisfaction" in higher education students in both countries.

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Para muitos fenômenos psicossociais que envolvam grupo e indivíduo, é necessário que o indivíduo sinta-se como parte do grupo, que perceba a importância de uma pertença grupal, para que a instância coletiva possa influenciar seu comportamento ou pensamento. A identificação grupal é um construto que se define pela medida da força de conexão de indivíduos com um grupo a que pertencem. Há medidas de diversos tipos para a identificação grupal, geralmente no formato de escalas de Likert, mas não se encontram medidas genéricas validadas para o contexto brasileiro. Este trabalho buscou propor uma medida simples constituída pela tradução e adaptação de alguns itens já consagrados na literatura internacional e validá-la. Foram escolhidos seis itens de medidas de identificação grupal utilizadas em estudos internacionais. Itens adaptados para medir a identificação com jovens e estudantes universitários foram incluídos no instrumento de uma pesquisa com coleta de dados pela internet, realizada junto a 1203 universitários de sete estados brasileiros; 65% dos participantes eram mulheres,com média de idade 21 anos. Análises exploratórias, confirmatórias e índices de confiabilidade apontaram que os itens comportam-se bem como uma escala unidimensional para os doisgrupos de referência avaliados. Constitui, portanto, um instrumento para inclusão dessa variável em pesquisas mesmo que reconhecendo espaço para melhoria dos itens e possibilidade de mensuração multidimensional. (AU)

For various psychosocial phenomena that involve groups and individuals, it isnecessary that the individual feels to be part of the group and perceives the importance of group belonging, so that the group instance can influence behavior and thinking. Group identification is a construct defined by the measure of the connection force of individuals with a group that they belong to. There are many kinds of group identification measures, usually in Likert format, but no generic measures validated for the Brazilian context are found. This work has proposed a simple measure consisting in the translation and adaptation of some items that are well known in theinternational literature and to validate it. Six items of group identification measures employed in international studies were chosen. Items adapted to measure the identification with youngpeople and university undergraduate students were included in the instrument of a study with data collection through the internet, carried out with 1203 undergraduates of seven Brazilian states; 65% of the participants were women, with a mean age of 21 years old. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses and reliability indexes pointed out that the items work well as a onedimensional scale for the assessed reference groups. The scale is then an instrument for the inclusion of such variable in research, even acknowledging that there is space for the improvement of items and the possibility to conduct multidimensional measurement. (AU)

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BACKGROUND: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is used worldwide for detecting depressive symptoms. This questionnaire has been revised (1996) to match the DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive episode. We assessed the reliability and the validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the BDI-II for non-clinical adults. METHODS: The questionnaire was applied to 60 college students on two occasions. Afterwards, 182 community-dwelling adults completed the BDI-II, the Self-Report Questionnaire, and the K10 Scale. Trained psychiatrists performed face-to-face interviews with the respondents using the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-I), the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Scale, and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. Descriptive analysis, signal detection analysis (Receiver Operating Characteristics), correlation analysis, and discriminant function analysis were performed to investigate the psychometric properties of the BDI-II. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient of the BDI-II was 0.89, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of internal consistency was 0.93. Taking the SCID as the gold standard, the cut-off point of 10/11 was the best threshold for detecting depression, yielding a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 87%. The concurrent validity (a correlation of 0.63-0.93 with scales applied simultaneously) and the predictive ability of the severity level (over 65% correct classification) were acceptable. CONCLUSION: The BDI-II is reliable and valid for measuring depressive symptomatology among Portuguese-speaking Brazilian non-clinical populations.

OBJETIVOS: O Inventário de Depressão de Beck (IDB) é utilizado mundialmente para detectar sintomas depressivos. Este questionário foi revisado (1996) para se adequar aos critérios do DSM-IV para episódio depressivo maior. Avaliamos a confiabilidade e validade da versão I em português-brasileiro do IDB-I em uma amostra não clínica de adultos. MÉTODOS: O questionário foi aplicado em duas ocasiões para 60 estudantes universitários. Em seguida, 182 adultos residentes na comunidade preencheram IDB-II, Questionário de Auto-Resposta e escala K10. Psiquiatras treinados entrevistaram pessoalmente os respondentes através da Entrevista Clínica Estruturada (SCID-I), a escala de depressão de Montgomery-Åsberg e de ansiedade de Hamilton. Análise descritiva, detecção de sinal (Receiver Operating Characteristics), correlação e função discriminante foram realizadas para investigar as propriedades psicométricas do IBD-II. RESULTADOS: O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse do IDB-II foi de 0,89 e o coeficiente alfa de consistência interna foi de 0,93. Adotando a SCID como padrão-ouro, o ponto de corte de 10/11 foi o melhor limiar para detectar depressão, alcançando sensibilidade de 70% e especificidade de 87%. A validade concorrente (correlação de 0,63-0,93 com escalas aplicadas simultaneamente) e a capacidade preditiva de gravidade (mais de 65% de classificação correta de indivíduos deprimidos) foram aceitáveis. CONCLUSÃO: O IDB-II é fidedigno e válido para mensurar sintomatologia depressiva na população brasileira não clínica falante do português.

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Para muitos fenômenos psicossociais que envolvam grupo e indivíduo, é necessário que o indivíduo sinta-se como parte do grupo, que perceba a importância de uma pertença grupal, para que a instância coletiva possa influenciar seu comportamento ou pensamento. A identificação grupal é um construto que se define pela medida da força de conexão de indivíduos com um grupo a que pertencem. Há medidas de diversos tipos para a identificação grupal, geralmente no formato de escalas de Likert, mas não se encontram medidas genéricas validadas para o contexto brasileiro. Este trabalho buscou propor uma medida simples constituída pela tradução e adaptação de alguns itens já consagrados na literatura internacional e validá-la. Foram escolhidos seis itens de medidas de identificação grupal utilizadas em estudos internacionais. Itens adaptados para medir a identificação com jovens e estudantes universitários foram incluídos no instrumento de uma pesquisa com coleta de dados pela internet, realizada junto a 1203 universitários de sete estados brasileiros; 65% dos participantes eram mulheres,com média de idade 21 anos. Análises exploratórias, confirmatórias e índices de confiabilidade apontaram que os itens comportam-se bem como uma escala unidimensional para os doisgrupos de referência avaliados. Constitui, portanto, um instrumento para inclusão dessa variável em pesquisas mesmo que reconhecendo espaço para melhoria dos itens e possibilidade de mensuração multidimensional.

For various psychosocial phenomena that involve groups and individuals, it isnecessary that the individual feels to be part of the group and perceives the importance of group belonging, so that the group instance can influence behavior and thinking. Group identification is a construct defined by the measure of the connection force of individuals with a group that they belong to. There are many kinds of group identification measures, usually in Likert format, but no generic measures validated for the Brazilian context are found. This work has proposed a simple measure consisting in the translation and adaptation of some items that are well known in theinternational literature and to validate it. Six items of group identification measures employed in international studies were chosen. Items adapted to measure the identification with youngpeople and university undergraduate students were included in the instrument of a study with data collection through the internet, carried out with 1203 undergraduates of seven Brazilian states; 65% of the participants were women, with a mean age of 21 years old. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses and reliability indexes pointed out that the items work well as a onedimensional scale for the assessed reference groups. The scale is then an instrument for the inclusion of such variable in research, even acknowledging that there is space for the improvement of items and the possibility to conduct multidimensional measurement.

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La pérdida de un hijo al inicio de la vida constituye uno de los estresores emocionales más intensos que puede experimentar una mujer. La evaluación de este proceso de duelo requiere contar con instrumentos confiables y válidos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar las características psicométricas de la Perinatal Grief Scale (Escala de Duelo Perinatal, EDP) en una muestra de mujeres mexicanas que habían experimentado pérdidas perinatales. La escala fue traducida, retraducida, piloteada y adaptada, para finalmente aplicarla a 200 mujeres que habían experimentado una o más pérdidas perinatales y que asistían a una clínica especializada. Los datos fueron sometidos a los procedimientos estadísticos usuales de validación (análisis de distribución de frecuencias, comparación de grupos extremos, análisis factorial exploratorio y análisis factorial confirmatorio, así como correlación entre subescalas) y de evaluación de consistencia interna, obteniendo índices adecuados de confiabilidad y validez. La EDP quedó conformada por 27 reactivos, agrupados en cuatro subescalas: duelo activo, depresión, culpa y aceptación. Se discute su utilización en la investigación y en la práctica clínica.

Losing a child at the beginning of life is one of the most intense emotional stressors that may experience a woman. The evaluation of this mourning process requires reliable and valid instruments. This study aimed to determine the psychometric characteristics of the Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS) in a sample of Mexican women who had experienced perinatal loss. The scale was translated, retranslated, tested and adapted to finally be applied to 200 women who had experienced one or more perinatal loss and were attending a clinic. Data were subjected to the usual statistical procedures of validation (analysis of frequency distribution, comparison of extreme groups, exploratory factor analysis and factor analysis confirming, as well as correlation between scales) and evaluation of internal consistency, obtaining appropriate indexes of reliability and validity. The Perinatal Grief Scale (EDP) was formed by 27 items, grouped in four scales: active grief, depression, guilt, and acceptance. Its use in research and clinical practice is discussed.

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The objective of the present study was to establish the frequency of psychiatric comorbidity in a sample of diabetic patients with symmetric distal polyneuropathy (SDPN). Sixty-five patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected consecutively to participate in the study at Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia. All patients were submitted to a complete clinical and psychiatric evaluation, including the Portuguese version of the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Neuropathy Symptom Score, and Neuropathy Disability Score. SDPN was identified in 22 subjects (33.8 percent). Patients with and without SDPN did not differ significantly regarding sociodemographic characteristics. However, a trend toward a worse glycemic control was found in patients with SDPN in comparison to patients without SDPN (HbA1c = 8.43 ± 1.97 vs 7.48 ± 1.95; P = 0.08). Patients with SDPN exhibited axis I psychiatric disorders significantly more often than those without SDPN (especially anxiety disorders, in general (81.8 vs 60.0 percent; P = 0.01), and major depression - current episode, in particular (18.2 vs 7.7 percent; P = 0.04)). The severity of the depressive symptoms correlated positively with the severity of SDPN symptoms (r = 0.38; P = 0.006), but not with the severity of SDPN signs (r = 0.07; P = 0.56). In conclusion, the presence of SDPN seems to be associated with a trend toward glycemic control. The diagnosis of SDPN in diabetic subjects seems also to be associated with relevant psychiatric comorbidity, including anxiety and current mood disorders.

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