RESUMO

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar e desenvolver uma nova tecnologia para agricultura familiar, que integre a olericultura com a criação de pintados em tanques elevados de geomembrana com recirculação de água. Para tanto, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente 240 peixes com peso médio de 10,67g em um tanque de geomembrana com capacidade de 30 m3 de água. A qualidade da água foi monitorada analisando as variáveis temperatura da água por meio de um termômetro, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, alcalinidade, nitrito e amônia por meio de kits colorimétricos. O arraçoamento foi realizado duas vezes ao dia às 07h00min e 19h00min com ração extrusada contendo 32% de proteína bruta, durante um período de 204 dias. Mensalmente foram realizadas biometrias para corrigir o arraçoamento, analisar o peso total médio, comprimento total médio, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. A qualidade da água durante o período experimental não apresentou níveis críticos para a produção dos peixes e no final dos 204 dias de criação os peixes apresentaram peso final médio de 719,4g, comprimento final médio de 48,5cm, ganho de peso final médio de 708,5g e conversão alimentar média de 1,59. Quanto à produtividade das olerícolas, constatou-se que a água do efluente do sistema de criação forneceu quantidades adequadas de nutrientes necessários ao desenvolvimento das plantas. Os resultados indicam que o pintado tem potencial para ser criado em tanques elevados de geomembrana com sistema de recirculação de água e o efluente do sistema pode ser utilizado como uma alternativa para a produção integrada de peixes e olerícolas.(AU)

The present study aimed to evaluate and develop a new technology for family farming, which integrates vegetable farming with the creation of guinea fowl in elevated geomembrane tanks with water recirculation. To this end, 240 fish with an average weight of 10.67g were randomly distributed in a geomembrane tank with a capacity of 30 m3 of water. Water quality was monitored by analyzing the variables water temperature using a thermometer, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, nitrite and ammonia using colorimetric kits. Feeding was carried out twice a day at 7:00 am and 7:00 pm with extruded feed containing 32% crude protein, over a period of 204 days. Biometrics were carried out monthly to correct the diet, analyze the average total weight, average total length, weight gain and feed conversion. The water quality during the experimental period did not present critical levels for fish production and at the end of the 204 days of creation the fish had an average final weight of 719.4g, average final length of 48.5cm, average final weight gain of 708.5g and average feed conversion of 1.59. Regarding the productivity of the olerícolas, it was found that the effluent water of the rearing system provided adequate amounts of nutrients necessary for the development of the plants. The results indicate that the pintado has the potential to be created in elevated geomembrane tanks with water recirculation system and the effluent of the system can be used as an alternative for the integrated production of fish and olerícolas.(AU)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar y desarrollar una nueva tecnología para la agricultura familiar, que integra la olericultura con la creación de pintados en tanques elevados de geomembrana con recirculación de agua. Con este fin, 240 peces con un peso promedio de 10.67g se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en un tanque de geomembrana con una capacidad de 30 m3 de agua. La calidad del agua fue monitoreada mediante el análisis de las variables temperatura del agua por medio de un termómetro, oxígeno disuelto, pH, alcalinidad, nitrito y amoníaco por medio de kits colorimétricos. La alimentación se realizó dos veces al día a las 07:00 y 19:00 con alimento extruido que contenía 32% de proteína cruda, durante un período de 204 días. La biometría se realizó mensualmente para corregir la alimentación, analizar el peso total promedio, la longitud total media, el aumento de peso y la conversión alimenticia. La calidad del agua durante el período experimental no presentó niveles críticos para la producción de peces y al final de los 204 días de cría los peces presentaron un peso final promedio de 719.4g, una longitud final promedio de 48.5cm, una ganancia de peso final promedio de 708.5g y una conversión alimenticia promedio de 1.59. En cuanto a la productividad de las olerícolas, se encontró que el agua efluente del sistema de cría proporcionó cantidades adecuadas de nutrientes necesarios para el desarrollo de las plantas. Los resultados indican que el pintado tiene el potencial de ser creado en tanques elevados de geomembrana con sistema de recirculación de agua y el efluente del sistema puede ser utilizado como una alternativa para la producción integrada de peces y olerícolas.(AU)

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Background: Many fish hybrids (i.e., obtained by crossing two species) are produced rather than pure species because of their better growth rate and/or acceptance of formulated feed. However, few studies evaluate and compare their meats and acceptance, including, e.g., for the Amazon hybrid sorubim (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus) and the real hybrid sorubim (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans x L. marmoratus). Objective: Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of fillets from the Amazon and real hybrid sorubins. Method:Proximate composition, instrumental color, water holding capacity, cooking losses, and shear force were measured.Microbiological analyses of the fillets were carried out for Salmonellasp. and Staphylococcusaureus to ensure food safety during sensory analysis. Results: Fillets presented excellent quality, classified in category A (lipids below 5% and proteins between 15 and 20%). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the evaluated fillets for several parameters: the average water holding capacities were 33.72 and 34.67%, the cooking losses were 14.93 and 13.41%, the shear forces were 2.21 and 1.74 kgf, and the luminosities were 49.61 and 45.04 for the fillets of Amazonian hybrid sorubim and real hybrid sorubim, respectively. Discussion: There was an evident relationship between water-holding capacities and shear forces. Amazonian hybrid sorubim fillets presented lower intensity of red. However, there was no sensory difference between the hybrids, and both had an acceptance rate above 80%. Conclusion: The hybridization does not alter the characteristics of the fish fillets

Antecedentes: Muchos híbridos de peces (i.e., obtenidos al cruzar dos especies) se producen en lugar de especies puras debido a su mejor tasa de crecimiento y/o aceptación de alimentos formulados. Sin embargo, pocos estudios evalúan y comparan sus carnes y aceptación, incluyendo, p. ej., para lo surubí híbrido amazónico (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus) y lo surubí híbrido real (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans x L. marmoratus). Objetivo: Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las características físicas, químicas, microbiológicas y sensoriales de filetes sorubines híbridos amazónico y real. Método: Se midió composición proximal, color instrumental, capacidad de retención de agua, pierdas por cocción y fuerza de corte. Se realizaron análisis microbiológicos de los filetes para Salmonella sp. y Staphylococcus aureus para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria durante el análisis sensorial. Resultados: Los filetes presentaron una excelente calidad, siendo clasificados en la categoría A (lípidos por debajo del 5% y proteínas entre 15 y 20%). No hubo diferencia significativa (p>0.05) entre los filetes evaluados para varios parámetros: las capacidades de retención de agua fueron 33.72 y 34.67%, las pierdas por cocción fueron 14.93 y 13.41%, las fuerzas de corte fueron 2.21 y 1.74 kgf y las luminosidades fueron 49.61 y 45.04 para los filetes de sorubim híbrido amazónico y sorubim híbrido real, respectivamente. Discusión: Hubo una relación evidente entre las capacidades de retención de agua y las fuerzas de corte. Los filetes de sorubim híbridos amazónicos presentaron menor intensidad de rojo. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencia sensorial entre los híbridos, y ambos tuvieron una tasa de aceptación superior al 80%. Conclusión: La hibridación no altera las características de los filetes de pescado

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The cultivation of natives Amazonian fish such as tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), tambatinga (female, Colossoma macropomum X Piaractus brachypomus, male) and Pintando da Amazônia (female, Pseudoplatystoma sp. X Leiarius marmoratus, male) temmoratus, increased in recent years, making studies related to the validity of these foods after processing necessary. Therefore, the aimed of the study was to evaluate the sensory, microbiological (Staphylococcus coagulase positive count and presence of Salmonella spp.) and chemical (pH and Total Volatile Bases (TVB) quality of fresh gutted fish stored on ice. Nine specimens of each species were used, all cultivated in an excavated tanks. The fasting time ranged from 16 to 48 hours, depending on the species, the fish was slaughtered by means of cold shock. The fish was gutted and stored in the fish fridge. Sensory analysis was performed by a trained team available. For other analyses, it was sent to a laboratory specializing in food analysis. The sensory analysis of fresh eviscerated tambaqui was characteristic of the species until the 15th day of storage. Fresh eviscerated pirapitinga presented until the 16th day. The fresh eviscerated tambatinga hybrid was kept until the 14th day of storage. And for the Pintado da Amazônia, the organoleptic characteristics were presentable until the 12th day of storage. The microbiological and physical-chemical analyzes were in accordance with Brazilian legislation in all specimens of the analyzed species. It was observed that the longer the fasting period, there was a numerical increase in the pH of the fish meat.(AU)

O cultivo de peixes nativos da Amazônia como tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), tambatinga (fêmea, Colossoma macropomum X Piaractus brachypomus, macho) e o pintado da Amazônia (fêmea, Pseudoplatystoma sp. X Leiarius marmoratus, macho) tem aumentado nos últimos anos, fazendo com que estudos relacionados a validade desses alimentos após o processamento sejam necessários. Por isso, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade senso-rial, microbiológica (contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e presença de Salmonella spp.) e química (pH e Bases Voláteis Totais (BVT)) deses pescados eviscerados frescos armazenados em gelo. Foram utilizados 9 exemplares de cada espécie, todos de origem de cultivo em viveiro escavado. O tempo de jejum variou de 16 a 48 horas, dependendo da espécie, o abate do pescado foi por meio de choque térmico. O pescado foi eviscerado e armazenado no frigorifico de pescado. Analise sensorial foi realizada por uma equipe treinada disponível. Para as demais análises foi enviado para um laboratório especializado em análises de alimentos. A análise sensorial do tambaqui eviscerado fresco estava característica da espécie até o 15°dia de estocagem. A pirapitinga evisce-rado fresco apresentou até o 16°dia. O hibrido tambatinga eviscerado fresco foi até o 14°dia de estocagem. E para o pintado da Amazônia as características organolépticas estavam apresentáveis até o dia 12° dia de armazenamento. As analises microbiológicas e físico químicas estavam de acordo com a legislação brasileira em todos os exemplares das espécies analisadas. Foi observado que quanto maior o tempo de jejum, houve um aumento numérico no pH da carne dos pescados.(AU)

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The development of the digestive system and digestive proteases was studied in cachara (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum) and its hybrid (P. reticulatum × Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) during the first 25 days after fertilization. Both groups presented a fast and similar development of the digestive system, and the unspecific alkaline protease profile suggested that the digestive capacity of hybrid larvae is higher than that of cachara after the last half of the studied phase. The activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin were similar and observed since the oocyte. These observations suggested that cachara and its hybrid has similar digestive capacity and digestive system development.

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Studies on genetic composition in fish populations contribute to conservationist practices and inbreeding control in fish stocks. To this end, molecular tools such as microsatellite markers (SSRs) are often used, but they are expensive and time-consuming to develop. A species-specific heterologous marker emerges as an alternative, which can be used in taxonomically related species in a fast way. Our goal was to test SSRs markers of Brachyplatystoma rousseauxi and Pseudoplatystoma punctifer in P. reticulatum in an unprecedented way. For this purpose, DNA was extracted from fragments of the caudal fin of 222 P. reticulatum adults, using a NaCl-based method. Then, DNA samples were amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using six markers, four from B. rousseauxi (BR38, 47, 51, and 61) and two from P. punctifer (PPU13 and PPU15). Two primers showed non-specific amplification and were disregarded (BR38 and PPU13). In the remaining four primers, the number of alleles per locus varied between two (BR47) to sixteen (BR51), and the average size of alleles was between 142 and 400 bp. Mean effective number of alleles per locus ranged from 10,650 (BR51) to 1,784 (BR47), with null or low-frequency alleles in all studied loci. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.299 (BR47) to 0.640 (BR51) and was always lower than the expected heterozygosity. Hardy-Weinberg balance was significant (p < 0.05) in all loci, and inbreeding coefficient (FIS) was always positive. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) confirmed the efficiency of the markers since they had moderate (BR47) to high levels of information (BR51, BR61, and PPU15). Transferability test showed that the heterologous microsatellite molecular markers, originally for B. rousseauxi and P. punctifer, were efficient in P. reticulatum, producing three primers with high information content. Therefore, these markers can be safely used in future population studies of this species.(AU)

Estudos acerca da composição genética de populações de peixes contribuem para a elaboração de práticas conservacionista, bem como para controle da consanguinidade em estoques de piscicultura. Neste sentido, ferramentas moleculares como os marcadores microssatélites (SSR's) são comumente utilizados, contudo, seu desenvolvimento corresponde a um processo caro e demorado. Surge como alternativa a utilização dos marcadores heterólogos, originalmente desenvolvidos para uma espécie, mas que podem ser utilizados de maneira rápida em outras taxonomicamente relacionadas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi testar de maneira inédita a utilização de marcadores SSR's de Brachyplatystoma rousseauxi e Pseudoplatystoma punctifer em P. reticulatum. Para tanto, foram extraídas amostras de DNA a partir de fragmentos de nadadeira caudal de 222 indivíduos adultos de P. reticulatum por metodologia a base de NaCl. As amostras foram então amplificadas por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) utilizandose seis marcadores, quatro de B. rousseauxi (BR38, 47, 51 e 61) e dois de P. punctifer (PPU13 e PPU15). Dois primers apresentaram amplificação inespecífica e foram desconsiderados (BR38 e PPU13). Entre os quatro restantes, o número de alelos por locus variou entre dois (BR47) a dezesseis (BR51), com tamanho médio de alelos entre 142 e 400 pb. O número efetivo médio de alelos por locus variou de 10,650 (BR51) à 1,784 (BR47), com alelos nulos ou de baixa frequência presentes em todos os loci estudados. Os valores de heterozigosidade observada variaram de 0,299 (BR47) à 0,640 (BR51), e foram sempre menores que os de heterozigosidade esperada. O Equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg foi significativo (P < 0,05) em todos os locus e o coeficiente de endogamia Fis sempre apresentou valores positivos. Os valores de Conteúdo de Informação Polimórfica (PIC) confirmaram a eficiência dos marcadores utilizados, já que possuíram de moderado (BR47) a alto nível de informação (BR51, BR61 e PPU15). O teste de transferibilidade de marcadores moleculares microssatélites heterólogos, originalmente desenvolvidos para B. rousseauxi e P. punctifer em P. reticulatum se mostrou eficiente, produzindo três primers com alto nível de informação, fato que garante sua utilização segura em estudos populacionais futuros voltados à esta espécie.(AU)

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In this study, we evaluated the semen quality of Cachara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) raised in captivity during its reproductive period. For the evaluation of qualitative parameters, we analyzed: sperm morphology, sperm motility, and sperm vigor;while for the quantitative parameter, we analyzed sperm concentration. In general, the main significant difference was found in March, with a motility rate of 40% and a duration of 39 seconds. The highest mean concentration (1.2x10⁸) was observed in February, as well as the highest percentage of defects in the intermediate part of the spermatozoa (59%). The morphological analysis of spermatozoa showed an average of 24.2% abnormalities in the head and 22.7% in the intermediate part of spermatozoa of P. fasciatumfor the four months studied. We did not find any evident relationship between the climate changes evaluated and the qualitative and quantitative parameters. The greatest difference between the percentage of normal spermatozoa and the sharp increase of defects in the intermediate piece, observed in February, can be explained by the sudden climate change, with a significant decrease in temperature and relative humidity, and increase in precipitation. These findings demonstrate the importance of maintaining an optimum climate interval during the breeding season for P.fasciatum.

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This study aimed to analyze the effect of mango meal, a non-starch polysaccharide, as a carbohydrate source on the metabolism plasticity and performance indicators for hybrid surubim (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum x P. corruscans), a tropical carnivorous fish. Juveniles (±14.5g initial weight) were fed 3% of total biomass for 60 days in four experimental diets replacing 0, 33, 66 and 100% of the cornmeal. Growth by final weight was evaluated, but statistical differences (p<0.05) were not observed among the treatments. The activity of total alkaline protease was statistically lower in the fish group fed 100% cornmeal substitution. However, trypsin levels also decreased when 100% of the cornmeal was replaced by mango meal, but without statistical significance. Zymograms showed bands of protease and amylase activities for all treatments. Cholesterol (0%- 141.83±46.10; 100%- 71.36±14.40 mg.dL-1) and total protein (0%- 3.98±0.94; 100%- 1.70±1.03 mg.dL-1) in the plasma decreased as mango meal levels increased in the feed. On the other hand, glucose (0%- 105.08±31.24; 100%- 128.11±24.51 mg.dL-1) and free amino acids (0%- 24.51±2.62; 100%- 38.13±8.94 nmoles.ml-1) in the plasma increased. Although growth was not affected, the carbohydrate source affected fish metabolism, which showed metabolic adaptation by the species. The result suggests that mango meal can replace up to 33% of the cornmeal in diets for Pseudoplatystoma sp.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da farinha de manga, um polissacarídeos não amiláceo, como fonte de carboidrato na plasticidade do metabolismo e indicadores de desempenho no surubim híbrido (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum x P. corruscans) um peixe carnívoro tropical. Juvenis (±14.5g peso inicial) foram alimentados com 3% da biomassa total durante 60 dias, com 4 dietas experimentais substituindo 0, 33, 66 e 100% do farelo de milho. O crescimento final foi avaliado, mas diferenças significativas (p<0.05) não foram observadas entre os tratamentos. A atividade da protease total alcalina foi significativamente menor no tratamento onde houve 100% de substituição do farelo de milho. Entretanto, níveis de tripsina também diminuíram quando 100% do farelo de milho foi substituído por farinha de manga, mas sem diferença significativa. O zimograma mostrou bandas de atividade de protease e amilase em todos os tratamentos. Colesterol (0%- 141.83±46.10; 100%- 71.36±14.40 mg.dL-1) e proteína total (0%- 3.98±0.94; 100%- 1.70±1.03 mg.dL-1) plasmáticos, diminuíram à medida que os níveis de farinha de manga aumentaram nas dietas. Por outro lado, glicose (0%- 105.08±31.24; 100%- 128.11±24.51 mg.dL-1) e aminoácidos livres (0%- 24.51±2.62; 100%- 38.13±8.94 nmoles.ml-1) no plasma, aumentaram. Embora o crescimento não foi aumentado, a fonte de carboidrato afetou o metabolismo do animal, o que mostra adaptação metabólica do híbrido. O resultado sugere que farinha de manga pode substituir até 33% de farelo de milho em dietas para Pseudoplatystoma sp.(AU)

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O objetivo desta revisão é descrever as características dos surubins e a implantação do programa de melhoramento genético da espécie Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum durante o período de 2008 a 2013. O Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum ou cachara é uma das espécies nativas potenciais para aquicultura brasileira. O cultivo concentra-se na região Centro-Oeste onde os fatores: adaptabilidade ao ambiente, características zootécnicas e alto valor comercial tornam viável a produção. A espécie possui estudos consolidados em biotécnicas de reprodução, desenvolvimento e adaptação aos vários sistemas de cultivos. As regiões produtoras dispõem de oferta contínua de alevinos, aumentando o potencial de consolidação de programas de melhoramento genético com a espécie. Com isso, foi desenvolvida uma parceria entre a Embrapa e a Universidade Estadual de Maringá, com a finalidade de desenvolver o programa de melhoramento genético do cachara. O programa de melhoramento genético do cachara iniciou em 2008 com a formação de 72 famílias e teve seu término em 2013 sob os moldes originais de gestão.

The objective of this review is to describe the characteristics of the surubins and the implantation of the breeding program of the species Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum during the period 2008 - 2013. Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum or cachara is one of the species onances potential for Brazilian aquaculture. The culture is concentrated in the Center-West region, where the factors: adaptability to the environment, zootechnical characteristics and high commercial value become viable the production. This study studies for the consolidation of biotechnology of production, development and vapour attentive systems of cultures. Content-producing regions continued in succession, increasing the potential for consolidation of gender-breeding programs. With this was a partnership between Embrapa and the Universidade Estadual de Maringá, with the purpose of developing the programs of genetic improvement of cachara. The breeding program cachara started in 2008 with the formation of 72 families had its end in 2013 under the original management molds.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to analyze the effect of mango meal, a non-starch polysaccharide, as a carbohydrate source on the metabolism plasticity and performance indicators for hybrid surubim (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum x P. corruscans), a tropical carnivorous fish. Juveniles (±14.5g initial weight) were fed 3% of total biomass for 60 days in four experimental diets replacing 0, 33, 66 and 100% of the cornmeal. Growth by final weight was evaluated, but statistical differences (p<0.05) were not observed among the treatments. The activity of total alkaline protease was statistically lower in the fish group fed 100% cornmeal substitution. However, trypsin levels also decreased when 100% of the cornmeal was replaced by mango meal, but without statistical significance. Zymograms showed bands of protease and amylase activities for all treatments. Cholesterol (0%- 141.83±46.10; 100%- 71.36±14.40 mg.dL-1) and total protein (0%- 3.98±0.94; 100%- 1.70±1.03 mg.dL-1) in the plasma decreased as mango meal levels increased in the feed. On the other hand, glucose (0%- 105.08±31.24; 100%- 128.11±24.51 mg.dL-1) and free amino acids (0%- 24.51±2.62; 100%- 38.13±8.94 nmoles.ml-1) in the plasma increased. Although growth was not affected, the carbohydrate source affected fish metabolism, which showed metabolic adaptation by the species. The result suggests that mango meal can replace up to 33% of the cornmeal in diets for Pseudoplatystoma sp.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da farinha de manga, um polissacarídeos não amiláceo, como fonte de carboidrato na plasticidade do metabolismo e indicadores de desempenho no surubim híbrido (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum x P. corruscans) um peixe carnívoro tropical. Juvenis (±14.5g peso inicial) foram alimentados com 3% da biomassa total durante 60 dias, com 4 dietas experimentais substituindo 0, 33, 66 e 100% do farelo de milho. O crescimento final foi avaliado, mas diferenças significativas (p<0.05) não foram observadas entre os tratamentos. A atividade da protease total alcalina foi significativamente menor no tratamento onde houve 100% de substituição do farelo de milho. Entretanto, níveis de tripsina também diminuíram quando 100% do farelo de milho foi substituído por farinha de manga, mas sem diferença significativa. O zimograma mostrou bandas de atividade de protease e amilase em todos os tratamentos. Colesterol (0%- 141.83±46.10; 100%- 71.36±14.40 mg.dL-1) e proteína total (0%- 3.98±0.94; 100%- 1.70±1.03 mg.dL-1) plasmáticos, diminuíram à medida que os níveis de farinha de manga aumentaram nas dietas. Por outro lado, glicose (0%- 105.08±31.24; 100%- 128.11±24.51 mg.dL-1) e aminoácidos livres (0%- 24.51±2.62; 100%- 38.13±8.94 nmoles.ml-1) no plasma, aumentaram. Embora o crescimento não foi aumentado, a fonte de carboidrato afetou o metabolismo do animal, o que mostra adaptação metabólica do híbrido. O resultado sugere que farinha de manga pode substituir até 33% de farelo de milho em dietas para Pseudoplatystoma sp.

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RESUMO

O objetivo desta revisão é descrever as características dos surubins e a implantação do programa de melhoramento genético da espécie Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum durante o período de 2008 a 2013. O Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum ou cachara é uma das espécies nativas potenciais para aquicultura brasileira. O cultivo concentra-se na região Centro-Oeste onde os fatores: adaptabilidade ao ambiente, características zootécnicas e alto valor comercial tornam viável a produção. A espécie possui estudos consolidados em biotécnicas de reprodução, desenvolvimento e adaptação aos vários sistemas de cultivos. As regiões produtoras dispõem de oferta contínua de alevinos, aumentando o potencial de consolidação de programas de melhoramento genético com a espécie. Com isso, foi desenvolvida uma parceria entre a Embrapa e a Universidade Estadual de Maringá, com a finalidade de desenvolver o programa de melhoramento genético do cachara. O programa de melhoramento genético do cachara iniciou em 2008 com a formação de 72 famílias e teve seu término em 2013 sob os moldes originais de gestão.(AU)

The objective of this review is to describe the characteristics of the surubins and the implantation of the breeding program of the species Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum during the period 2008 - 2013. Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum or cachara is one of the species onances potential for Brazilian aquaculture. The culture is concentrated in the Center-West region, where the factors: adaptability to the environment, zootechnical characteristics and high commercial value become viable the production. This study studies for the consolidation of biotechnology of production, development and vapour attentive systems of cultures. Content-producing regions continued in succession, increasing the potential for consolidation of gender-breeding programs. With this was a partnership between Embrapa and the Universidade Estadual de Maringá, with the purpose of developing the programs of genetic improvement of cachara. The breeding program cachara started in 2008 with the formation of 72 families had its end in 2013 under the original management molds.(AU)

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Genetic diversity and structure of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and P. reticulatum, large migratory South America catfishes, where overfishing and the construction of numerous dams in their feeding and reproducing areas are affecting their migratory processes negatively, were studied using microsatellites in samples from Paraguay (that comprises the Pantanal biome), and the upper and lower Paraná Basins. Genetic diversity was in accordance to that observed for other large migratory fishes, but the most geographically isolated populations of P. reticulatum and those P. corruscans subject to anthropogenic effects (stocking and dams) showed lower genetic diversity and evidences of bottlenecks compatible with low effective population size. Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum presented subtle genetic differentiation within the Paraguay area, especially between the edges of its distribution. Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, in this same area, presented a quite homogeneous but significant genetic break between the Paraguay and upper Paraná populations, apparently resulting from natural and historical isolation between the basins until recently. These data demonstrates that, although these Pseudoplatystoma spp. are abundant in the Pantanal area, anthropogenic events are leading to negative effects on their populations, particularly in the upper Paraná Basin. Genetic differentiation observed along each species distribution demands conservation actions to preserve each population's biodiversity. These results represent important genetic information using new microsatellite markers and the first genetic study of P. reticulatum covering this area of its native distribution. Data may also contribute to a better understanding of species migration patterns and to be used as a baseline for proper management.

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This study aimed to compare the growth performance of surubins (cachara Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum and hybrid cachapinta P. reticulatum × Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) produced in cages. The experiment had a randomized design with two treatments and three replicates, with one cage comprising an experimental unit, i.e., six cages in total. Fingerlings of the two genetic groups(cachara and hybrid cachapinta) were fed twice a day with extruded feed for carnivorous fishes. After 216 days of production, the growth parameters were evaluated, including total length, final weight, final biomass, biomass gain, survival, and apparent feed conversion values. No differences were found between cachara and cachapinta in the variables analyzed. In conclusion, cachara and cachapinta produced in cages exhibit the same growth performances.

Objetivou-se comparar o desempenho zootécnico do cachara, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum, e do híbrido cachapinta, P. reticulatum × Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, produzidos em tanques-rede. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos e três repetições, sendo que cada tanque-rede foi considerado uma unidade experimental, totalizando seis tanques-rede. Alevinos dos dois grupos genéticos (cachara e cachapinta) foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia com ração extrusada para peixes carnívoros. Após 216 dias de produção, os parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados foram: comprimento total, peso final, biomassa final, ganho de biomassa, sobrevivência e conversão alimentar aparente. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para as variáveis analisadas entre cachara e cachapinta. Pode-se concluir que o cachara e cachapinta produzidos em tanque-rede apresentam o mesmo desempenho zootécnico.

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RESUMO

In this study, we investigated the performance of hybrid catfish (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus) fed with feeds containing 32% or 40% crude protein (CP). We analyzed the performance, yield in whole gutted fish, fillet yield and visceral fat index. The experimental units comprised 108 fish with average initial weights of 272.12 ± 74.71 g (32% CP) and 231.97 ± 87.70 g (40% CP). The experimental period was 182 days. Final weight, body height, body width, yield of whole gutted fish and visceral fat content differed (P<0.05) between treatments, with respectivevalues of 1,016.63 g, 7.17 cm, 6.88 cm, 86.06% and 3.28% for the lower protein level; and 1,152.22 g, 7.67 cm, 7.27 cm, 84.44% and 4.81% for the higher protein level. The treatment with 40% CP promotes better performance of hybrid catfish. However, this treatment reduces the yield of whole gutted fish and increases the visceral fat index.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do pintado híbrido (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus) submetido à alimentação com 32% ou 40% de proteína bruta (PB) na ração, analisando-se o desempenho, rendimento do peixe inteiro eviscerado, rendimento do filé e o índice gordura visceral. Foram estocados 108 peixes nas unidades experimentais, com peso inicial médio de 272,12 ± 74,71 g (32% de PB) e 231,97 ± 87,70 g (40% de PB). O período experimental foi de 182 dias. O peso final, altura do corpo, largura do corpo, rendimento em peixe inteiro eviscerado e índice de gordura visceral diferiram (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos,apresentando valores de 1.016,63 g, 7,17 cm, 6,88 cm, 86,06% e 3,28% para o menor nível de proteína, e 1.152,22 g, 7,67 cm, 7,27 cm, 84,44% e 4,81% para o maior nível de proteína, respectivamente. O tratamento com 40% PB proporciona maior desempenho para o pintado híbrido. Todavia, este tratamento diminui o rendimento do peixe inteiro eviscerado e aumenta o acúmulo de gordura visceral.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In this study, we investigated the performance of hybrid catfish (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus) fed with feeds containing 32% or 40% crude protein (CP). We analyzed the performance, yield in whole gutted fish, fillet yield and visceral fat index. The experimental units comprised 108 fish with average initial weights of 272.12 ± 74.71 g (32% CP) and 231.97 ± 87.70 g (40% CP). The experimental period was 182 days. Final weight, body height, body width, yield of whole gutted fish and visceral fat content differed (P<0.05) between treatments, with respectivevalues of 1,016.63 g, 7.17 cm, 6.88 cm, 86.06% and 3.28% for the lower protein level; and 1,152.22 g, 7.67 cm, 7.27 cm, 84.44% and 4.81% for the higher protein level. The treatment with 40% CP promotes better performance of hybrid catfish. However, this treatment reduces the yield of whole gutted fish and increases the visceral fat index.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do pintado híbrido (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x Leiarius marmoratus) submetido à alimentação com 32% ou 40% de proteína bruta (PB) na ração, analisando-se o desempenho, rendimento do peixe inteiro eviscerado, rendimento do filé e o índice gordura visceral. Foram estocados 108 peixes nas unidades experimentais, com peso inicial médio de 272,12 ± 74,71 g (32% de PB) e 231,97 ± 87,70 g (40% de PB). O período experimental foi de 182 dias. O peso final, altura do corpo, largura do corpo, rendimento em peixe inteiro eviscerado e índice de gordura visceral diferiram (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos,apresentando valores de 1.016,63 g, 7,17 cm, 6,88 cm, 86,06% e 3,28% para o menor nível de proteína, e 1.152,22 g, 7,67 cm, 7,27 cm, 84,44% e 4,81% para o maior nível de proteína, respectivamente. O tratamento com 40% PB proporciona maior desempenho para o pintado híbrido. Todavia, este tratamento diminui o rendimento do peixe inteiro eviscerado e aumenta o acúmulo de gordura visceral.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to compare the growth performance of surubins (cachara Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum and hybrid cachapinta P. reticulatum × Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) produced in cages. The experiment had a randomized design with two treatments and three replicates, with one cage comprising an experimental unit, i.e., six cages in total. Fingerlings of the two genetic groups(cachara and hybrid cachapinta) were fed twice a day with extruded feed for carnivorous fishes. After 216 days of production, the growth parameters were evaluated, including total length, final weight, final biomass, biomass gain, survival, and apparent feed conversion values. No differences were found between cachara and cachapinta in the variables analyzed. In conclusion, cachara and cachapinta produced in cages exhibit the same growth performances.(AU)

Objetivou-se comparar o desempenho zootécnico do cachara, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum, e do híbrido cachapinta, P. reticulatum × Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, produzidos em tanques-rede. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos e três repetições, sendo que cada tanque-rede foi considerado uma unidade experimental, totalizando seis tanques-rede. Alevinos dos dois grupos genéticos (cachara e cachapinta) foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia com ração extrusada para peixes carnívoros. Após 216 dias de produção, os parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados foram: comprimento total, peso final, biomassa final, ganho de biomassa, sobrevivência e conversão alimentar aparente. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para as variáveis analisadas entre cachara e cachapinta. Pode-se concluir que o cachara e cachapinta produzidos em tanque-rede apresentam o mesmo desempenho zootécnico.(AU)

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RESUMO

Every morphological, behavioral, or even developmental character expression of living beings is coded in its genotype and is expressed in its phenotype. Nevertheless, the interplay between phenotypic and ontogenetic plasticities, that is, the capability to manifest trait variations, is a current field of research that needs morphometric, numerical, or even mathematical modeling investigations. In the present work, we are searching for a phenotypic index able to identify the underlying correlation among phenotypic, ontogenetic, and geographic distribution of the evolutionary development of species of the same genus. By studying the case of Pseudoplatystoma fishes, we use their skin patterns as an auxiliary trait that can be reproduced by means of a reaction diffusion (RD) model. From this model, we infer the phenotypic index in terms of one of the parameters appearing in the mathematical equations. To achieve this objective, we perform extensive numerical simulations and analysis of the model equations and link the parameter variations with different environmental and physicochemical conditions in which the individuals develop, and which may be regulated by the ontogenetic plasticity of the species. Our numerical study indicates that the patterns predicted by a set of reaction diffusion equations are not uniquely determined by the value of the parameters of the equation, but also depend on how the process is initiated and on the spatial distribution of values of these parameters. These factors are therefore significant, since they show that an individual's growth dynamics and apparent secondary transport processes, like advection, can be determinant for the alignment of motifs in a skin pattern. Our results allow us to discern the correlation between phenotypic, ontogenetic, and geographic distribution of the different species of Pseudoplatystoma fishes, thus indicating that RD models represent a useful taxonomic tool able to quantify evolutionary indexes.

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RESUMO

Objective. The aim of this study was evaluate the genetic diversity of the following broodstocks: piapara (Leporinus elongatus), dourado (Salminus brasiliensis), jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) and cachara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) already useful for restocking programs in the Paranapanema, Iguaçu and Paraná Brazilian Rivers. Materials and methods. Samples from the caudal fin of 122 fish were analyzed. DNA was extracted by NaCl protocol. PCR products were separated by a horizontal agarose gel electrophoresis. The fragments were visualized by staining with ethidium bromide. Results. The amplification of 25 primers generated different fragments in studied species that allowed characterizing 440 fragments of 100-2900 bp. High percentage of polymorphic fragments (66.67 to 86.29), Shannon index (0.365 to 0.486) and genetic diversity of Nei (0.248 to 0.331) were detected. Conclusions. The level of genetic variability in the broodstocks was adequate for allowing their use in restocking programs in the studied Rivers. However, periodical monitoring studies of genetic variability in these stocks, the mating system, reproductive system and general management must be made to guarantee the preservation of wild populations.

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la diversidad genética de los siguientes lotes de reproductores: piapara (Leporinus elongatus), dourado (Salminus brasiliensis), jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) y cachara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) utilizados para programas de repoblación en los ríos brasileños Paranapanema, Iguaçu y Paraná. Materiales y métodos. Muestras de aleta caudal de 122 peces fueron analizadas. El ADN fue extraído por el protocolo de NaCl. Los productos de PCR fueron separados por electroforesis horizontal en gel de agarosa. Los fragmentos fueron visualizados por marcación con bromuro de etidio. Resultados. La amplificación de los 25 iniciadores produjo diferentes fragmentos en las especies estudiadas que permitieron caracterizar 440 fragmentos de 100 a 2900 pb. Fueron detectados un alto porcentaje de fragmentos polimórficos (66.67 a 86.29), de índice de Shannon (0.365 a 0.486) y de diversidad genética de Nei (0.248 a 0.331). Conclusiones. El nivel de variabilidad genética en los lotes de reproductores fue adecuado para su utilización en programas de repoblación en los ríos estudiados. Sin embargo, estudios de monitoreo periódico de la variabilidad genética en esos lotes, del sistema de cruzamiento, del sistema reproductivo y del manejo general deben ser realizados para garantizar la preservación de las populaciones naturales.

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Fish larvae and adults are morphologically distinct from each other and have different ecological requirements. Research on the dynamics of ichthyoplankton provides valuable information about the early stages of the life cycle of fish. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of the larval stages of three migratory species - Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816), Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Agassiz, 1829) - to identify possible spawning areas in the last lotic remnant of the upper Paraná River, in the Brazilian territory. A total of 26 points were sampled monthly from October 2003 to November 2004. The PERMANOVA detected significant differences between the months only for S. brasiliensis (Pseudo-F = 3.88, p = 0.0021) and P. corruscans (Pseudo-F = 3.35, p = 0.004). Among the environmental variables, temperature was the most important and the Mantel test detected a significant correlation between temperature and the densities, only for P. lineatus (r = 0.09, p = 0.03). The species in our data chose for spawning tributaries that are not dammed, of which most are outside conservation areas. Therefore, recruitment, maintenance and possible actions aiming to recover the stocks of these species are dependent on the conservation of tributaries and floodplain lakes in the region, in addition to monitoring to prevent fishing during the reproductive period.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Fish larvae and adults are morphologically distinct from each other and have different ecological requirements. Research on the dynamics of ichthyoplankton provides valuable information about the early stages of the life cycle of fish. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of the larval stages of three migratory species - Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816), Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Agassiz, 1829) - to identify possible spawning areas in the last lotic remnant of the upper Paraná River, in the Brazilian territory. A total of 26 points were sampled monthly from October 2003 to November 2004. The PERMANOVA detected significant differences between the months only for S. brasiliensis (Pseudo-F = 3.88, p = 0.0021) and P. corruscans (Pseudo-F = 3.35, p = 0.004). Among the environmental variables, temperature was the most important and the Mantel test detected a significant correlation between temperature and the densities, only for P. lineatus (r = 0.09, p = 0.03). The species in our data chose for spawning tributaries that are not dammed, of which most are outside conservation areas. Therefore, recruitment, maintenance and possible actions aiming to recover the stocks of these species are dependent on the conservation of tributaries and floodplain lakes in the region, in addition to monitoring to prevent fishing during the reproductive period.

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This paper presents results from a study of albumin from pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg 1887) and the catfish pintado (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, Spix & Agassiz, 1829), two neotropical fish species inhabitants of Brazilian rivers, comparing their molecular mass and discussing their secondary structures based on spectropolarimetric (circular dychroism) measurements. Genetic controlled specimens were obtained from two fish hatcheries, located in Mococa (pacu) and in São João da Boa Vista (pintado), both in São Paulo State, Brazil. After a period of adaptation in holding tanks, fish blood samples were taken by punctioning their abdominal aorta. Purified albumin was obtained by gel filtration. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was performed for the molecular mass estimation. Circular Dichroism spectra were registered for albumins of the two fish species over the range of 190-250 nm (far-UV), which shown two negative bands at 217 and 208 nm, a positive peak at 196 nm and a crossover at 200 nm. This profile is compatible with proteins that content predominantly alpha-helix structure.

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo sobre as albuminas de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg 1887) e pintado (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, Spix & Agassiz, 1829), duas espécies neotropicais de peixes nativas do Brasil, determinando as suas massas moleculares e discutindo suas estruturas secundárias, com base em medidas de espectropolarimetria (dicroísmo circular). Espécimes controlados geneticamente foram obtidos de duas diferentes pisciculturas, uma localizada na cidade de Mococa (pacu) e a outra, na cidade de São João da Boa Vista (pintado), ambas no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Após um período de adaptação em tanques apropriados, amostras de sangue foram coletadas por punção da aorta abdominal dos peixes. Albumina pura foi obtida por gel filtração dessas amostras e as massas moleculares foram determinadas a partir dos dados da eletroforese SDS-PAGE. Espectros de dicroísmo circular das albuminas dos peixes foram registrados na região de 190-250 nm (far-UV), os quais mostraram duas bandas negativas, a 217 e 208 nm, um pico positivo a 196 nm e um crossover a 200 nm; perfil este compatível com proteínas que contem predominantemente estrutura alfa-hélice.