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Introducción: La depresión es un trastorno del ánimo frecuente, cuya recurrencia altera su manejo y pronóstico. El objetivo del trabajo es describir la tasa de egreso hospitalario (TEH) por episodio depresivo recurrente (EDR) entre 2018-2021 en Chile, según sexo, edad y gravedad. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional y transversal que considera los egresos hospitalarios por EDR en el período 2018-2021 en Chile (N=1551). Se utilizaron las bases de datos del Departamento de Estadísticas e Información de Salud y el Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Las variables estudiadas fueron sexo, grupo etario y gravedad. No requirió aprobación de comité de ética. Resultados: Se observó la menor TEH en 2020 con 1,91 egresos por cada 100.000 habitantes. Las mujeres sobresalieron durante todo el período con una TEH de 3,68 egresos por cada 100.000 habitantes. Destacó el grupo de 15 a 19 años con la mayor TEH en ambos sexos con 5,3 egresos por cada 100.000 habitantes. Respecto a gravedad, las hospitalizaciones se concentraron en pacientes de diagnóstico no especificado. Discusión: La pandemia de COVID 19 podría explicar la disminución de la TEH en 2020, al reducirse el diagnóstico y hospitalización por EDR; presumiblemente debido al fenómeno de reconversión de camas. La TEH es mayor en el sexo femenino, lo cual es concordante con la literatura. El predominio del grupo de 15 a 19 años discrepa de la evidencia, la cual indica que suele concentrarse en individuos de 25 a 64 años. Conclusión: Las TEH por EDR se concentraron en mujeres jóvenes. Es relevante conocer la epidemiología local para focalizar los recursos en la detección oportuna de factores de riesgo, para evitar episodios graves y disminuir su recurrencia.

Introduction: Depression is a common mood disorder, whose recurrence alters its management and prognosis. The aim of the paper is to describe the hospital discharge rate (HED) for recurrent depressive episode (RDE) between 2018-2021 in Chile, according to sex, age and severity. Materials and methods: Observational and cross-sectional study considering hospital discharges due to DRE in the period 2018-2021 in Chile (N=1551). The databases of the Department of Health Statistics and Information and the National Institute of Statistics were used. The variables studied were sex, age group and severity. Ethics committee approval was not required. Results: The lowest HTE was observed in 2020 with 1.91 discharges per 100,000 inhabitants. Females stood out during the entire period with an HTE of 3.68 discharges per 100,000 population. The 15-19 years age group stood out with the highest HTE in both sexes with 5.3 admissions per 100,000 inhabitants. In terms of severity, hospitalizations were concentrated in patients with unspecified diagnosis. Discussion: The COVID 19 pandemic could explain the decrease in HTE in 2020, with a reduction in diagnosis and hospitalization for RDE, presumably due to the bed conversion phenomenon. HTE is higher in the female sex, which is consistent with the literature. The predominance of the 15 to 19 years age group disagrees with the evidence, which indicates that it tends to be concentrated in individuals aged 25 to 64 years. Conclusion: HTE due to DRE was concentrated in young women. It is important to know the local epidemiology in order to focus resources on the timely detection of risk factors to avoid serious episodes and reduce their recurrence.

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Patients at tertiary hospitals may find themselves in need of mental health support due to the distress associated with the illness that may or not lead to a psychiatric condition. Here is an overview of the clinical cases treated by the liaison psychiatry service of a public tertiary hospital from Southeast Mexico during its first years of operation (2008-2018), with the purpose of gathering information about the status and needs of this population. A sample of 304 clinical records of patients treated for the first time by the psychiatry service was reviewed, and the distribution by demographic characteristics, diagnosis of mental illness and medical area of reference was analyzed. Anxiety and depression symptoms were the most frequent. Most patients were women, lived in Merida and returned after the first appointment. The neurology service referred most patients, yet most attended directly. General tertiary hospitals should prioritize integrating ad hoc mental and physical health care. Adult women with a profile of anxiety and/or depression would be the first target group. Some areas of opportunity for further research and improvement of mental health services are: preventive services for anxiety and depression, follow-up of patients, attention to relatives of patients at intensive care units, implementation of telehealth alternatives, training on mental health screening and inter- and intra-institutional collaboration.

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O estudo analisou a percepção da equipe multiprofissional sobre o trabalho da Educação Física em uma unidade de internação psiquiátrica. Esta é uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, com entrevistas realizadas com 09 trabalhadores de diferentes categorias profissionais na unidade de internação. Os resultados sugerem que os demais profissionais identificam a atuação da Educação Física na psiquiatria, porém apontam dificuldades para entender o trabalho destes e suas funções. Concluiu-se que o trabalho do profissional de Educação Física é importante e, ao mesmo tempo, reconhecido e desconhecido pelos demais profissionais atuantes na internação psiquiátrica(AU).

The study analyzed the perception of the multiprofessional team about the work of Physical Education in a psychiatric hospitaliza-tion unit. Qualitative research, with interviews with 09 workers from dif-ferent professional categories in the inpatient unit. The results suggest that the other professionals identify the role of the Physical Education in psychiatric, but point out difficulties in understanding their work and their functions. It was concluded that the work of the Physical Education professional is important and at the same time recognized and unknown by the other professionals working in psychiatric hospitalization (AU).

El estudio analizó la percepción del equipo multiprofesional sobre el trabajo de la Educación Física en una unidad de internación psiquiátrica. Investigación cualitativa, con entrevistas con 09 trabajadores de diferentes categorias profesionales em la unidad de internación. Los resultados sugieren que los demás profesionales identifican el papel de la Educación Física en la psiquiatría, pero señalan dificultades para comprender su trabajo y sus funciones. Se concluyó que el trabajo del profesional de Educación Física es importante y al mismo tempo reconocido y desconocido por los demás profesionales que trabajan en la internación psiquiátrica

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Objetivo: comprender los discursos, las prácticas y terapéuticas premedicalizantes que llevaron a cabo los políticos y las administraciones de Beneficencia en Caldas de 1908 a 1944. Materiales y métodos: análisis histórico-hermenéutico de los discursos registrados en ordenanzas, pronunciamientos políticos del momento en las asambleas, informes de gobernaciones, cartas interinstitucionales y cuestionarios en los que se informaba la condición de los pacientes. Resultados: se observó la constante referencia del "loco" como fuera del orden moral y social cuando interrumpía la vida pública, con sus ataques furiosos, la propiedad privada y el decoro de la ciudad. Por otro lado, se advirtió la visión práctica de la racionalidad estatal frente al tratamiento debido a estos sujetos, un aislamiento en casa o en un manicomio. Conclusión: en el periodo estudiado se dio un proceso de protomedicalización. Primero porque no existía un saber médico universitario consolidado que respaldara una conducta medicalizante puesta en escena por médicos-psiquiátricas; este emergerá con fuerza en la década del 50 y 60 con la fundación de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Caldas de Manizales y, luego, en los años 60 con la creación de la especialidad de psiquiatría. Segundo, no se contaba con una clínica psiquiátrica en el departamento, pero sí se evidenció la preocupación y la necesidad de su construcción, contemplada en los discursos políticos de la época, así como en la continuidad tendencial en los presupuestos asignados para el tratamiento de los enajenados y se nota un creciente interés por la profesionalización médica y proporcionarle un tratamiento más especializado a los enajenados de la región..(Au)

Objective: to understand the speeches, practices and premedicalizing therapeutics carried out by politicians and charitable administrations in Caldas from 1908 to 1944. Materials and methods: historical-hermeneutical analysis of the speeches recorded in ordinances, political pronouncements of the moment in the assemblies, reports from governments, inter-institutional letters and questionnaires in which the condition of the patients was reported. Results: the constant reference of the madman as outside the moral and social order was observed when he interrupted public life with his furious attacks, the property and the decorum of the city. On the other hand, it was possible to see the practical vision of state rationality regarding the treatment that these subjects should have, whether they were isolated at home or in an asylum. Conclusion: in the period studied, a process of proto-medicalization emerged, first because there was no consolidated university medical knowledge, this will emerge strongly in the 50s and 60s with the founding of the Faculty of Medicine and, later, in the 60s with the creation of the specialty of psychiatry; Second, there was no psychiatric clinic in the department, but there was evidence of concern and the need for its construction, contemplated in the political speeches of the time, as well as in the trend continuity in the budgets assigned for the alienated and he notes a growing interest in medical professionalization and in giving a more specialized treatment to the alienated in the region..(Au)

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RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de atención en servicios de internación psiquiátrica de hospitales generales desde los enfoques de derechos y comunitario. Métodos: estudio multicéntrico, observacional descriptivo. Se seleccionaron cuatro servicios de internación psiquiátrica de hospitales generales ubicados en centros urbanos de distinta población en Argentina. En cada uno de ellos se analizaron los registros estadísticos, se realizaron observaciones no participantes y se entrevistó a gestores, trabajadores y usuarios. La guía de observación y entrevista se elaboró a partir de la revisión de instrumentos de la OMS y del proyecto Idea. Los resultados se analizaron a partir de las categorías de enfoque de derechos y orientación comunitaria de los servicios. Resultados: respecto del enfoque de derechos se observa que el que requiere mayor desarrollo es el de capacidad jurídica. En relación a la orientación comunitaria, se observa un mayor desarrollo de esta perspectiva a través de la implementación de diversas estrategias y el trabajo con las familias como la más común. Conclusiones: en términos de procesos y resultados de la atención se observan algunas diferencias entre los servicios que cuentan con sala especializada y los que no, y que estos últimos requieren de otros estudios para poder ser analizados.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate, based on the human rights and community care frameworks, the quality of hospitalization psychiatric services in general hospitals. Methods: Multisite, descriptive observational study. There were analyzed four psychiatric hospitalization services, located in general hospitals of urban districts with different sizes in Argentina. Data collection included analysis of statistical records, non-participant observations of services, and interviews with service managers, service staff and users. The observation and interview guides were based on two international tools: Idea project interview guide, and QRTK of the WHO. Results were analyzed using two main categories: human rights-based care approach and community orientation of care delivery. Results: Regarding human rights-based care, legal capacity is the right that requires more improvement in services. About community orientation of care, different strategies were observed, with the work with the families as the most common. Conclusions: One aspect that requires further research is the specific type of psychiatric hospitalization service in the general hospital, given the fact that some differences in process and results were observed between general and specialized wards.

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O estudo analisou a percepção da equipe multiprofissional so-bre o trabalho da Educação Física em uma unidade de internação psi-quiátrica. Esta é uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, com entrevistas realizadas com 09 trabalhadores de diferentes categorias profissionais na unidade de internação. Os resultados sugerem que os demais profis-sionais identificam a atuação da Educação Física na psiquiatria, porém apontam dificuldades para entender o trabalho destes e suas funções. Concluiu-se que o trabalho do profissional de Educação Física é importante e, ao mesmo tempo, reconhecido e desconhecido pelos demais profissionais atuantes na internação psiquiátrica.

The study analyzed the perception of the multiprofessional team about the work of Physical Education in a psychiatric hospitaliza-tion unit. Qualitative research, with interviews with 09 workers from dif-ferent professional categories in the inpatient unit. The results suggest that the other professionals identify the role of the Physical Education in psychiatric, but point out difficulties in understanding their work and their functions. It was concluded that the work of the Physical Education professional is important and at the same time recognized and unknown by the other professionals working in psychiatric hospitalization.

El estudio analizó la percepción del equipo multiprofesional sobre el trabajo de la Educación Física en una unidad de internación psiquiátrica. Investigación cualitativa, con entrevistas con 09 trabajadores de diferentes categorias profesionales em la unidad de internación. Los resultados sugieren que los demás profesionales identifican el papel de la Educación Física en la psiquiatría, pero señalan dificultades para comprender su trabajo y sus funciones. Se concluyó que el trabajo del profesional de Educación Física es importante y al mismo tempo reconocido y desconocido por los demás profesionales que trabajan en la internación psiquiátrica.

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Introdução: Este estudo caracterizou pacientes adultos que tiveram solicitação de psicodiagnóstico enquanto estavam internados em leitos do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em uma unidade psiquiátrica de um hospital geral universitário de Porto Alegre no ano de 2017. Com o intuito de subsidiar o planejamento deste serviço, assim como a discussão com as equipes assistenciais a respeito das indicações para a solicitação, buscou-se conhecer as características tanto dos pacientes beneficiados por este exame como de suas internações. Traçou-se o perfil demográfico, identificou-se as especificidades das internações quanto ao motivo, tempo de permanência e diagnóstico psiquiátrico, e observou-se as características da própria avaliação psicológica. Método: Estudo exploratório, quantitativo e transversal, em que os dados foram resgatados dos prontuários de forma retrospectiva. A análise dos dados foi feita de forma descritiva e inferencial, com auxilio do SPSS versão 16.0. Resultados: Dos 247 pacientes internados, 17,8% tiveram solicitação de psicodiagnóstico, sendo que 93,2% (41) tiveram o processo concluído. A demanda principal foi para pacientes adultos jovens, possivelmente em primeira internação psiquiátrica e em processo de avaliação diagnóstica, um dos possíveis objetivos de uma internação psiquiátrica. Conclusão: O psicodiagnóstico auxilia no entendimento dinâmico do paciente; entretanto, este é um recurso técnico que precisa ser usado de forma estratégica durante a internação psiquiátrica por conta dos fatores que podem envolver desde o funcionamento da própria unidade até o estado mental e emocional do indivíduo em momento de crise. (AU)

Introduction: This study characterized adult patients that had indication for psychodiagnosis while in a public psychiatric unit in a general university hospital in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, in 2017. With the purposes of encouraging the discussion about psychodiagnosis indication among care teams and planning for this service, this study sought a better comprehension of patients' characteristics and their hospitalizations. Demographics, profile of the period of hospitalization, including reason for admission, length of stay, and psychiatric diagnosis, and characteristics of psychological assessment were described. Methods: This exploratory, quantitative, and cross-sectional study retrieved data from medical records retrospectively. Data were then analyzed descriptively and inferentially with SPSS, version 16.0. Results: Of 247 hospitalized patients, 17.8% had indication for psychodiagnosis, and 93.2% (41) had the procedure completed. The group that demanded most was young adults, possibly in their first psychiatric hospitalization and in the process of psychiatric assessment, one of the main objectives of a psychiatric admission. Conclusion: Psychodiagnosis helps to understand the dynamics of a patient; however, it should be used with caution in psychiatric hospitalization because of factors ranging from the operation of the unit itself to the mental and emotional state of a patient during an acute crisis. (AU)

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate effectiveness of Milieu Therapy in reduction of conflict and containment rates among schizophrenia patients. METHODS: This study utilized quasi experimental non-equivalent control group pre-post design. One hundred schizophrenia patients admitted in acute psychiatric wards were non-randomly assigned to either of the experimental (n=50) or control group (n=50). The experimental group received both milieu therapy and routine hospital treatment. The Milieu Therapy intervention Included environmental modification and structuring ward activities, establishing effective interaction with patient, and teaching caregivers on managing conflict behavior of patient. The control group received only routine treatment in the hospital. Outcome measures on conflict and containment rates were evaluated for both the groups at baseline and at 2nd, 3rd and 15th day. The Patient-Staff Conflict Checklist Shift Report (PCC-SR) was used to collect information about rates of conflict and containment. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the experimental group participants showed decrease in aggressive behavior, self-harm behavior and general rule breaking behavior at baseline and 2nd, 3rd and 15th day (F=4.61, p < 0.004, η2=0.04; F=11.92, p < 0.001, η2=0.11; F=6.94, p < 0.001, η2=0.06) over seven days interval. CONCLUSIONS: The present study findings provided evidence for the effectiveness of integrating Milieu Therapy in psychiatric acute wards in reducing conflict behaviors among schizophrenia patients. Milieu therapy should be considered as an integral part of psychiatric care settings in these patients.

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INTRODUCTION: Routine outcome assessment is helpful to inform decision-making, resource allocation, and health policy design. Routine outcome assessment in the hospital setting for children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders remains limited. The clinical instrument HoNOSCA (Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents), which has recently become available in Spanish and Catalan, allows outcome assessment in this population from the perspective of patients, their parents or legal guardians, and clinicians. HoNOSCA measures 13 areas of health and psychosocial functioning. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess mental health outcomes in psychiatric day hospital pediatric patients from three perspectives (patient, par-ent/legal guardian, clinician), using the Spanish and Catalan versions of HoNOSCA. METHODS: We recruited patients up to 18 years old with any psychiatric disorder at the day unit of the Salut Mental Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari (Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain). We obtained admission and discharge HoNOSCA scores for the patients, their parents or legal guardians, and their clinicians. RESULTS: We recruited 99 patients over the study period (January 2015 to December 2017), 11 of which were lost to follow-up. Among the remaining 88, we found significant improvement in HoNOSCA scores from admission to discharge. Agreement between the HoNOSCA scores for the three different groups of evaluators (patients, parents/legal guardians, and clinicians) was weak at admission but better at discharge. In general, evaluations from patients and their parents or legal guardians had lower HoNOSCA scores (indicating a better mental health status) at admis-sion compared to those from clinicians. At discharge, however, the scores were more homogenous across the three groups of stakeholders. CONCLUSIONS: Use of HoNOSCA allows for routine evaluation of mental health outcomes in the psychiatric day hospital setting from the perspective of pa-tients, their parents or legal guardians, and clinicians.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La evaluación rutinaria de variables de resultado ayuda en la toma de decisiones, la asignación de recursos y el diseño de políticas en salud. La evaluación rutinaria de variables de resultado en el entorno hospitalario para niños y adolescentes con trastornos psiquiátricos sigue siendo limitada. La Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents, HoNOSCA, que recientemente se ha traducido al español y al catalán, permite la evaluación de resultados en esta población desde la perspectiva de pacientes, padres o tutores legales y clínicos. Este instrumento mide 13 áreas de salud y funcionamiento psicosocial. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar variables de resultado en salud mental entre pacientes jóvenes de hospital de día de psiquiatría desde estas tres perspectivas usando Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents. MÉTODOS: Reclutamos pacientes pediátricos (18 años o menos) con cualquier trastorno psiquiátrico en el hospital de día de la unidad de psiquiatría y psicología juvenil del Hospital Salut Mental Parc Taulí (Sabadell, Cataluña, España). Obtuvimos puntuaciones de Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents desde la perspectiva de pacientes, sus padres o tutores legales y clínicos, al ingreso y al alta. RESULTADOS: Reclutamos 99 pacientes entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2017; once se perdieron durante el seguimiento. Entre los 88 restantes, encontramos una mejora significativa en las puntuaciones de Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents desde el ingreso hasta el alta. El acuerdo en las puntuaciones de esta escala entre los diferentes evaluadores fue débil al inicio, pero mejor al alta. En general, los pacientes y los padres o tutores legales reportaron puntuaciones más bajas de Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (mejor estado de salud) al ingreso en comparación con los profesionales de la salud. Al alta, las puntuaciones fueron homogéneas desde las tres perspectivas. CONCLUSIONES: La Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents permite la evaluación rutinaria de variables de resultado en salud mental en el entorno de hospital de día de psiquiatría desde la perspectiva de los pacientes, sus padres o tutores legales y los profesionales de la salud.

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INTRODUCCIÓN La evaluación rutinaria de variables de resultado ayuda en la toma de decisiones, la asignación de recursos y el diseño de políticas en salud. La evaluación rutinaria de variables de resultado en el entorno hospitalario para niños y adolescentes con trastornos psiquiátricos sigue siendo limitada. La Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents, HoNOSCA, que recientemente se ha traducido al español y al catalán, permite la evaluación de resultados en esta población desde la perspectiva de pacientes, padres o tutores legales y clínicos. Este instrumento mide 13 áreas de salud y funcionamiento psicosocial. OBJETIVOS Evaluar variables de resultado en salud mental entre pacientes jóvenes de hospital de día de psiquiatría desde estas tres perspectivas usando Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents. MÉTODOS Reclutamos pacientes pediátricos (18 años o menos) con cualquier trastorno psiquiátrico en el hospital de día de la unidad de psiquiatría y psicología juvenil del Hospital Salut Mental Parc Taulí (Sabadell, Cataluña, España). Obtuvimos puntuaciones de Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents desde la perspectiva de pacientes, sus padres o tutores legales y clínicos, al ingreso y al alta. RESULTADOS Reclutamos 99 pacientes entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2017; once se perdieron durante el seguimiento. Entre los 88 restantes, encontramos una mejora significativa en las puntuaciones de Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents desde el ingreso hasta el alta. El acuerdo en las puntuaciones de esta escala entre los diferentes evaluadores fue débil al inicio, pero mejor al alta. En general, los pacientes y los padres o tutores legales reportaron puntuaciones más bajas de Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (mejor estado de salud) al ingreso en comparación con los profesionales de la salud. Al alta, las puntuaciones fueron homogéneas desde las tres perspectivas. CONCLUSIONES La Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents permite la evaluación rutinaria de variables de resultado en salud mental en el entorno de hospital de día de psiquiatría desde la perspectiva de los pacientes, sus padres o tutores legales y los profesionales de la salud.

INTRODUCTION Routine outcome assessment is helpful to inform decision-making, resource allocation, and health policy design. Routine outcome assessment in the hospital setting for children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders remains limited. The clinical instrument HoNOSCA (Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents), which has recently become available in Spanish and Catalan, allows outcome assessment in this population from the perspective of patients, their parents or legal guardians, and clinicians. HoNOSCA measures 13 areas of health and psychosocial functioning. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess mental health outcomes in psychiatric day hospital pediatric patients from three perspectives (patient, par-ent/legal guardian, clinician), using the Spanish and Catalan versions of HoNOSCA. METHODS We recruited patients up to 18 years old with any psychiatric disorder at the day unit of the Salut Mental Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari (Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain). We obtained admission and discharge HoNOSCA scores for the patients, their parents or legal guardians, and their clinicians. RESULTS We recruited 99 patients over the study period (January 2015 to December 2017), 11 of which were lost to follow-up. Among the remaining 88, we found significant improvement in HoNOSCA scores from admission to discharge. Agreement between the HoNOSCA scores for the three different groups of evaluators (patients, parents/legal guardians, and clinicians) was weak at admission but better at discharge. In general, evaluations from patients and their parents or legal guardians had lower HoNOSCA scores (indicating a better mental health status) at admis-sion compared to those from clinicians. At discharge, however, the scores were more homogenous across the three groups of stakeholders. CONCLUSIONS Use of HoNOSCA allows for routine evaluation of mental health outcomes in the psychiatric day hospital setting from the perspective of pa-tients, their parents or legal guardians, and clinicians.

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Introduction: Self-report scales have been considered to be useful for evaluating and monitoring symptoms of manic-depressive illnesses. The EMUN-AR scale is one of such scales but it has not been validated. Objective: To validate the EMUN-AR scale using Rasch models. Materials and methods: The EMUN-AR scale measures 26 items to assess comprehensively symptoms of manic-depressive illnesses in three domains: Frequency, severity, and level of disturbance caused by the symptoms. To test the psychometric properties of this scale, we used the exploratory factorial and Rasch analyses. The Rasch analysis included unidimensionality, reliability, item fit, threshold ordering, and person-item maps. Results: The study included 267 hospitalized patients, most of them with a manic episode diagnosis (n=204, 76.4%), and receiving pharmacological treatment. The factor structure was summarized in four domains: Activation, inhibition, depressive ideation, and maladaptive behavior. The Rasch analysis supported unidimensionality of the EMUN-AR factors, satisfactory levels of reliability, and appropriate item fit, except for one of the items measuring death or suicidal thoughts. However, the scale did not measure adequately the mild forms of the illness given its redundant and unordered thresholds. Conclusion: The EMUN-AR was modified in two aspects: An item whose marginal indicators were poorly adjusted and the reduction in the number of categories. In its current form, the EMUN-AR is appropriate for measuring severe forms of the illnesses, but it does not adequately measure the mild forms of manic-depressive illnesses.

Introducción. Las escalas de autorreporte se han considerado útiles para evaluar y vigilar los síntomas de la enfermedad maníaco-depresiva. Uno de estos instrumentos, la escala de medición de la enfermedad maníaco-depresiva mediante autorreporte (EMUN-AR), no se ha validado aún. Objetivo. Validar la escala EMUN-AR usando el modelo de Rasch. Materiales y métodos. La escala EMUN-AR mide 26 ítems que evalúan por dimensiones los síntomas de la enfermedad maníaco-depresiva en tres categorías: frecuencia, intensidad y grado de molestia causada. Para evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala, se efectuaron análisis factoriales exploratorios con el fin de tener una aproximación de su estructura latente, y se usaron modelos de Rasch que incluyeron la 'unidimensionalidad', la confiabilidad, el ajuste de ítems, el ordenamiento de umbrales, y los mapas de personas e ítems. Resultados. Se seleccionó una muestra de 267 pacientes hospitalizados, 204 de los cuales había sufrido un episodio maníaco (76,4 %) y estaba recibiendo tratamiento farmacológico. Se encontró una estructura factorial que puede resumirse en cuatro dominios: activación, inhibición, ideas depresivas e inadaptación. El análisis de Rasch evidenció la unidimensionalidad en los factores, adecuados valores de confiabilidad, buen ajuste de los 26 ítems en general (excepto en el ítem que mide las ideas de muerte o suicidio), un funcionamiento deficiente del sistema de calificación de los ítems y un cubrimiento limitado de los síntomas de la enfermedad correspondientes a las formas atenuadas. Conclusión. Se modificó la escala original en dos aspectos: se ajustó un ítem cuyos indicadores marginales tenían mal ajuste y se redujo el número de categorías. En su forma actual, el instrumento es apropiado para medir las formas graves de la enfermedad maníaco-depresiva, mas no así las atenuadas.

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Resumen Introducción. Las escalas de autorreporte se han considerado útiles para evaluar y vigilar los síntomas de la enfermedad maníaco-depresiva. Uno de estos instrumentos, la escala de medición de la enfermedad maníaco-depresiva mediante autorreporte (EMUN-AR), no se ha validado aún. Objetivo. Validar la escala EMUN-AR usando el modelo de Rasch. Materiales y métodos. La escala EMUN-AR mide 26 ítems que evalúan por dimensiones los síntomas de la enfermedad maníaco-depresiva en tres categorías: frecuencia, intensidad y grado de molestia causada. Para evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala, se efectuaron análisis factoriales exploratorios con el fin de tener una aproximación de su estructura latente, y se usaron modelos de Rasch que incluyeron la 'unidimensionalidad', la confiabilidad, el ajuste de ítems, el ordenamiento de umbrales, y los mapas de personas e ítems. Resultados. Se seleccionó una muestra de 267 pacientes hospitalizados, 204 de los cuales había sufrido un episodio maníaco (76,4 %) y estaba recibiendo tratamiento farmacológico. Se encontró una estructura factorial que puede resumirse en cuatro dominios: activación, inhibición, ideas depresivas e inadaptación. El análisis de Rasch evidenció la unidimensionalidad en los factores, adecuados valores de confiabilidad, buen ajuste de los 26 ítems en general (excepto en el ítem que mide las ideas de muerte o suicidio), un funcionamiento deficiente del sistema de calificación de los ítems y un cubrimiento limitado de los síntomas de la enfermedad correspondientes a las formas atenuadas. Conclusión. Se modificó la escala original en dos aspectos: se ajustó un ítem cuyos indicadores marginales tenían mal ajuste y se redujo el número de categorías. En su forma actual, el instrumento es apropiado para medir las formas graves de la enfermedad maníaco-depresiva, mas no así las atenuadas.

Abstract Introduction: Self-report scales have been considered to be useful for evaluating and monitoring symptoms of manic-depressive illnesses. The EMUN-AR scale is one of such scales but it has not been validated. Objective: To validate the EMUN-AR scale using Rasch models. Materials and methods: The EMUN-AR scale measures 26 items to assess comprehensively symptoms of manic-depressive illnesses in three domains: Frequency, severity, and level of disturbance caused by the symptoms. To test the psychometric properties of this scale, we used the exploratory factorial and Rasch analyses. The Rasch analysis included unidimensionality, reliability, item fit, threshold ordering, and person-item maps. Results: The study included 267 hospitalized patients, most of them with a manic episode diagnosis (n=204, 76.4%), and receiving pharmacological treatment. The factor structure was summarized in four domains: Activation, inhibition, depressive ideation, and maladaptive behavior. The Rasch analysis supported unidimensionality of the EMUN-AR factors, satisfactory levels of reliability, and appropriate item fit, except for one of the items measuring death or suicidal thoughts. However, the scale did not measure adequately the mild forms of the illness given its redundant and unordered thresholds. Conclusion: The EMUN-AR was modified in two aspects: An item whose marginal indicators were poorly adjusted and the reduction in the number of categories. In its current form, the EMUN-AR is appropriate for measuring severe forms of the illnesses, but it does not adequately measure the mild forms of manic-depressive illnesses.

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Objetivo: identificar a percepção, a satisfação e as resistências dos profissionais de enfermagem na atuação profissional em psiquiatria. Método: realizado estudo exploratório com 16 profissionais de enfermagem de uma unidade de internação psiquiátrica do interior paulista. Entrevistas com questões norteadoras sobre o início da carreira em psiquiatria e como se sentem, atualmente, trabalhando na área. Análise temática de conteúdo. Resultados: dos 16 profissionais participantes, 68,8% eram mulheres com média etária 35,7 anos. 87,5% dos profissionais resistiram em trabalhar em psiquiatria. Os motivos da resistência foram a falta de preparo (100%), preconceito (43,7%), receio de desenvolver transtornos mentais (30%). Hoje, 50% sentem medo dos pacientes, porém não gostariam de mudar de setor. Estão satisfeitos com seu trabalho porque se sentem importantes para a recuperação dos pacientes. Conclusão: muitos profissionais de enfermagem começaram a trabalhar em psiquiatria devido à falta de oportunidades para seu primeiro emprego. O preconceito em relação à psiquiatria, o ensino insuficiente de enfermagem psiquiátrica e o receio de desenvolverem transtornos mentais predispõem esses profissionais a considerarem negativamente a carreira de enfermagem psiquiátrica(AU)

Objective: to identify nursing professionals' perception, satisfaction and resistance to work in psychiatry. Methods: this is a exploratory study with 16 nursing professionals of psychiatric hospitalization unit of the State of São Paulo. Interviews with guiding questions about the beginning of their career and how they feel nowadays working in this area. Content thematic analysis. Results: of the 16 professionals, 68.8% women, mean age 35.7 years old. 87.5% of the professionals have resisted to work in psychiatry. The resistance reasons were lack of preparation (100%), preconception (43.7%), scare of developing mental disorders (30%). Nowadays 50% are scared of aggressive patients, but they do not like to work in other area. They are satisfied with their work because they feel important to the patients' recovery. Conclusion: many nursing professionals began working in psychiatry due the lack of opportunities for their first job. Preconception regarding psychiatry, insufficient teaching of psychiatric nursing and the fear of developing mental disorders predispose these professionals to consider the psychiatric nursing career negatively(AU)

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RESUMO: Introdução: O fenômeno da porta giratória é caracterizado por repetidas e frequentes reinternações psiquiátricas. Objetivo: Investigar as características sociodemográficas, clínicas e de acompanhamento em serviços da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS) associadas às internações e às reinternações psiquiátricas de usuários de um hospital geral de Porto Alegre. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com uma amostra de 96 participantes. Resultados: Mais da metade da amostra (53,1%) era do sexo feminino, 51% eram solteiros e a idade média foi de 44,33 anos. Dos dados clínicos, 36,5% (n = 35) dos usuários estavam em sua primeira internação e 36,5% (n = 35) preencheram o critério para reinternação frequente. Os resultados mostraram que usuários com reinternações frequentes referiam um número significativamente menor de pessoas com as quais consideravam que poderiam contar. Já os usuários de primeira internação viviam com um número significativamente maior de pessoas que o restante da amostra e possuíam, com menor frequência, vínculo com serviço de saúde, utilizando o hospital como porta de entrada para o cuidado em saúde mental. Em relação ao acompanhamento na rede, 34,4% da amostra não frequentava nenhum serviço da RAPS antes da internação à época do estudo e somente 4,1% fazia uso de serviços de reabilitação psicossocial. Conclusão: Destacamos a importância do hospital como ponto articulador da rede e estratégico para realizar a ponte com os serviços da RAPS. Apesar de a literatura internacional investigar e registrar o fenômeno da porta giratória, percebe-se que esse é um campo que necessita de maiores investigações no território brasileiro.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The revolving door phenomenon is characterized by repeated and frequent psychiatric readmissions. Objective: We aim to investigate sociodemographic, clinic, and follow-up characteristics in health services associated to psychiatric admissions and readmissions of inpatients in a general hospital of Porto Alegre. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 96 participants. Results: More than half of the sample (53.1%) were female, 51% were single, and the average age was 44.3 years old. From clinic data, 36% (n = 35) of the users were in their first admission, and 36% (n = 35) met the criteria for frequent readmission. The results show that users with frequent readmissions significantly mentioned fewer people on whom they could rely. Alternatively, users in first admission lived with a significant larger number of people than the rest of the sample and had, with less frequency, bond with health services other than hospitals, using hospitals as an entrance door to mental health care. Regarding follow-up in the network, 34.4% of the sample did not visit often NPC services before admission, and only 4.1% used psychosocial rehabilitation services. Conclusion: We highlight the importance of hospitals as an articulation point in the network, and as strategic to connect with NPC services. In spite of international literature investigation and registration of the frequent psychiatric readmission phenomenon, we notice it is a field that needs greater investigation in Brazil.

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O objetivo deste artigo é a apresentação de diretrizes e protocolos de avaliação de condições frequentemente observadas em contexto de emergências psiquiátricas, a saber; manejo de agitação psicomotora e avaliação de risco suicida. As peculiaridades da interação entre serviços de emergências psiquiá- tricas e rede de saúde mental e do diagnóstico diferencial de primeiro episódio psicótico também são brevemente discutidas. Com base em evidências científicas associadas à experiência clínica dos autores, são apresentadas as habilidades e competências necessárias para o manejo de emergências em psiquiatria, com ênfase em técnicas de entrevista psiquiátrica, abordagem atitudinal/comportamental e intervenções farmacológicas. (AU)

The objective of this article is to present guidelines and assessment protocols of frequently observed conditions in the context of psychiatric emergencies, namely, management of agitation and evaluation of suicide risk. The peculiarities of the interaction between psychiatric emergency and mental health services and the differential diagnosis of first-episode psychosis are briefly presented. Based on scientific evidence associated with our clinical experience, we discuss the skills and competencies needed for the management of emergencies in psychiatry, with emphasis on psychiatric interview techniques, attitudinal/ behavioral approach and pharmacological interventions. (AU)

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A restrição do fumo durante internação psiquiátrica provoca mudanças pessoais e institucionais. Objetivo: Identificar a percepção dos portadores de transtorno mental, fumantes, sobre a redução do número de cigarros durante a internação psiquiátrica. Método: Estudo exploratório com 96 portadores de transtorno mental, fumantes, internados em hospital geral: G1 (34 sujeitos quando permitido um cigarro/hora) e G2 (62 sujeitos quando reduzido para oito cigarros/dia). Questionário semiestruturado. Análise temática do conteúdo. Resultados: O G1 declarou-se satisfeito com a restrição – fumo na internação como direito. O G2 resiste à mudança da restrição que ocorreu sem diálogo ou apoio. Apesar das dificuldades, constataram-se algumas mudanças de atitudes sobre o cigarro tais como aumento responsabilidade, descoberta de capacidade em reduzir o fumo e ressignificação do seu papel. Conclusão: Alguns sujeitos entendem a mudança na política de saúde do tabagismo como punição, enquanto outros como oportunidade de repensar o papel do cigarro em sua vida. .

La restricción al tabaquismo durante la hospitalización psiquiátrica promueve cambios personales e institucionales. Objetivo: Identificar la percepción de portadores de trastorno mental, fumadores, sobre la reducción del número de cigarrillos durante la internación psiquiátrica. Método: Estudio exploratorio con 96 portadores de trastorno mental, tabaquistas, internados en hospital general: GI (34 sujetos cuando permitido un cigarrillo/hora) y G2 (62 sujetos cuando reducido para ocho cigarrillo/día). Cuestionario semi-estructurado. Análisis temática del contenido. Resultados: El GI se declaró satisfecho con la restricción – tabaco en la hospitalización como directo. El G2 resiste al cambio de la restricción que ocurrió sin dialogo o ayuda. Aunque las dificultades, se constató algunos cambios de actitudes sobre el tabaco como el aumento de responsabilidad, descubierta de la capacidad de reducir el fumo y re-significación de su papel. Conclusión: Algunos de los sujetos comprenden el cambio en la política de salud del tabaquismo como sanción, mientras otros como una oportunidad de replantear el papel del cigarrillo en su vida. .

The smoking ban during psychiatric hospitalization provokes personal and institutional changes. Objective: To identify the mental disorders carriers’ perception, the smokers ones, about the decreasing number of cigarettes during psychiatric hospitalization. Method: Exploratory study with 96 hospitalized carriers of mental disorders who are smokers: G1 (34 subjects hospitalized when was allowed one cigarette by hour) and G2 (62 subjects hospitalized when it was reduced to eight cigarette by day). Semi-structured questionnaire. Thematic content analysis. Results: The G1 admitted satisfaction with the restriction – smoking during hospitalization as entitlement. The G2 resists the restriction change occurred without dialogue or support. In spite of the difficulties, some attitude changes about the cigarette were noticed such as increase of the responsibility, discovery of the ability to reduce smoking and the meaning of its role. Conclusion: Some subjects understand the smoking health policy change as punishment, while others as opportunity to think about the role of cigarette in their life. .

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of psychiatric conditions in clinical settings is high, particularly in emergency services. This is a challenge for healthcare professionals and an essential element in the functioning of the mental health network. The objective here was to describe the sociodemographic and clinical profile and the practices among patients treated psychiatrically in the Emergency Unit. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive and quantitative study, conducted at Hospital das Clínicas (HC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). METHODS: Sociodemographic data, reasons for attendance, diagnostic hypotheses and practices were analyzed. RESULTS: Psychiatric staff attended 1,835 cases over the study period, corresponding to 1465 patients. The patients were predominantly women (53.7%) and white (79.6%); their mean age was 37 years and 41.3% lived with their parents. The commonest reasons for attendance were depressive symptoms (28.1%), agitation (23.6%) and problems with psychoactive substances (19.5%). The commonest diagnoses were psychoactive substance-related disorders (23%) and depressive disorders (18.5%). 31.6% of the patients were referred to healthcare centers and 29.2% to specialized outpatient clinics, while 8.2% were hospitalized. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes that it is important for professionals working in emergency service to have information about the patients' profile and the main reasons that lead them to seek psychiatric care, and to establish a diagnosis that will allow proper management at the emergency service and case referral. .

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A prevalência de quadros psiquiátricos em contextos clínicos é elevada, particularmente em serviços de emergência, representando um desafio para os profissionais da saúde e um elemento essencial no funcionamento da rede de saúde mental. Objetivou-se descrever o perfil sócio-demográfico, clínico e condutas para pacientes atendidos pela psiquiatria na Unidade de Emergência. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo descritivo e quantitativo, conduzido no Hospital das Clínicas (HC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados sócio-demográficos, motivos de atendimento, hipóteses diagnósticas e condutas. RESULTADOS: Houve 1.835 atendimentos pela Psiquiatria no período, correspondendo a 1.465 pacientes. Encontrou-se predomínio de mulheres (53,7%), idade média de 37 anos, maioria branca (79,6%); 41,3% moravam com os pais. Os motivos mais frequentes de atendimento foram sintomas depressivos (28,1%), agitação (23,6%) e problemas com substâncias psicoativas (SPA) (19,5%). Os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram transtornos relacionados a SPA (23%) e transtornos depressivos (18,5%). 31,6% dos pacientes foram encaminhados para centros de saúde, 29,2% para ambulatórios especializados e 8,2% foram internados. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo reforça a importância de que profissionais que atuem em serviços de emergência tenham informações sobre o perfil, os principais motivos que levam os pacientes a procurar atendimento psiquiátrico, além do estabelecimento de uma hipótese diagnóstica que permita uma adequada conduta no serviço e o seu encaminhamento. .

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O consumo de álcool e outras drogas tem representado problema emergente no Brasil. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar a assistência a dependentes químicos da Região de Saúde de Piracicaba e, para tal, realizou-se levantamento de dados do Sistema de Informação do Ministério da Saúde (DATASUS). Constatou-se que os gastos aumentaram, aproximadamente, 100 por cento desde 2003 no local de estudo, principalmente nas cidades com hospital psiquiátrico (Araras e Rio Claro). Embora se saiba que as internações por transtornos mentais representem uma parcela dos casos existentes, esses dados podem servir para programação e gestão da atenção em saúde mental.

The use of alcohol and other drugs has been a problem in Brazil. The purpose of this study was to characterize the health care delivered to Drug Users in the Piracicaba Health Area. To do this, a survey was performed on the Health Ministry Information System (DATASUS). It was found that costs increased approximately 100 percent since 2003 at the study location, especially in cities with psychiatric hospitals (Araras and Rio Claro). Although it is known that hospitalizations due to Mental Disorders account for only a part of the exiting cases, these data may serve to program and manage mental health care.

El consumo de alcohol y otras drogas ha representado un problema emergente en Brasil. Este estudio objetivó caracterizar la atención a Dependientes Químicos de la Región Sanitaria de Piracicaba, para lo cual se realizó recopilación de datos del Sistema de Información del Ministerio de Salud (DATASUS). Se constató que los gastos aumentaron aproximadamente el 100 por ciento desde 2003 en la región estudiada, principalmente en las ciudades con hospital psiquiátrico (Araras y Rio Claro). Aunque se sabe que las internaciones por Transtornos Mentales representan apenas una parte de los casos existentes, tales datos pueden servir para la programación y gestión de la atención en salud mental.

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O consumo de álcool e outras drogas tem representado problema emergente no Brasil. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar a assistência a dependentes químicos da Região de Saúde de Piracicaba e, para tal, realizou-se levantamento de dados do Sistema de Informação do Ministério da Saúde (DATASUS). Constatou-se que os gastos aumentaram, aproximadamente, 100 por cento desde 2003 no local de estudo, principalmente nas cidades com hospital psiquiátrico (Araras e Rio Claro). Embora se saiba que as internações por transtornos mentais representem uma parcela dos casos existentes, esses dados podem servir para programação e gestão da atenção em saúde mental.(AU)

The use of alcohol and other drugs has been a problem in Brazil. The purpose of this study was to characterize the health care delivered to Drug Users in the Piracicaba Health Area. To do this, a survey was performed on the Health Ministry Information System (DATASUS). It was found that costs increased approximately 100 percent since 2003 at the study location, especially in cities with psychiatric hospitals (Araras and Rio Claro). Although it is known that hospitalizations due to Mental Disorders account for only a part of the exiting cases, these data may serve to program and manage mental health care.(AU)

El consumo de alcohol y otras drogas ha representado un problema emergente en Brasil. Este estudio objetivó caracterizar la atención a Dependientes Químicos de la Región Sanitaria de Piracicaba, para lo cual se realizó recopilación de datos del Sistema de Información del Ministerio de Salud (DATASUS). Se constató que los gastos aumentaron aproximadamente el 100 por ciento desde 2003 en la región estudiada, principalmente en las ciudades con hospital psiquiátrico (Araras y Rio Claro). Aunque se sabe que las internaciones por Transtornos Mentales representan apenas una parte de los casos existentes, tales datos pueden servir para la programación y gestión de la atención en salud mental.(AU)

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Introduction: According to the "Operational framework for the admission of psychiatric inpatients and for the delivery of mental health services" in force since 2001, a person can be hospitalized at a psychiatric service without their agreement if their mental disorder poses a risk for their own safety or for the safety of other people. Aim: To describe the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of psychiatric inpatients hospitalized under the "administrative hospitalization" rule (a specific type of involuntary hospitalization) at the psychiatric service of the Clinica San Carlos de Apoquindo between the years 2006 and 2008. Methods: Data was obtained from the patients clinical recordings. Results: Most of 32 patients were young women, active workers, with bipolar disorder and history of suicide behavior and poor medication compliance. Discussion: Our study is a first step to characterize the involuntary psychiatric inpatients population hospitalized under the procedures regulated by Chilean legislation established since less than ten years.

Introducción: El "Reglamento para la internación de las personas con enfermedades mentales y sobre los establecimientos que la proporcionan" en vigencia desde 2001 establece que una persona sólo puede ser hospitalizada en un servicio psiquiátrico sin su consentimiento si como consecuencia de su patología psiquiátrica pone en riesgo su seguridad o la de terceros. Objetivo: Describir socio-demográfica y clínicamente a pacientes que fueron internados bajo el régimen de hospitalización administrativa (caso especial de la hospitalización involuntaria) en el servicio de psiquiatría de la Clínica San Carlos de Apoquindo. Métodos: Se revisó retrospectivamente los registros clínicos de todos los pacientes que fueron hospitalizados involuntariamente entre los años 2006 y 2008. Resultados: Se describen 32 casos, principalmente mujeres jóvenes con trabajo activo al momento de la hospitalización, con diagnóstico de trastorno bipolar y con historia de intentos de suicidio previos y mala adherencia al tratamiento. Discusión: El presente estudio representa un avance en la caracterización de la población de pacientes psiquiátricos que se hospitalizan involuntariamente dentro del marco legal establecido en Chile hace menos de una década.

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