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BACKGROUND: The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) is used to measure posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) symptoms, and the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory-9 (PTCI-9) is used to measure posttraumatic cognitions. Both tools have been translated for use in Brazil. However, the psychometric properties of the Brazilian versions were not investigated, and no study has verified the invariance of these tools for many traumatic event types. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the validity, reliability, and measurement invariance of the Brazilian versions of the ITQ and the PTCI-9 for trauma type, gender, race, age group, education level, and geographical region. METHODS: A total of 2,111 people (67.74% women) participated in an online survey. The scale models were tested via confirmatory factor analyses and measurement invariance through multigroup analyses. Pearson's correlation analyses were used to examine the relationships between PTSD, CPTSD, posttraumatic cognitions, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Except for the affective dysregulation factor, the reliabilities of the ITQ and PTCI-9 dimensions were adequate. Models with six correlated dimensions for the ITQ and three correlated dimensions for the PTCI-9 showed adequate fit to the data. The ITQ and PTCI-9 exhibited scalar invariance for gender, race, age group, education level, and geographical region. The ITQ also demonstrated full invariance for trauma type. The factors of both instruments were related to each other and to depressive symptoms, with higher effect sizes for posttraumatic cognitions and complex posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. CONCLUSION: We recommend using the Brazilian versions of the ITQ and PTCI-9, which are crucial tools for assessing and treating trauma-related disorders.

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The present article aims to conduct a comprehensive review of the existing scientific literature on this human behavioral modality, impulsive and transient, which escapes the conscious control of the subject, from a psychopathological and forensic approach. To achieve this, historical points about the different nuances of the topic will be made, supplying a panoramic and critical overview of it. It can be said that these are implicit memories about past traumatic situations that, because of a present reenactment of the unpleasant event through a dissociative mechanism, generate in the individual an impulsive aggressive reaction, over which the person has no control or awareness. This type of behavior opens the debate, within the framework of Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, about the defendants' ability, under these circumstances, to understand the criminality of the act and direct their actions, posing a controversial challenge to the criteria of different courts. Similarly, it is necessary to understand these behaviors, develop more proper prevention strategies, propose new therapeutic approaches to psychological trauma, and intervene in these criminal behaviors that endanger society's safety and well-being.

El presente artículo se propone llevar a cabo una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura científica existente sobre esta modalidad conductual humana particular, impulsiva y transitoria, que escapa al control consciente del sujeto, desde un enfoque psicopatológico y forense. Para ello, se realizarán puntualizaciones históricas de los diferentes matices de la temática, proporcionando una visión panorámica y crítica de la misma. Se puede decir que se trata de memorias implícitas acerca de situaciones traumáticas pasadas que, a raíz de una reedición presente del evento displacentero mediante un mecanismo disociativo, generan en el individuo una reacción impulsiva agresiva, sobre la cual la persona no dispone de control ni conciencia. Este tipo de comportamiento abre el debate, en el marco de la Psicología y Psiquiatría Forense, sobre la  capacidad que tienen los acusados de un crimen, de comprender la criminalidad del acto y dirigir sus acciones, presentando un desafío controversial para los tribunales de diferentes países. Así mismo, es menester poder entender estas conductas, desarrollar estrategias de prevención más adecuadas, plantear los nuevos abordajes terapéuticos frente al trauma psicológico e intervenir en estas conductas delictivas que ponen en peligro la seguridad, así como el bienestar de la sociedad.

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Resumo Desde o seu nascimento na medicina cirúrgica do século XVII, a pesquisa do trauma admitiu interpretações múltiplas e associadas ora às lesões visíveis de órgãos e tecidos, ora à influência de agentes psíquicos patogênicos sobre a memória, a consciência e a personalidade. Com o aprofundamento do papel dos sistemas classificatórios desde DSM-III, o fenômeno do trauma será incorporado ao prisma psiquiátrico através do Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático e destinado, finalmente, à circunscrição da pesquisa neurocientífica. A partir de revisão narrativa, este artigo abordará uma das premissas epistemológicas fundamentais para essa transição, que informa como o trauma psicológico ganhou autonomia sobre as descrições anatômicas para ser, cerca de um século depois, por ela reanexado enquanto fenômeno essencialmente corporal e aderido à gramática das neurociências.

Abstract Since its origin in the surgical medicine of the 17th century, trauma research has had multiple interpretations and has been associated either with visible injuries to organs and tissues, or with the influence of pathogenic psychic agents on memory, consciousness and personality. With the intensification of the role of classification systems since DSM-III, the phenomenon of trauma came to be incorporated into the psychiatric realm through Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and destined finally to the constraints of neuroscientific research. Based on a narrative review, this article will address one of the fundamental epistemological premises for this transition, which informs how psychological trauma gained autonomy over anatomical descriptions to be reclassified, around a century later, as an essentially bodily phenomenon and incorporated into the jargon of neurosciences.

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As condições psicopatológicas decorrentes de acontecimentos traumáticos vêm progressivamente recebendo interpretações de natureza neurocientífica. Com isso, experiências humanas devastadoras são reduzidas ao funcionamento perturbado de sistemas neurofisiológicos atribuídos às respostas de estresse. Através de revisão narrativa, este artigo procura explorar algumas das condições epistemológicas elementares ao surgimento de uma teoria neurocientífica do estresse traumático, demonstrando a solidariedade que ela conserva com a teoria evolucionária e com a pesquisa do condicionamento clássico em animais. Espera-se que este trabalho possa salientar algumas das repercussões éticas da negligência dos fatores sociais e culturais nas interpretações dos fenômenos secundários ao traumatismo

Psychopathological conditions resulting from traumatic events have increasingly received neuroscientific interpretations, reducing the complexity of devastating human experiences to the disturbed functioning of neurophysiological systems attributed to stress responses. This narrative review explores some epistemological conditions essential to fashioning a neuroscientific theory of traumatic stress, showing the solidarity it maintains with evolutionary theory and with research on classical conditioning in animals. We hope this work can highlight some of the ethical repercussions in neglecting social and cultural factors when interpreting secondary trauma phenomena

Las condiciones psicopatológicas resultantes de eventos traumáticos han recibido progresivamente interpretaciones neurocientíficas. Como resultado, las devastadoras experiencias humanas vieron reducidas su complejidad al funcionamiento perturbado de los sistemas neurofisiológicos atribuidos a las respuestas al estrés. A partir de una revisión narrativa, este artículo buscará explorar algunas de las condiciones epistemológicas esenciales para el surgimiento de una teoría neurocientífica del estrés traumático, demostrando la solidaridad que mantiene con la teoría evolutiva y con la investigación sobre el condicionamiento clásico en animales. Se espera que este trabajo pueda resaltar algunas de las repercusiones éticas de descuidar los factores sociales y culturales en la interpretación de los fenómenos secundarios de trauma

Les conditions psychopathologiques résultant d'événements traumatiques ont progressivement reçu des interprétations neuroscientifiques, en réduisant la complexité des expériences humaines dévastatrices au fonctionnement perturbé des systèmes neurophysiologiques attribué aux réponses au stress. Cette revue narrative explore quelques conditions épistémologiques essentielles pour élaborer une théorie neuroscientifique du stress traumatique, démontrant la solidarité qu'elle entretient avec la théorie évolutionniste et avec les recherches sur le conditionnement classique. On espère que ce travail pourra mettre en évidence certaines des répercussions éthiques associées à la négligence des facteurs sociaux et culturels dans l'interprétation des phénomènes traumatiques secondaires

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OBJECTIVE: Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) present a variety of symptoms, with different intensities, causing impairments in the individual, social and occupational functioning areas. The aim of this study was to understand the psychodynamic functioning of patients with PTSD, exploring the relationship between symptom severity, quality of life, subjective suffering, conflicts and psychic structure regarding sociodemographic characteristics, styles and defensive mechanisms. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional quantitative study with 60 participants. The following were used: sociodemographic questionnaire, the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis-2 (OPD-2) and the Defensive Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40). RESULTS: Participants had moderate to high symptom severity, with significant subjective suffering and isolation. The main conflict was Need for care x Self-sufficiency and the level of Total Structure was moderate/low. The use of immature, neurotic, and mature defensive styles was observed. More primitive personality structures, more rigid defenses and greater dependence were found in patients with history of past trauma. Other mental disorders were also associated. CONCLUSION: OPD-2 was effective to assess the psychodynamic functioning characteristics of patients with PTSD. Therapeutic treatment should focus on the psychic structure and not only on symptom control. Prevention strategies should target vulnerability factors and strengthening of protective factors.

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INTRODUCTION: The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory is a largely used measure to assess negative posttraumatic cognitions that are common among individuals with trauma-related disorders. There was a need to have a valid and reliable short form of it in Persian. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to translate the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory-9 item (PTCI-9) into Persian, and evaluate its characteristics and psychometric properties. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional psychometric study using the translation and back-translation technique, experts assessed the content validity of the scale. Participants were 207 Iranian individuals recruited from the general population and 151 of them were trauma-exposed. Participants completed the Persian version of the PTCI-9, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and the WHO Quality of Life (WHO-QOL) scale. The psychometric properties of the Persian version of PTCI-9 were assessed using Exploration and Confirmatory factor analysis methods. Cronbach's α coefficient and Pearson's analysis were calculated, as well. RESULTS: Factor analyses supported a 3-factor model including the Self, World, and Self-blame subscales. The Cronbach's alpha of the Persian version of PTCI-9 (α=0.74) and its subscales (0.76, 0.82, 0.78) demonstrated its acceptable reliability. The Persian PTCI-9 also had strong test-retest reliability (r=0.79). The correlation between the Persian version of PTCI-9 and the BDI-II (r=0.60), and WHO-QOL (r=-0.54) indicated the convergent validity of the scale. CONCLUSION: The Persian version of PTCI-9 showed acceptable psychometric properties. It is a brief and pragmatic measure that can be used in Iranian trauma-exposed patients for research and clinical purposes.

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Resumo A percepção do papel do trauma psicológico na origem de problemas psiquiátricos aumentou e diminuiu ao longo da história da psiquiatria. Com a concepção do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT), entretanto, as sociedades ocidentais presenciaram uma profunda expansão do discurso do traumatismo na interpretação de experiências humanas devastadoras, como catástrofes, genocídios, desastres e epidemias. A partir de revisão bibliográfica integrativa, este artigo analisa alguns dos determinantes históricos e epistemológicos que fundamentam o surgimento da memória traumática e o estabelecimento do trauma como campo semântico que orienta respostas clínicas e estratégias políticas no campo das ciências humanas e da saúde.

Abstract Perceptions of the importance of the role of psychological trauma in the origins of psychiatric problems have oscillated throughout the history of psychiatry. However, since the conception of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), western societies have witnessed a marked expansion of the discourse of trauma in the interpretation of devastating human experiences like catastrophes, genocides, disasters, and epidemics. Through an integrative literature review, this article analyzes some of the historical and epistemological determinants behind the emergence of traumatic memory and the establishment of trauma as a semantic field that orients clinical responses and political strategies in the field of the humanities and the health sciences.

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Desde o lançamento da terceira versão do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-III), a psiquiatria biológica vem sistematicamente aplicando seu raciocínio classificatório a fenômenos sociais de múltiplas naturezas. Nessa perspectiva, ganha relevância o discurso do trauma, pelo qual acontecimentos de magnitude devastadora passaram a receber interpretações neurocomportamentais e foram, finalmente, reconhecidos menos por seus impactos culturais e subjetivos que pelas alterações fisiológicas que propiciam. Apoiado em revisão narrativa, este artigo procurará explorar a transição da racionalidade traumática entre o século XIX, quando o trauma fora concebido em associação ao conceito cognitivo de memória, e o século XX, quando finalmente esse fenômeno foi anexado à pesquisa neurocientífica do estresse. A pluralidade de modelos conceituais e paradigmas determinísticos pode contribuir para que a pesquisa do trauma produza protocolos de enfrentamento multifatoriais mais adequados à experiência humana do sofrimento pós-traumático.

Since the release of the third version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), biological psychiatry has been systematically applying its classification reasoning to social phenomena of many natures. From this perspective, the discourse of trauma gained relevance and events of devastating magnitude began to receive neurobehavioral interpretations until finally being recognized less for their cultural and subjective effects than for the physiological changes they cause. By a narrative review, this study aims to analyze the transition of traumatic rationality from the 19th century, when trauma was associated with the cognitive concept of memory, to the 20th century, when this phenomenon was finally attached to neuroscientific research on stress. The plurality of conceptual models and deterministic paradigms can contribute to the fact that trauma research produces multifactorial coping protocols more appropriate to the human experience of post-traumatic suffering.

Desde la publicación de la tercera versión del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-III), la psiquiatría biológica ha aplicado sistemáticamente su razonamiento clasificatorio a fenómenos sociales de múltiple naturaleza. Desde esta perspectiva cobra relevancia el discurso del trauma, a través del cual eventos muy devastadores pasaron a tener interpretaciones neuroconductuales y finalmente fueron reconocidos menos por sus impactos culturales y subjetivos que por los cambios fisiológicos que provocan. A partir de una revisión narrativa, este artículo busca explorar la transición del razonamiento traumático entre el siglo XIX, cuando el trauma se concibe en asociación con el concepto cognitivo de memoria, y el siglo XX, cuando este fenómeno se vincula a la investigación neurocientífica sobre estrés. La diversidad de modelos conceptuales y paradigmas deterministas puede contribuir a que la investigación del trauma produzca protocolos de afrontamiento multifactoriales más adecuados a la experiencia humana del sufrimiento postraumático.

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Research has shown that people sometimes report self-perceived growth as a result of dealing with a potentially traumatic event, but relatively few methodologically rigorous studies have examined whether perceived posttraumatic growth is associated with improved subsequent well-being across a wide range of outcomes. In this three-wave longitudinal study of Colombian emerging adults (n = 636), we examined the associations of perceived posttraumatic growth with 17 well-being outcomes across domains of psychological well-being (i.e., self-rated mental health, meaning in life, sense of purpose, happiness, life satisfaction), psychological distress (i.e., anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, subjective suffering), social well-being (i.e., content with relationships, satisfying relationships, loneliness), physical well-being (i.e., self-rated physical health, sleep quality), and character strengths (i.e., state hope, trait forgivingness, orientation to promote good, delayed gratification). Using an outcome-wide analytic design that adjusted for a range of covariates assessed in Wave 1, we found that overall perceived posttraumatic growth assessed in Wave 2 was robustly associated with improvements in one or more facet of each well-being domain (15/17 outcomes in total) assessed approximately six months later in Wave 3. Our findings suggest that perceived posttraumatic growth may contribute to individual well-being over the longer-term.

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RESUMEN El Trastorno por Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) es una condición psiquiátrica que surge como respuesta a eventos traumáticos y puede afectar significativamente la funcionalidad del paciente. La sierra andina es una región cuya población ha estado expuesta a eventos altamente estresantes; sin embargo, existe escasa información sobre factores asociados a la ocurrencia de TEPT en la región. Objetivo: Determinar los factores sociodemográficos y clínicos (comorbilidad y funcionalidad) asociados al TEPT. Material y métodos: Se trata de un estudio secundario que utilizó la base de datos del adulto del Estudio Epidemiológico de Salud Mental en la Sierra - 2017. Instrumentos: Mini Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional (MINI) en la versión en español de CIE-10, Cuestionario de Salud Mental de Colombia, Escala de Discapacidad y una ficha de datos demográficos e indicadores de pobreza. Resultados: Se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre TEPT y grupos de personas casadas y carentes de instrucción escolarizada. El episodio depresivo fue la comorbilidad más frecuente. Los principales estresores fueron la violencia política y los accidentes graves. Asimismo, hubo asociación de TEPT con pensamientos suicidas y dificultad para planificar, organizar y ejecutar diversas actividades. Conclusiones: Existe asociación relevante entre TEPT y algunos factores sociodemográficos, eventos traumáticos y trastornos clínicos. Los programas de intervención deben brindar atención inmediata a personas expuestas a eventos traumáticos y disminuir la presencia y el impacto de factores estresantes presentes en la región andina.

SUMMARY Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that occurs in response to traumatic events and can significantly affect the patient's functional capacities. The Peruvian highlands is a region whose population has been exposed to highly stressful events; however, there is limited information on the factors associated with PTSD in the region. Objective: To determine sociodemographic and clinical factors (comorbidity and functionality) associated with PTSD. Material and methods: A secondary study was conducted using the adult database of the Epidemiological Study of Mental Health in the Peruvian Highlands - 2017. Instruments: Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) Spanish version ICD-10, Mental Health Questionnaire of Colombia, Disability Scale, and an intake form with demographic data and poverty indicators. Results: Significant associations were found between PTSD and groups of married people and those who had no school education. Depressive episode was the most frequent comorbidity. The main stressors were political violence and serious accidents. Likewise, there was an association of PTSD with suicidal thinking and difficulties in planning, organizing and executing a variety of activities. Conclusions: PTSD was associated with some sociodemographic factors, traumatic events and clinical disorders. Intervention programs should be aimed at providing immediate care to people exposed to traumatic events and at reducing the presence and impact of such stressors in the Andean region.

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The traumatic event produces intolerable excitations to the psychic apparatus that searches to relief them through the production of symptoms. When established, patients with post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) may experience flashbacks, somatizations, negative emotions about themselves, and difficulty in social contact. This work seeks to understand how the psychodynamic functioning of women victims of interpersonal and urban violence, diagnosed with these disorders, is organized, identifying traumatic experiences, ways of interpersonal relationships, conflicts and psychic structures and use of defense mechanisms, and for peculiarities that may differentiate these disorders. The qualitative transversal method was used through the content analysis of clinical interviews based on the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2). The sample of this study consisted of five women with PTSD and five with CPTSD. The following categories were created: reasons for seeking care, symptoms and desire for treatment, traumatic developmental events, and characteristics of the psychic functioning. Early trauma generates psychic organizations with greater disintegration. A new traumatic event destabilizes the psychic organization and intensifies symptoms. Relationships were marked by dependence and isolation. Participants with CPTSD presented tendency to disintegration related to the object relation regulation and the psychic conflict was of Individuation versus Dependence, with more primitive flaws in object representations, existential need for the other and direct discharge of impulses. Participants with PTSD had moderate to low level of object relation integration and the conflict was need to be care of versus self-sufficiency, with self-representations being fragile and with reduced capacity to manage impulses. Thus, it could be observed that OPD-2 is capable of assessing in a broad and deep way patients with traumatic disorders, in addition to identifying essential peculiarities to guide health professionals towards treatment in the search for better quality of life for patients.

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This proof-of-concept study aimed to investigate the viability of a predictive model to support posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) staging. We performed a naturalistic, cross-sectional study at two Brazilian centers: the Psychological Trauma Research and Treatment (NET-Trauma) Program at Universidade Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, and the Program for Research and Care on Violence and PTSD (PROVE), at Universidade Federal of São Paulo. Five supervised machine-learning algorithms were tested: Elastic Net, Gradient Boosting Machine, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and C5.0, using clinical (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale version 5) and sociodemographic features. A hundred and twelve patients were enrolled (61 from NET-Trauma and 51 from PROVE). We found a model with four classes suitable for the PTSD staging, with best performance metrics using the C5.0 algorithm to CAPS-5 15-items plus sociodemographic features, with an accuracy of 65.6% for the train dataset and 52.9% for the test dataset (both significant). The number of symptoms, CAPS-5 total score, global severity score, and presence of current/previous trauma events appear as main features to predict PTSD staging. This is the first study to evaluate staging in PTSD with machine learning algorithms using accessible clinical and sociodemographic features, which may be used in future research.

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Stressful life situations can generate chronic symptomatology, so it is of great concern to analyze preventive strategies. Psychological debriefing is an intervention for acute trauma, which verbalizes perceptions, thoughts, and emotions experienced during a recent traumatic event. The evidence surrounding its efficacy is controversial. This article discusses the efficacy of psychological debriefing based on systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines. In all, nine systematic reviews were included. Only one of them found that psychological debriefing effectively decreased psychological stress, while the remaining eight found no significant effects for outcomes such stress, depressive and anxious symptoms, or development and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder. Moreover, two clinical trials found that the intervention had a significantly deleterious effect. Another study found a worsening in the symptomatology associated with the event. Of the eight clinical practice guidelines incorporated, none recommended psychological debriefing as an intervention for acute trauma. Some phenomena could explain the lack of success of the intervention in the scientific evidence. The bioethical conditions related to the traumatic scenario hinder its research, and its lack of standardization makes its evaluation in clinical trials problematic. Other variables such as ethnicity, personality, culture, gender, and history of traumatic experiences have been little considered in research. Nevertheless, the intervention may hinder the adequate processing of traumatic memory and emotions. Current evidence is consistent in not recommending psychological debriefing as an intervention for acute trauma, so its management should avoid it. It is suggested to promote research on preventive interventions to develop chronic traumatic symptomatology.

Las situaciones vitales estresantes tienen el potencial de generar sintomatología crónica, por lo que es de gran interés analizar estrategias preventivas. El debriefing psicológico es una intervención para el trauma agudo, que consiste en la verbalización de percepciones, pensamientos y emociones experimentados durante un evento traumático reciente. La evidencia en torno a su eficacia es controvertida. Este artículo describe y discute la eficacia del debriefing psicológico a partir de los resultados de las revisiones sistemáticas y guías de práctica clínica al respecto. Se incluyeron nueve revisiones sistemáticas. Solo una de ellas encontró que el debriefing psicológico fue eficaz en la disminución del estrés psicológico. Las ocho restantes no encontraron efectos significativos para desenlaces como severidad de los síntomas de estrés postraumático, depresivos, ansiosos o desarrollo de trastorno de estrés postraumático. Dos ensayos clínicos incorporados en las revisiones sistemáticas verificaron que la intervención tenía un efecto significativamente deletéreo, y otro estudio corroboró un empeoramiento numérico en la sintomatología asociada al evento. De las ocho guías de práctica clínica incorporadas, ninguna recomendó al debriefing psicológico como intervención para el trauma agudo. Existen algunos fenómenos que explicarían la falta de éxito de la intervención en la evidencia científica. Las condiciones bioéticas relativas al escenario traumático dificultan su investigación. Asimismo, su falta de estandarización problematiza la evaluación en ensayos clínicos. Otras variables como etnia, personalidad, cultura, género y antecedentes de experiencias traumáticas han sido poco consideradas en la investigación. No obstante, la intervención podría entorpecer el procesamiento adecuado de la memoria y las emociones traumáticas. La evidencia actual es consistente en no recomendar el debriefing psicológico como intervención para el trauma agudo, por lo que debe ser una práctica evitada en su manejo. Se sugiere promover la investigación en intervenciones preventivas para el desarrollo de sintomatología traumática crónica.

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Abstract The traumatic event produces intolerable excitations to the psychic apparatus that searches to relief them through the production of symptoms. When established, patients with post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) may experience flashbacks, somatizations, negative emotions about themselves, and difficulty in social contact. This work seeks to understand how the psychodynamic functioning of women victims of interpersonal and urban violence, diagnosed with these disorders, is organized, identifying traumatic experiences, ways of interpersonal relationships, conflicts and psychic structures and use of defense mechanisms, and for peculiarities that may differentiate these disorders. The qualitative transversal method was used through the content analysis of clinical interviews based on the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2). The sample of this study consisted of five women with PTSD and five with CPTSD. The following categories were created: reasons for seeking care, symptoms and desire for treatment, traumatic developmental events, and characteristics of the psychic functioning. Early trauma generates psychic organizations with greater disintegration. A new traumatic event destabilizes the psychic organization and intensifies symptoms. Relationships were marked by dependence and isolation. Participants with CPTSD presented tendency to disintegration related to the object relation regulation and the psychic conflict was of Individuation versus Dependence, with more primitive flaws in object representations, existential need for the other and direct discharge of impulses. Participants with PTSD had moderate to low level of object relation integration and the conflict was need to be care of versus self-sufficiency, with self-representations being fragile and with reduced capacity to manage impulses. Thus, it could be observed that OPD-2 is capable of assessing in a broad and deep way patients with traumatic disorders, in addition to identifying essential peculiarities to guide health professionals towards treatment in the search for better quality of life for patients.

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A demora no diagnóstico do câncer atrasa o início do tratamento e tem impacto adverso no prognóstico do paciente. Embora o trauma infantil seja uma realidade comum na vida dos indivíduos, a ciência de sua ocorrência e consequências ainda são negligenciados em portadores de doenças crônicas. Estudos de nossa equipe e outros têm mostrado evidências das consequências do trauma infantil sobre aspectos emocionais, comportamentais e clinicopatológicos em pacientes com câncer. No entanto, até o momento, não há estudos que avaliaram a associação do trauma na infância com o atraso para o diagnóstico do câncer. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar, pela primeira vez, a relação entre a ocorrência de trauma infantil e o tempo de demora para o diagnóstico da doença em um grupo de pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço (CCP). Neste estudo transversal, 111 pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço foram avaliados quanto aos fatores preditores para o tempo prolongado do paciente procurar atendimento e de sua trajetória no sistema de saúde até o diagnóstico da doença. O ponto de corte para avaliação do atraso para o diagnóstico foi de 3 meses, considerando até 3 meses como menor atraso e mais de 3 meses como maior atraso. Dados demográficos, clinicopatológicos e comportamentais foram extraídos dos prontuários dos pacientes. O Questionário sobre Trauma na Infância (QUESI) foi utilizado para avaliar a ocorrência de trauma infantil. Análises de regressão múltipla foram usadas para avaliar a associação das variáveis demográficas, comportamentais e clinicopatológicas, bem como da ocorrência de trauma na Infância com tempo de demora para o diagnóstico de câncer. Os resultados mostraram que o tempo médio de demora para os pacientes com CCP procurarem atendimento após perceber o primeiro sinal da doença foi de 129,50 dias, e o tempo médio de atraso entre o paciente procurar o primeiro serviço de saúde após perceber o tumor e receber o diagnóstico definitivo de câncer foi 196,43 dias. A ocorrência de abuso físico na infância foi uma variável independente para maior demora do paciente em procurar o primeiro atendimento após ter percebido o primeiro sintoma de câncer (OR = 3,22, IC = 1,020-10,183, p = 0,046). Pacientes que tinham o tumor localizado na laringe (OR = 13,5, IC = 2,645-69,355, p = 0,002) e tinham histórico de abuso emocional na infância (OR = 6,7, IC = 1,974-23,293, p = 0,002) eram mais propensos a terem um tempo maior que 3 meses entre a primeira consulta em um serviço de saúde e o recebimento do diagnóstico de câncer. Pacientes do sexo feminino (OR = 5,6, IC = 1,658-18,934, p = 0,006) e com o tumor localizado na laringe (OR = 11,2, IC = 2,204-56,987, p = 0,004), tiveram um maior atraso entre perceber o primeiro sintoma e ter o diagnóstico da doença. Em conjunto a fatores clinicopatológicos, o histórico de experiências traumáticas na infância pode ser preditivo para um maior atraso do paciente com câncer procurar os serviços de saúde e receber o diagnóstico. Os resultados do presente estudo devem estimular que a redução do trauma no período infantil seja considerada no desenvolvimento de estratégias para a prevenção secundária do câncer(AU)

Delay in the diagnosis of cancer retard the initiation of treatment and has an adverse impact on the patient's prognosis. Although childhood trauma is a common reality in the lives of individuals, the science of its occurrence and consequences are still neglected in patients with chronic diseases. Studies by our team and others have shown evidence of the consequences of childhood trauma on emotional, behavioral and clinicopathological aspects in cancer patients. However, to date, there are no studies that have evaluated the association of childhood trauma with delay in cancer diagnosis. The objective of the present research was to evaluate, for the first time, the relationship between the occurrence of childhood trauma and the delay time for the diagnosis of the disease in a group of patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). In this cross-sectional study, 111 patients with head and neck cancer were evaluated regarding predicting factors for the patient's prolonged time to seek care and their trajectory in the health system until the diagnosis of the disease. The cut-off point for evaluating the delay for diagnosis was 3 months, considering up to 3 months as the shortest delay and more than 3 months as the longest delay. Demographic, clinicopathological and behavioral data were extracted from the patients' records. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was used to assess the occurrence of childhood trauma. Multiple regression analyzes were used to assess the association of demographic, behavioral, and clinicopathological variables, as well as the occurrence of childhood trauma with time delay for the diagnosis of cancer. The results showed that the average delay for HNC patients to seek care after noticing the first sign of the disease was 129.50 days, and the average delay time between the patient seeking the first healthcare professional after noticing the tumor and receiving the definitive diagnosis of cancer was 196.43 days. The childhood physical abuse occurrence was an independent variable for the patient's longer delay in seeking first care after having noticed the first symptom of cancer (OR = 3.22, CI = 1.020-10.183, p = 0.046). Patients who had the tumor located in the larynx (OR = 13.5, CI = 2.645- 69.355, p = 0.002) and had a history of childhood emotional abuse (OR = 6.7, CI = 1.974-23.293, p = 0.002) were more likely to have a time greater than 3 months between the first consultation at a health service and receiving the diagnosis of cancer. Female patients (OR = 5.6, CI = 1.658-18.934, p = 0.006) and with the tumor located in the larynx (OR = 11.2, CI = 2.204-56.987, p = 0.004), had a longer delay between noticing the first symptom and being diagnosed with the disease. In conjunction with clinicopathological factors, the history of traumatic experiences in childhood may be predictive of a longer delay in the cancer patient seeking health services and receiving the diagnosis. The results of the present study should encourage the reduction of childhood trauma to be considered in the development of strategies for secondary cancer prevention(AU)

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Resumen La pérdida de un ser querido por suicidio puede ser uno de los eventos más estresantes de la vida. Los factores de riesgo y protección asociados a cada caso pueden favorecer o dificultar el procesamiento de la pérdida. Se presenta un caso de trastorno de duelo complejo persistente en el que se aplica el Protocolo Mindfulness para la Aceptación del Dolor, las Emociones y el Duelo. La paciente mejora tras la intervención, observándose que ya no puntúa en trastorno de duelo complejo persistente, ni sintomatologia ansiosa de forma significativa, ha disminuido su afecto negativo y aumentado su autocompasión, afecto positivo y bienestar psicológico. Concluimos que se hace necesaria una evaluación integral desde el sistema sanitario para poder atender a los pacientes que presenten trastorno de duelo complejo persistente de manera multidisciplinar. La intervención psicológica puede disminuir los costes económicos, sanitarios y personales. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(3): 85-92.

Abstract The loss of a loved one by suicide can be one of life's most stressful events. The risk and protective factors associated with each case may make it easier or harder to process the loss. Here we present a case of persistent complex grief disorder in which the Mindfuness Protocol for Acceptance of Grief, Emotions, and Bereavement is applied. The patient improves after the intervention, being observed that she no longer scores in persistent complex grief disorder, nor anxious symptoms in a significant way, her negative affect has decreased, and her grief, positive affect and psychological well-being have increased. We conclude that a comprehensive evaluation from the health system is necessary in order to attend patients with persistent complex mourning disorder in a multidisciplinary way. Psychological intervention can reduce economic, health and personal costs. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(3): 85-92.

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Introducción: un gran porcentaje del personal de salud se ve implicado en algún momento de su vida profesional en un evento adverso. Es decir, el paciente sufre un daño de manera no intencional por parte del equipo de salud y esto no solo afecta al paciente y su entorno, sino también a los profesionales implicados a quienes nos referiremos como "segundas víctimas". La imposibilidad de la segunda víctima de superar el evento traumático puede acarrear importantes consecuencias en la salud de los profesionales y aumentar las oportunidades de que vuelva a ocurrir un episodio. Objetivo: explorar las perspectivas de instrumentadores quirúrgicos identificados como segundas víctimas. Metodología: se utilizó una metodología cualitativa exploratoria de estudio de casos mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a instrumentadores quirúrgicos del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires identificados como segundas víctimas. Se realizó un análisis de contenido con base en los ejes temáticos de investigaciones previas. Resultados: se entrevistó a tres instrumentadoras que estuvieron involucradas en eventos adversos de diferente gravedad. Explorando los principales ejes temáticos, las participantes refirieron sentimientos de angustia y culpa tras los eventos remarcando la importancia de recibir apoyo tanto del círculo cercano como de la institución para sobreponerse. También señalaron los problemas en la comunicación y la falta de apego a las normas de procedimiento como algunos de los causantes principales de los eventos. Coincidieron en la tendencia de los equipos médicos a ocultar los eventos. Refirieron haber recibido un adecuado apoyo por parte de sus pares en una primera instancia y por parte del Comité de Seguridad del hospital posteriormente, con poca articulación con el área de recursos humanos. Conclusiones: el estudio revela la importancia de la implementación efectiva de las normas de procedimiento y protocolos de seguridad en la prevención de los eventos adversos, así como también el rol fundamental que ocupa la institución sanitaria en la contención de las segundas víctimas luego del incidente.

Introduction: A high percentage of health personnel is involved in an adverse event at some point in their professional careers. In other words, the patient is unintentionally harmed by the healthcare team, and not only does it affect the patients and their environment but also affects the professionals involved, whom we will refer to as "second victims". The second victim's impossibility of overcoming the traumatic event can have significant health consequences for professionals and increase the chances of a recurrence. Objective: To explore perspectives of surgical technologists identified as second victims. Method: An exploratory, qualitative case study design was used, conducting semi-structured interviews with surgical technologists working at the Hospital Italiano of Buenos Aires and identified as second victims. A content analysis was performed based on central themes of previous studies. Results: Three female surgical technologists who were involved in adverse events of varying severity were interviewed. While central themes were explored, the participants reported feelings of distress and guilt after the events and stressed the importance of receiving support from both their inner circle and the hospital to overcome the incidents. They also indicated communication problems and lack of adherence to procedural rules as some of the main causes of the events. They agreed on the proneness of medical teams to hide events. They reported having received adequate support first from their peers and later from the hospital's safety committee, but there was little coordination with the human resources area. Conclusions: This study reveals the importance of an effective implementation of procedural standards and safety protocols to prevent adverse events and the fundamental role of the healthcare institution in supporting second victims after incidents.

Introdução: uma grande porcentagem do pessoal de saúde vê-se envolvida em algum momento de sua vida profissional em um evento adverso. Ou seja, o paciente sofre um dano não intencional por parte da equipe de saúde e isso afeta não apenas o paciente e seu ambiente, mas também os profissionais envolvidos, a quem chamaremos de "segundas vítimas". A incapacidade da segunda vítima de superar o evento traumático pode acarretar consequências importantes na saúde dos profissionais e aumentar as chances de que um episódio volte a ocorrer. Objetivo: explorar as perspectivas dos instrumentadores cirúrgicos identificados como segundas vítimas. Metodologia: utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa exploratória de estudo de caso, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas a instrumentadores cirúrgicos do Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires identificados como segundas vítimas. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo com base nos eixos temáticos de pesquisas anteriores. Resultados: três instrumentadoras cirúrgicas que estiveram envolvidas em eventos adversos de diferentes gravidades foram entrevistadas. Explorando os principais eixos temáticos, as participantes relataram sentimentos de angústia e culpa após os acontecimentos, destacando a importância de receber apoio tanto do círculo interno quanto da instituição para superação. Também apontaram os problemas de comunicação e o não cumprimento das regras procedimentais como algumas das principais causas dos eventos. Elas concordaram sobre a tendência das equipes médicas de ocultar eventos. Relataram ter recebido apoio adequado de seus pares na primeira instância e, posteriormente, da Comissão de Segurança Hospitalar, com pouca articulação com a área de recursos humanos. Conclusões: O estudo revela a importância da implementação efetiva de normas procedimentais e protocolos de segurança na prevenção de eventos adversos, bem como o papel fundamental que a instituição de saúde ocupa na contenção de segundas vítimas após o incidente.

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Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la evidencia disponible de la eficacia del psicodrama como terapia para el manejo del trauma psicológico, trastorno por estrés agudo y postraumático. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, Scopus, LILACS y Ovid hasta abril de 2019. Se incluyeron los términos: (1)Psychodrama, (2)Role-playing, (3)Stress disorders, Acute, posttraumatic, y (4)Psychological trauma (MeSH). Se seleccionaron revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura, metaanálisis, ensayos clínicos aleatorios, cuasi aleatorios y estudios observacionales en inglés y español. Se seleccionaron los trabajos que incluyeran una descripción de las intervenciones con técnicas del psicodrama. Resultados: 14 trabajos cumplieron criterios de inclusión. Conclusión: No se encontró una asociación fuerte de la eficacia del psicodrama ante los síntomas de estrés postraumático. Se requieren más investigaciones con diseño metodológico ajustado para este tipo de intervenciones.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the available evidence in regarding the efficacy of psychodrama in patients with acute and posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological trauma- Methods: Systematic review. Terms: (1)Psychodrama, (2)Role-playing, (3)Stress disorders, Acute, posttraumatic, and (4)Psychological trauma (Mesh), were searched in Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, Scopus, Lillacs and OVID, until April 2019. Systematic reviews of the literature, meta-analysis, randomized clinical trials, quasi-randomized and observational studies in English and Spanish were selected. The works should have described interventions with psychodrama techniques. Results: 14 papers met the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: There is no evidence of the psychodrama response to the symptoms after traumatic stress. Research should be carried out with a more rigorous methodological design.

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Since 2017, women in Chile are allowed to interrupt voluntarily a pregnancy on three grounds: 1) When a woman's life is at risk due to the pregnancy, 2) When there are fetal anomalies incompatible with life, or 3) When pregnancy is result of rape. Women who qualify for any of these three pregnancy interruption requirements are entitled to a psychosocial accompaniment program to promote an integrative approach. In this article we will discuss the role of the psychosocial team in cases of rape resulting pregnancy. Specifically, the clinical and ethical dilemmas posed by the need to certify the rape in a general hospital such as difficulties in assessment of the story's plausibility, clinician's dual role and the limits to confidentiality, are discussed.

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Durante o último quarto do século XX, a psicopatologia codificou um arco diversificado de fenômenos sociais sob a rubrica do traumatismo, notabilizando o estudo do trauma psicológico como área autônoma e progressivamente informada pelas pesquisas culturais e neurobiológicas. Nesse cenário, presenciamos a emergência do paradigma biocultural, perspectiva epistemológica que procura elucidar as trajetórias interativas pelas quais cultura e biologia consolidam, entre si, os seus efeitos recíprocos. Este artigo abordará as interseções entre o campo dos psicotraumatismo e as neurociências, tomando, como eixos de análise, a expansão da categoria do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT), os pressupostos epistemológicos das pesquisas neurocomportamentais do estresse e do medo, e as limitações da tese da bidirecionalidade, preconizada pelas neurodisciplinas culturais contemporâneas. A elaboração de abordagens definitivamente integrativas pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de modelos compreensivos capazes de conceber os saberes e as práticas ao nível da experiência humana, evitando interpretações reducionistas que submetem vivências culturais e subjetivas complexas ora aos imperativos do cérebro, ora aos códigos semiológicos do raciocínio patogênico.

Durante el último cuarto del siglo XX, la psicopatología codificó un arco diversificado de fenómenos sociales, bajo la rúbrica del traumatismo, poniendo en relevancia el estudio del trauma psicológico, como área autónoma, y progresivamente informada por las investigaciones culturales y neurobiológicas. En este escenario, presenciamos el surgimiento del paradigma biocultural, perspectiva epistemológica que procura elucidar las trayectorias interactivas por las cuales cultura y biología consolidan, entre sí, sus efectos recíprocos. Este artículo abordará las intersecciones entre el campo de los psicotraumatismos y las neurociencias, tomando, como ejes de análisis, la expansión de la categoría del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), los presupuestos epistemológicos de las investigaciones neurocomportamentales del estrés y del miedo, y las limitaciones de la tesis de la bidireccionalidad, preconizada por las neurodisciplinas culturales contemporáneas. La elaboración de abordajes definitivamente integradores pueden apoyar el desarrollo de modelos comprensivos, capaces de concebir los saberes y prácticas en el nivel de la experiencia humana, evitando interpretaciones reduccionistas que someten vivencias culturales y subjetivas complejas, bien sea a los imperativos del cerebro, bien sea a los códigos semiológicos del raciocinio patogénico.

In the last 25 years of the 20th century, psychopathology coded a diverse range of social phenomena under the heading of trauma, featuring the study of psychological trauma as an autonomous area progressively informed by cultural and neurobiological research. In this scenario, we witnessed the emergence of the biocultural paradigm, an epistemological perspective that seeks to elucidate the interactive trajectories by which culture and biology consolidate each other´s effects. This article will address the intersections between the field of psychological trauma and neurosciences, based on the analytical dimensions of expansion of the category of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the epistemological premises of neurobehavioral studies of stress and fear, and the limitations of the bidirectionality hypothesis advanced by contemporary cultural neurosciences. The elaboration of definitively integrative approaches can assist the development of comprehensive models capable of conceiving knowledges and practices at the level of human experience, avoiding reductionist interpretations that submit complex cultural and subjective experiences alternatingly to the imperatives of the brain and to semiologic codes of pathogenic reasoning.

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