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Pereskia aculeata Miller is an edible plant species belonging to the Cactaceae family. It has the potential to be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its nutritional characteristics, bioactive compounds, and mucilage content. Pereskia aculeata Miller is native to the Neotropical region, where it is traditionally employed as food in rural communities, being popularly known as 'ora-pro-nobis' (OPN) or the Barbados gooseberry. The leaves of OPN are distinguished by their nontoxicity and nutritional richness, including, on a dry basis, 23% proteins, 31% carbohydrates, 14% minerals, 8% lipids, and 4% soluble dietary fibers, besides vitamins A, C, and E, and phenolic, carotenoid, and flavonoid compounds. The OPN leaves and fruits also contain mucilage composed of arabinogalactan biopolymer that presents technofunctional properties such as thickener, gelling, and emulsifier agent. Moreover, OPN is generally used for pharmacological purposes in Brazilian folk medicine, which has been attributed to its bioactive molecules with metabolic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, in the face of the growing research and industrial interests in OPN as a novel food source, the present work reviews its botanical, nutritional, bioactive, and technofunctional properties, which are relevant for the development of healthy and innovative food products and ingredients.

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The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of feeding Japanese quail chicks with diets containing different levels of Moringa oleifera leaf and canola seed powder on growth performance, carcass yield, blood plasma constituents, and egg production. The trial lasted for a total of 7 weeks, with 5 weeks of fattening and two weeks of laying. The first group was the control group, while the second group was supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaves (4g/kg diet), the third group was supplemented with canola seed powder (4g/kg diet), the fourth group was supplemented with a mix of Moringa oleifera leaves and canola seed powder (8g/kg diet). The results showed that canola seed powder from 0-3 weeks of age increased body weight in comparison to the control group, but there were no significant differences (p<0.05) among groups in terms of the final body weight and feed conversion ratio. Average daily feed intake was significantly different (p<0.05). However, body weight, carcass weight, liver weight, gizzard weight, and abdominal fat weight increased significantly compared to the control group. Feeding Moringa oleifera leaves and canola seed powder significantly increased the total plasma protein, as compared to the control group. There were significant decreases in cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL levels among groups, with no significant differences in glucose, ALT and LDL among all treatments. The addition of Moringa oleifera leaf and canola seed powder showed significant effects on calcium and magnesium. Both Moringa oleifera leaf and Moringa-canola mixture significantly reduced the presence of some pathogenic bacteria in the digestive system, which was seen as an important contribution to the digestive and immune systems.(AU)

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The current lifestyle and trend for healthier foods has generated a growing consumer interest in acquiring bread products with a better nutritional composition, primarily products with high protein and fiber and low fat. Incorporating different protein sources as functional ingredients has improved the nutritional profile but may also affect the dough properties and final characteristics of bread. This review focuses on the incorporation of different animal, vegetable, and mixed protein sources, and the percentage of protein addition, analyzing nutritional changes and their impact on dough properties and different texture parameters, appearances, and their impact on bread flavor and health-related effects. Alternative processing technologies such as germination and sourdough-based technologies are discussed. Using fermented doughs can improve the nutritional composition and properties of the dough, impacting positively the texture, appearance, flavor, and aroma of bread. It is essential to innovate alternative protein sources in combination with technological strategies that allow better incorporation of these ingredients, not only to improve the nutritional profile but also to maintain the texture and enhance the sensory properties of the bread and consequently, increase the effects on consumer health.

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Snacks have accompanied people for a long time, meeting our needs for something fast and filling between meals. Societies and technologies have changed, and so have snacks, adapting to people's daily lives, concerns, and demands. Although traditional snacks, such as potato chips, are still ubiquitous and popular worldwide, there is not unanimity around them anymore, since many people have been looking for healthier snacks. Studies have been carried out to propose healthier snack options by changing their composition and/or techniques to produce them, minimizing contents of energy-dense components and/or maximizing the retention or bioavailability of nutrients. This mini-review presents the main trends on development of snacks and future perspectives. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

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This trial aimed to analyze the effects of including three byproducts from the biodiesel industry on the intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition, and feeding behavior of lactating cows. Eight crossbred Holstein-Zebu lactating cows with average body weight 525 ± 18.5 kg and average milk yield of 8 ± 1.45 kg day-1 were assigned to four treatments (diets) in a double-Latin square design, as follows: a diet based on corn- and soybean meal-based concentrate and three diets with 20% inclusion of byproducts from the biodiesel industry (cottonseed cake, sunflower meal, and castor bean cake) on a total dry matter basis. The cows were housed in individual covered stalls with concrete floor equipped with individual concrete troughs for feeding and automatic drinkers, and fed diets containing 60% sugarcane and 40% concentrate. The inclusion of the byproducts in the diet changed the intake, digestibility of some nutritional components, milk yield and composition, and feeding behavior of lactating cows. The use of cottonseed cake and sunflower meal in the diet increased milk yield, and fat-corrected milk yield; while the use of castor bean cake reduced the intake, digestibility of dry matter and total digestible nutrients, milk yield, and fat-corrected milk yield. The inclusion of byproducts from the biodiesel industry in the diets did not change the fat, lactose, total solids, and solids-not-fat of milk. Therefore, the cottonseed cake and sunflower meal can be included at up to 20% of the total diet.

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The study aimed to evaluate heat-treated bean residue meal (Phaseolus vulgaris)-BRM-as an alternative protein source in diets for Nile tilapia fish. A completely randomized design was used, totaling four (n = 4) dietary treatments: diet without BRM (CON), raw BRM (RBRM) and heat-treated BRM at 100 °C for 15 min (BRM15), and 30 min (BRM30) before inclusion in diets. Nile tilapia fingerlings (1.3 g initial weight) were hand-fed the experimental diets for 66 days, divided equally into three meals per day. Performance parameters, body composition, nutrient retention, and physical characteristics of diets were evaluated. Growth and feed conversion were lower (P < 0.05) in fish fed BRM. Protein productive value was higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed CON diet than in fish receiving BRM. However, 30 min heat treatment of BRM increased (P < 0.05) protein retention in fish. Fish fed BRM30 also had higher protein content (P < 0.05) and reduced body lipid content (P < 0.05) than those fed CON diet. The physical characteristics (durability, dry matter leaching, waterproof time, and water stability time) were significantly improved (P < 0.05) in the BRM30 diet compared with other dietary treatments. The dietary inclusion of BRM at the level of 15% is not recommended for tilapia due to low growth performance and feed efficiency, regardless of preheating treatment. However, research on longer heat treatment time is needed due to the improvements observed in nutrient retention and physical characteristics of diets.

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There is a growing demand for alternative protein sources in dog nutrition due to the high cost of the ingredient. Spray-dried egg (SDE) is a potential protein source in this context. The objective of this study was to evaluate the digestibility, palatability, and blood profile of diets containing different amounts of spray-dried egg (SDE) and the blood parameters of dogs fed these diets. For the study of digestibility and faecal quality (Experiment 1), eight Beagles were distributed in a double Latin square design (4X4), with four treatments (0, 4, 8, and 12% SDE) and four periods, totalling eight repetitions per treatment. In experiment 2, to evaluate palatability, 20 dogs were presented with two diets: 0% SDE vs 4% SDE. To evaluate the haematological factors (Experiment 3), eight dogs were maintained in a single group and were initially fed a control diet (0%SDE) for 10 days, followed by a diet containing 12% SDE for 10 days. In Experiment 1, a linear increase was found in the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) and in the metabolisable energy (ME) as the level of SDE was increased in the diet. The CTTAD of DM and CP in SDE and the ME obtained by regression analysis were 93.6%, 91.3%, and 5738.9 kcal kg <->1, respectively, demonstrating that SDE is a highly digestible protein source for dogs. There were no changes in the stool characteristics of dogs fed SDE. The results of Experiment 2 indicate that the dogs preferred the diet that included 4% SDE. In the haematological study (Experiment 3), increases in albumin, red blood cells, haemoglobin, and total circulating protein were observed, with no change in the other histological variables. The inclusion of SDE improved the digestibility and palatability of the diet and increased the albumin content, red blood cell count, haemoglobin level, and total protein level without changing the faecal characteristics.(AU)

Há uma demanda crescente de fontes proteicas alternativas na nutrição de cães devido ao alto custo deste ingrediente. O ovo seco por pulverização (SDE) é uma fonte potencial de proteína neste contexto. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a digestibilidade, palatabilidade e perfil sanguíneo de dietas contendo diferentes níveis de ovo spray-dried (OSD) e os parâmetros sanguíneos de cães alimentados com esta dieta. Para o estudo de digestibilidade e características fecais (Experimento 1), oito cães foram distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino duplo (4x4), com quatro tratamentos (0, 4, 8 e 12% OSD) e quatro períodos, totalizando oito repetições por tratamento. No experimento 2, para avaliar a palatabilidade, 20 animais foram apresentados a duas dietas: 0% OSD vs 4% OSD. Para avaliar os fatores hematológicos (Experimento 3), oito cães foram mantidos em um único grupo e foram inicialmente alimentados com a dieta controle (0% OSD) por 10 dias, seguido pela dieta contendo 12% OSD por 10 dias. No experimento 1, foi observado aumento linear para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente total (CDAT), da matéria seca (MS), e da proteína bruta (PB) e a energia metabolizável (EM) com o aumento de OSD da dieta. Os CDA da MS e PB em OSD e a EM obtidas pela análise da regressão foram de 93.6%, 91.3% e 5738.9 kcal kg <->1, respectivamente, demonstrando que o OSD é uma fonte proteica de alta digestibilidade para cães. Não houve mudanças nas características fecais de cães alimentados com OSD. Os resultados do experimento 2 indicam que os cães preferiram a dieta com inclusão de 4% de OSD. No estudo hematológico (Experimento 3), aumento de albumina, células vermelhas do sangue, hemoglobina e proteína total circulante foram observados, não houve mudança em outras variáveis histológicas. A inclusão de OSD melhorou a digestibilidade e palatabilidade da dieta e aumentou o teor de albumina, a contagem de células vermelhas, o nível de hemoglobina e o nível de proteína...(AU)

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There is a growing demand for alternative protein sources in dog nutrition due to the high cost of the ingredient. Spray-dried egg (SDE) is a potential protein source in this context. The objective of this study was to evaluate the digestibility, palatability, and blood profile of diets containing different amounts of spray-dried egg (SDE) and the blood parameters of dogs fed these diets. For the study of digestibility and faecal quality (Experiment 1), eight Beagles were distributed in a double Latin square design (4X4), with four treatments (0, 4, 8, and 12% SDE) and four periods, totalling eight repetitions per treatment. In experiment 2, to evaluate palatability, 20 dogs were presented with two diets: 0% SDE vs 4% SDE. To evaluate the haematological factors (Experiment 3), eight dogs were maintained in a single group and were initially fed a control diet (0%SDE) for 10 days, followed by a diet containing 12% SDE for 10 days. In Experiment 1, a linear increase was found in the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) and in the metabolisable energy (ME) as the level of SDE was increased in the diet. The CTTAD of DM and CP in SDE and the ME obtained by regression analysis were 93.6%, 91.3%, and 5738.9 kcal kg

Há uma demanda crescente de fontes proteicas alternativas na nutrição de cães devido ao alto custo deste ingrediente. O ovo seco por pulverização (SDE) é uma fonte potencial de proteína neste contexto. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a digestibilidade, palatabilidade e perfil sanguíneo de dietas contendo diferentes níveis de ovo spray-dried (OSD) e os parâmetros sanguíneos de cães alimentados com esta dieta. Para o estudo de digestibilidade e características fecais (Experimento 1), oito cães foram distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino duplo (4x4), com quatro tratamentos (0, 4, 8 e 12% OSD) e quatro períodos, totalizando oito repetições por tratamento. No experimento 2, para avaliar a palatabilidade, 20 animais foram apresentados a duas dietas: 0% OSD vs 4% OSD. Para avaliar os fatores hematológicos (Experimento 3), oito cães foram mantidos em um único grupo e foram inicialmente alimentados com a dieta controle (0% OSD) por 10 dias, seguido pela dieta contendo 12% OSD por 10 dias. No experimento 1, foi observado aumento linear para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente total (CDAT), da matéria seca (MS), e da proteína bruta (PB) e a energia metabolizável (EM) com o aumento de OSD da dieta. Os CDA da MS e PB em OSD e a EM obtidas pela análise da regressão foram de 93.6%, 91.3% e 5738.9 kcal kg

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The objective of this study was to evaluate food palatability, digestibility and blood parameter of dogs fed diets containing increasing levels of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDP). We also aimed to evaluate the SDP digestibility for dogs. We used 36 dogs distributed in 3 experiments. In the digestibility assay (Experiment 1), eight adult Beagles were distributed according to a double Latin square design (4 x 4). The following diets were evaluated: 0, 4, 8, and 12% SDP of diet. In the palatability trial (Experiment 2), 20 adult dogs were used. Diets containing 0 and 4% SDP were pair-wised compared. Blood parameters (Experiment 3) were evaluated in eight adult Beagles. Dogs were fed the diet with 0% for 10 days and then the diet with 12% SDP for further 10 days. Dietary SDP inclusion promoted a linear increase (P0.05). In conclusion, SDP shows high digestibility of CP and DM, being feasible its use in diets for dogs. However, it is important to study the effects of inclusion levels lower than 4%, in order to do not compromise diet palatability.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a digestibilidade, palatabilidade e parâmetros sanguíneos em cães alimentados com dietas contendo crescentes níveis de plasma suíno spray-dried (PSD). Ainda, objetivou-se isolar a digestibilidade do PSD em cães. Foram utilizados 36 cães distribuídos em 3 experimentos. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade (Experimento 1) foram utilizados oito cães adultos da raça Beagle, distribuídos em quadrado latino duplo (4x4). Foram avaliadas quatro dietas: 0%, 4%, 8% e 12% PSD. Para avaliação da palatabilidade (Experimento 2) foram utilizados 20 cães adultos. Foram comparadas duas dietas: 0% PSD vs. 4% PSD. Para a avaliação hematológica (Experimento 3) foram utilizados oito cães adultos Beagles. Todos os cães foram alimentados com a dieta 0% PSD por 10 dias e posteriormente com a dieta contendo 12% PSD por mais 10 dias. Houve aumento linear (P0,05), nos cães alimentados com 12% PSD. Conclui-se que o PSD apresenta elevada digestibilidade da PB e MS, sendo viável o seu uso em dietas para cães. Entretanto, é importante estudar os efeitos de níveis de inclusão menores que 4%, a fim de não comprometer a palatabilidade da dieta.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate food palatability, digestibility and blood parameter of dogs fed diets containing increasing levels of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDP). We also aimed to evaluate the SDP digestibility for dogs. We used 36 dogs distributed in 3 experiments. In the digestibility assay (Experiment 1), eight adult Beagles were distributed according to a double Latin square design (4 x 4). The following diets were evaluated: 0, 4, 8, and 12% SDP of diet. In the palatability trial (Experiment 2), 20 adult dogs were used. Diets containing 0 and 4% SDP were pair-wised compared. Blood parameters (Experiment 3) were evaluated in eight adult Beagles. Dogs were fed the diet with 0% for 10 days and then the diet with 12% SDP for further 10 days. Dietary SDP inclusion promoted a linear increase (P<0.05) in the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP). The CTTAD of DM and CP obtained by analysis of regression of the SDP were 0.981 and 0.912, respectively. Diet palatability was reduced when 4% SDP was included in the diet (P<0.05). Total circulating leukocytes, total plasma protein, and albumin levels increased when 12% SDP was included in the diet (P<0.05), but other blood parameters were not affected (P>0.05). In conclusion, SDP shows high digestibility of CP and DM, being feasible its use in diets for dogs. However, it is important to study the effects of inclusion levels lower than 4%, in order to do not compromise diet palatability.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a digestibilidade, palatabilidade e parâmetros sanguíneos em cães alimentados com dietas contendo crescentes níveis de plasma suíno spray-dried (PSD). Ainda, objetivou-se isolar a digestibilidade do PSD em cães. Foram utilizados 36 cães distribuídos em 3 experimentos. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade (Experimento 1) foram utilizados oito cães adultos da raça Beagle, distribuídos em quadrado latino duplo (4x4). Foram avaliadas quatro dietas: 0%, 4%, 8% e 12% PSD. Para avaliação da palatabilidade (Experimento 2) foram utilizados 20 cães adultos. Foram comparadas duas dietas: 0% PSD vs. 4% PSD. Para a avaliação hematológica (Experimento 3) foram utilizados oito cães adultos Beagles. Todos os cães foram alimentados com a dieta 0% PSD por 10 dias e posteriormente com a dieta contendo 12% PSD por mais 10 dias. Houve aumento linear (P<0,05) dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS) e da proteína bruta (PB) com a inclusão de PSD na dieta. Os CDA da MS e PB do PSD, obtidos por análise de regressão foram de 98.1% e 91.2%, respectivamente. O nível de 4% PSD reduziu a palatabilidade da dieta (P<0,05). Houve aumento dos leucócitos totais circulantes, proteínas totais e albumina (P<0,05), não havendo alterações nas demais variáveis hematológicas (P>0,05), nos cães alimentados com 12% PSD. Conclui-se que o PSD apresenta elevada digestibilidade da PB e MS, sendo viável o seu uso em dietas para cães. Entretanto, é importante estudar os efeitos de níveis de inclusão menores que 4%, a fim de não comprometer a palatabilidade da dieta.(AU)

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The study of alternative protein sources is very important to lower the cost of aquafeeds. In this study, the use of waste from the processing of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) in the diet of juveniles of this species was evaluated. This feed was used in a recirculation system with 16 polypropylene tanks (280 L), each one containing 50 fish (initial weight = 5.50 ± 0.09 g). Fish were tested on four diets (37% crude protein and 3200 kcal kg-1 digestible energy): a control diet composed of swine meat and bone meal, one with meal made from silver catfish carcasses with viscera, a diet of meal from carcasses without viscera, and a diet of fish meal made from the whole fish. The data measured were final weight, condition factor, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, daily weight gain, and protein retention rate of fishes on different diets. Overall higher final weight (50.5 g), specific growth rate (3.9% day-1), feed conversion (1.3:1), and deposition of body protein (6.3 g) was observed for fish fed with the diet containing carcass meal from silver catfish with viscera than on the other diets. The incorporation of waste meal from the processing of silver catfish into the diet is viable for achieving fish growth.(AU)

O estudo de fontes de proteínas alternativas é muito importante para reduzir o custo de dietas aquícolas. Neste estudo foi avaliada a utilização de resíduos do processamento de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) na dieta de juvenis desta espécie. Deste modo, foi utilizado sistema de recirculação com 16 tanques de polipropileno (280 L), cada um com 50 peixes (peso inicial = 5,5 ± 0,09 g). Foram testadas quatro dietas (37% de proteína bruta e 3.200 kcal-1 kg de energia digestível): dieta controle, composta por farinha de carne e ossos suína, substituída por farinha de peixe, composta por peixe inteiro (jundiá), farinha de carcaças de jundiá com vísceras e dieta com farinha de carcaças de jundiá sem vísceras. Foi avaliado, o peso final, fator de condição, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de conversão alimentar, ganho de peso diário e taxa de retenção de proteína. Observou-se maior peso final (50,5 g), taxa de crescimento específico (3,9% dia-1), conversão alimentar (1,3:1), deposição de proteína corporal (6,3 g) para os peixes alimentados com as dietas compostas por farinha de carcaça de jundiás com vísceras. A incorporação de farinha de resíduos do processamento de jundiás na dieta é viável para o crescimento dos peixes.(AU)

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The study of alternative protein sources is very important to lower the cost of aquafeeds. In this study, the use of waste from the processing of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) in the diet of juveniles of this species was evaluated. This feed was used in a recirculation system with 16 polypropylene tanks (280 L), each one containing 50 fish (initial weight = 5.50 ± 0.09 g). Fish were tested on four diets (37% crude protein and 3200 kcal kg-1 digestible energy): a control diet composed of swine meat and bone meal, one with meal made from silver catfish carcasses with viscera, a diet of meal from carcasses without viscera, and a diet of fish meal made from the whole fish. The data measured were final weight, condition factor, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, daily weight gain, and protein retention rate of fishes on different diets. Overall higher final weight (50.5 g), specific growth rate (3.9% day-1), feed conversion (1.3:1), and deposition of body protein (6.3 g) was observed for fish fed with the diet containing carcass meal from silver catfish with viscera than on the other diets. The incorporation of waste meal from the processing of silver catfish into the diet is viable for achieving fish growth.

O estudo de fontes de proteínas alternativas é muito importante para reduzir o custo de dietas aquícolas. Neste estudo foi avaliada a utilização de resíduos do processamento de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) na dieta de juvenis desta espécie. Deste modo, foi utilizado sistema de recirculação com 16 tanques de polipropileno (280 L), cada um com 50 peixes (peso inicial = 5,5 ± 0,09 g). Foram testadas quatro dietas (37% de proteína bruta e 3.200 kcal-1 kg de energia digestível): dieta controle, composta por farinha de carne e ossos suína, substituída por farinha de peixe, composta por peixe inteiro (jundiá), farinha de carcaças de jundiá com vísceras e dieta com farinha de carcaças de jundiá sem vísceras. Foi avaliado, o peso final, fator de condição, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de conversão alimentar, ganho de peso diário e taxa de retenção de proteína. Observou-se maior peso final (50,5 g), taxa de crescimento específico (3,9% dia-1), conversão alimentar (1,3:1), deposição de proteína corporal (6,3 g) para os peixes alimentados com as dietas compostas por farinha de carcaça de jundiás com vísceras. A incorporação de farinha de resíduos do processamento de jundiás na dieta é viável para o crescimento dos peixes.

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A study was conducted to compare the endogenous basal losses of phosphorus (EBLP) in pigs fed diets containing gelatin (GEL) or spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) as protein sources and to determine the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in SDPP. The trial was carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. Twelve castrated pigs with an initial body weight of 55 kg were individually allotted in metabolic crates during two 12-day periods, each with 7 days of adaptation and 5 days of total fecal collection. The beginning and the end of the collecting periods were determined according to the marker-to-marker approach, using ferric oxide as an indigestible marker. Pigs were submitted to four semi-purified diets, one being a P-free diet with 30% of GEL as the protein source and three were diets with 10%, 20%, and 30% inclusion of SDPP respectively. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the model included the effects of period, animal and treatments; the results of the three diets with increased levels of SDPP were subjected to linear regression analysis. The intercept of the relation of between ingested P and absorbed P represented the EBLP, while the slope indicated the STTD of P in SDPP. The EBLP means obtained by P-free diet and regression method were compared with the Student t test. The EBLP were 128.95 mg/kg dry matter intake (DMI) and 153.63 mg/kg DMI (standard error = 77.0; p<0.06) using the P-free diet with GEL as the protein source and the regression method, obtained with diets containing increased levels of SDPP, respectively. The apparent digestibility of P was 87.9%, 94.2%, and 92.9% for the treatments containing 10%, 20%, and 30% inclusion of SDPP, respectively. The estimated STTD of P obtained with the linear regression was 97.4%. When the EBLP estimated by the P-free diet was used to corrected the apparent digestibility of P in diets containing SDPP, the STTD of P in SDPP was 96.9%, 98.8%, and 95.9% for 10%, 20%, and 30% SDPP, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that SDPP can replace GEL to estimate the endogenous losses of P. In addition, the STTD of P in SDPP estimated with the P-free diet was 97.2% and it was 97.4% by the regression method, utilizing SDPP.

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We evaluated the feeding behavior of F1 Holstein x Zebu lactating cows at 80 ± 12 days of lactation and average production of 20 ± 0.42 kg of milk / day, fed different sources of nitrogen compounds: soybean meal, sunflower meal, detoxified castor meal, and urea. We used two 4 x 4 Latin squares, consisting of four animals, four diets, and four experimental periods. The feeding behavior was obtained by visual evaluation to set the time spent eating, ruminating, idling and to assess ruminating chews and chewing time for ruminal boluses. There was no difference regarding the times spent in feeding (P = 0.1384), rumination (0.5964), idleness (P = 0.6314), number of periods in feeding (P = 0.5995), rumination (P = 0.4575), and idleness (P = 0.4251), duration of periods in feeding (P = 0.2711), rumination (P = 0.8699) and idling (P = 0.4025), depending on the used diet. There was no difference in milk production (P = 0.2755) of the cows among the experimental diets. The addition of sunflower meal to the diet, regarding the use of urea, results in lower consumption of NDF in minutes / kg (P = 0.0399) and, thus, a lesser feed efficiency of dry matter (P = 0.0069). Therefore, some feeding behavior characteristics of F1 Holstein x Zebu lactating cows can be changed by using different nitrogen sources; however, without harming the average production of 20 kg of milk corrected to 3.5% fat /day.(AU)

Avaliou-se o comportamento ingestivo de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu com 80 ± 12 dias de lactação e produção média de 20 ± 0,42 kg de leite/dia, alimentadas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados: farelos de soja, de girassol, de mamona desintoxicados e ureia. Utilizaram-se dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4, compostos de quatro animais e quatro dietas, com quatro períodos experimentais. O comportamento ingestivo foi obtido por avaliação visual para definir o tempo despendido em alimentação, ruminação, ócio e para avaliar mastigações merícicas e tempo de mastigação por bolo ruminal. Não houve diferença no tempo em alimentação (P = 0,1384), ruminação (P = 0,5964), ócio (P = 0,6314), número de períodos de alimentação (P = 0,5995), de ruminação (P = 0,4575) e de ócio (P = 0,4151), duração dos períodos de alimentação (P = 0,2711), ruminação (P = 0,8699) e ócio (P = 0,4025), em função da dieta utilizada. Não houve diferença na produção de leite (P = 0.2755) das vacas entre as dietas experimentais. A adição do farelo de girassol à dieta, em relação à utilização de ureia, resulta em menor consumo de FDN em minutos/kg (P = 0,0399) e consequentemente menor eficiência de alimentação da matéria seca (P = 0,0069), comparado ao tratamento com ureia. Assim, algumas características do comportamento ingestivo de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu em lactação podem ser alteradas pelo uso de diferentes fontes nitrogenadas; entretanto, sem prejudicar a produção média de 20 kg de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura/dia.(AU)

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Abstract: We evaluated the feeding behavior of F1 Holstein x Zebu lactating cows at 80 ± 12 days of lactation and average production of 20 ± 0.42 kg of milk / day, fed different sources of nitrogen compounds: soybean meal, sunflower meal, detoxified castor meal, and urea. We used two 4 x 4 Latin squares, consisting of four animals, four diets, and four experimental periods. The feeding behavior was obtained by visual evaluation to set the time spent eating, ruminating, idling and to assess ruminating chews and chewing time for ruminal boluses. There was no difference regarding the times spent in feeding (P = 0.1384), rumination (0.5964), idleness (P = 0.6314), number of periods in feeding (P = 0.5995), rumination (P = 0.4575), and idleness (P = 0.4251), duration of periods in feeding (P = 0.2711), rumination (P = 0.8699) and idling (P = 0.4025), depending on the used diet. There was no difference in milk production (P = 0.2755) of the cows among the experimental diets. The addition of sunflower meal to the diet, regarding the use of urea, results in lower consumption of NDF in minutes / kg (P = 0.0399) and, thus, a lesser feed efficiency of dry matter (P = 0.0069). Therefore, some feeding behavior characteristics of F1 Holstein x Zebu lactating cows can be changed by using different nitrogen sources; however, without harming the average production of 20 kg of milk corrected to 3.5% fat / day.

Resumo: Avaliou-se o comportamento ingestivo de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu com 80 ± 12 dias de lactação e produção média de 20 ± 0,42 kg de leite/dia, alimentadas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados: farelos de soja, de girassol, de mamona desintoxicados e ureia. Utilizaram-se dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4, compostos de quatro animais e quatro dietas, com quatro períodos experimentais. O comportamento ingestivo foi obtido por avaliação visual para definir o tempo despendido em alimentação, ruminação, ócio e para avaliar mastigações merícicas e tempo de mastigação por bolo ruminal. Não houve diferença no tempo em alimentação (P = 0,1384), ruminação (P = 0,5964), ócio (P = 0,6314), número de períodos de alimentação (P = 0,5995), de ruminação (P = 0,4575) e de ócio (P = 0,4151), duração dos períodos de alimentação (P = 0,2711), ruminação (P = 0,8699) e ócio (P = 0,4025), em função da dieta utilizada. Não houve diferença na produção de leite (P = 0.2755) das vacas entre as dietas experimentais. A adição do farelo de girassol à dieta, em relação à utilização de ureia, resulta em menor consumo de FDN em minutos/kg (P = 0,0399) e consequentemente menor eficiência de alimentação da matéria seca (P = 0,0069), comparado ao tratamento com ureia. Assim, algumas características do comportamento ingestivo de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu em lactação podem ser alteradas pelo uso de diferentes fontes nitrogenadas; entretanto, sem prejudicar a produção média de 20 kg de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura/dia.

RESUMO

We evaluated the feeding behavior of F1 Holstein x Zebu lactating cows at 80 ± 12 days of lactation and average production of 20 ± 0.42 kg of milk / day, fed different sources of nitrogen compounds: soybean meal, sunflower meal, detoxified castor meal, and urea. We used two 4 x 4 Latin squares, consisting of four animals, four diets, and four experimental periods. The feeding behavior was obtained by visual evaluation to set the time spent eating, ruminating, idling and to assess ruminating chews and chewing time for ruminal boluses. There was no difference regarding the times spent in feeding (P = 0.1384), rumination (0.5964), idleness (P = 0.6314), number of periods in feeding (P = 0.5995), rumination (P = 0.4575), and idleness (P = 0.4251), duration of periods in feeding (P = 0.2711), rumination (P = 0.8699) and idling (P = 0.4025), depending on the used diet. There was no difference in milk production (P = 0.2755) of the cows among the experimental diets. The addition of sunflower meal to the diet, regarding the use of urea, results in lower consumption of NDF in minutes / kg (P = 0.0399) and, thus, a lesser feed efficiency of dry matter (P = 0.0069). Therefore, some feeding behavior characteristics of F1 Holstein x Zebu lactating cows can be changed by using different nitrogen sources; however, without harming the average production of 20 kg of milk corrected to 3.5% fat /day.

Avaliou-se o comportamento ingestivo de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu com 80 ± 12 dias de lactação e produção média de 20 ± 0,42 kg de leite/dia, alimentadas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados: farelos de soja, de girassol, de mamona desintoxicados e ureia. Utilizaram-se dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4, compostos de quatro animais e quatro dietas, com quatro períodos experimentais. O comportamento ingestivo foi obtido por avaliação visual para definir o tempo despendido em alimentação, ruminação, ócio e para avaliar mastigações merícicas e tempo de mastigação por bolo ruminal. Não houve diferença no tempo em alimentação (P = 0,1384), ruminação (P = 0,5964), ócio (P = 0,6314), número de períodos de alimentação (P = 0,5995), de ruminação (P = 0,4575) e de ócio (P = 0,4151), duração dos períodos de alimentação (P = 0,2711), ruminação (P = 0,8699) e ócio (P = 0,4025), em função da dieta utilizada. Não houve diferença na produção de leite (P = 0.2755) das vacas entre as dietas experimentais. A adição do farelo de girassol à dieta, em relação à utilização de ureia, resulta em menor consumo de FDN em minutos/kg (P = 0,0399) e consequentemente menor eficiência de alimentação da matéria seca (P = 0,0069), comparado ao tratamento com ureia. Assim, algumas características do comportamento ingestivo de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu em lactação podem ser alteradas pelo uso de diferentes fontes nitrogenadas; entretanto, sem prejudicar a produção média de 20 kg de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura/dia.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O surubim (Pseudoplatystoma sp.) é uma das espécie de peixe mais apreciadas para o consumo. Por ser uma espécie carnívora, exige atenção especial no que tange às suas exigências nutricionais. Até o momento, poucos estudos foram realizados para estabelecê-las na fase de engorda, em especial em sistema de cultivo intensivo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os desempenhos zootécnico e econômico de surubins (Pseudoplatystoma sp.) na fase final de crescimento, estocados em tanque-rede e alimentados com dietas com diferentes níveis de proteína. Os peixes, com peso de 356,6±40,3g, foram acondicionados em 12 tanques-rede de 18m3, nos quais permaneceram por cinco meses até adquirirem o peso comercial para abate. O tratamento experimental foi constituído por três dietas extrusadas comerciais, com os níveis de proteína bruta (36, 38, 40%PB) sendo substituídos gradativamente por carboidratos. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de crescimento, rendimento de filé, enzimas metabólicas e desempenho econômico. O ganho de peso, o ganho de peso diário, o consumo de dieta, a taxa de eficiência proteica, a sobrevivência e o rendimento de filé não apresentaram diferença significativa. A conversão alimentar foi melhor para os peixes alimentados com a dieta com 38 e 40%PB. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para os parâmetros de índice hepatossomático e de enzimas hepáticas. Apesar dos maiores gastos com a ração contendo 38%PB em comparação à dieta com 36%PB, esta foi a que apresentou o melhor índice de custo por kg de peixe produzido. Os melhores índices de crescimento e o menor custo de arraçoamento foram obtidos pelos peixes alimentados com a dieta 38%PB, sendo esta, portanto recomendada para o arraçoamento na fase final de surubins em tanque-rede.

The Pseudoplatystoma sp. is one of the most appreciated fish species for consumption. Being a carnivorous species, the painted requires special attention regarding their nutritional requirements. To date, few studies have been conducted to establish them in their stage of fattening especially in intensive cultivation systems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the growth and economic performance of Pseudoplatystoma sp fed with protein levels reared in net cages. The fish weighing from 356.6 ± 40.3g were packed in twelve net cages in 18 m3 in which they remained for five months until acquiring the commercial weight for slaughter. The experimental treatment was constituted by three commercial extruded diets with different crude protein levels (36, 38, 40% CP) gradually being replaced with carbohydrate. Growth parameters, metabolic enzymes, fillet yield and economic performance were evaluated. The gain in weight, daily weight gain, diet consumption, protein efficiency rate, survival and fillet yield did not show significant difference. The feed conversion was best for fish fed a diet with 38 and 40% CP. No significant differences were observed for the hepatossomatic index parameters and liver enzymes. There were larger expenditures on rations containing 38% PB compared to the diet with 36% CP, this presented the best index of cost per kg of fish produced. The best growth rates and lower cost of feeding were obtained by fish fed with a 38% CP diet, which is, therefore, recommended for feeding in the final phase of surubins monitored via net cages.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: tfermented soybean meal (FSBM) by virtue of its method of processing has lost some antinutritional factors such as some oligosaccharides and antigens. Therefore, it is possible to include FSBM in weanling pig diets to replace fish meal (FM), chicken meal (CM), or poultry by-product meal (PBM).Objective: three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that FSBM may replace FM, CM, or PBM in diets fed to weanling pigs. Methods: in Experiment 1, a total of 192 pigs (initial BW: 6.88 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments: negative control (NC) and positive control (PC) without or with FM and protein plasma; low level of FSBM replacing FM, and high level of FSBM replacing FM and protein plasma. In Experiment 2, a total of 175 pigs (initial BW: 6.86 kg) were randomly allotted to 5 dietary treatments, which were similar as Experiment 1 but with 3 levels of FSBM. In Experiment 3, 175 pigs (initial BW: 6.97 kg) were allotted to 5 dietary treatments: NC, FM diet, chicken meal (CM) diet, poultry by-product meal (PBM) diet, and FSBM diet. Results: the final BW of the pigs in each experiment was not different among treatments, except for Experiment 2 in which adding high level of FSBM reduced final BW (p<0.05). Likewise, the G:F (feed conversion efficiency) for the overall experiment were not different among treatments in Experiments 1 and 2. However, in Experiment 3, G:F was greater (p<0.05) for pigs fed FM diet than for pigs fed other diets, but G:F was not different among pigs fed CM, PBM, or FSBM diet. Conclusion: fermented soybean meal may replace FM, CM, or PBM in diets fed to pigs during 4 week post-weaning period without affecting pig growth performance.

Antecedentes: la harina de soya fermentada (FSBM) debido a su método de procesamiento pierde algunos de los factores anti-nutricionales como son los oligosacáridos y antígenos. Por lo tanto, es posible incluir FSBM en dietas a cerdos post-destetados reemplazando harina de pescado (FM), harina de pollo (CM) o harina de sub-productos de pollo (PBM). Objetivo: tres experimentos fueron conducidos para probar la hipótesis de que FSBM podría reemplazar FM, CM o PBM en dietas de cerdos destetados. Métodos:en el Experimento 1, un total de 192 cerdos (peso inicial BW: 6,88 kg) fueron aleatoriamente asignados a 4 tratamientos dietarios: control negativo (NC) y control positivo (PC), sin o con FM y plasma proteica, bajo nivel de FSBM en reemplazo de FM y alto nivel de FSBM reemplazo FM y plasma proteica. En el Experimento 2, un total de 175 cerdos (peso inicial BW: 6,86 kg) fueron asignados a 5 tratamientos dietarios, los cuales fueron similares al Experimento 1 pero con 3 niveles de FSBM. En el Experimento 3 un total de 175 cerdos (peso inicial BW: 6,97 kg) fueron asignados a los siguiente tratamientos dietarios: NC, FSBM, CM, PBM y FSBM. Resultados: el peso final de los cerdos en cada uno de los experimentos no fue diferente entre los tratamientos, excepto en el Experimento 2 en el cual la adición de altos niveles de FSBM redujeron el peso final (p<0.05). Así mismo, la eficiencia alimenticia de todo el experimento no fue diferente entre los tratamientos en los Experimentos 1 y 2. Sin embargo, en el Experimento 3, la conversión alimenticia fue mayor (p<0.01) en cerdos alimentados con dietas con FM comparado con cerdos alimentados con los otros tratamientos, pero no fue diferente entre cerdos alimentados con CM, PBM o FSBM. Conclusión: la harina de soya fermentada podría reemplazar FM, CM o PBM en dietas de cerdos durante 4 semanas post-desdete sin afectar el desempeño de crecimiento.

Antecedentes: o processo de obtenção da soja integral fermentada (FSBM) resulta em perda de alguns fatores anti nutricionais como oligossacarídeos e antígenos. Consequentemente, é possivel incluir FSBM em dietas de leitões recém-desmamados em substituição a farinha de peixe (FM), farinha de vísceras de frango (CM), ou farinha de vísceras e ossos de frango (PBM). Objetivo:três experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar se FSBM pode ser usada para substituir FM, CM e PBM em dietas de leitões desmamados. Métodos: em Experimento 1 um total de 192 leitões (peso inicial: 6.88kg) foram randomizados em 4 dietas tratamento: 1) controle negativo (CN); 2) controle positivo (CP) com ou sem farinha de peixe e farinha de sangue; 3) nível baixo de FSBM substituindo FM e 4) nível alto de FSBM substituindo FM e farinha de sangue. Em Experimento 2, um total de 175 leitões (peso inicial: 6.86 kg) foram randomizados em 5 dietas tratamento similares ao Experimento 1 mas com 3 níveis de FSBM. Em Experimento 3, 175 leitões (peso inicial: 6.86 kgs) foram randomizados em 5 dietas tratamento: NC, FM, CM, PBM e FSBM. Resultados:não houve diferença no peso final dos leitões entre os diferentes tratamentos, exceto por Experimento 2 onde a adição níveis alto de FSBM reduziu o peso final (p<0.05). Também, a conversão alimentar em geral não foi diferente entre os tratamentos em Experimento 1 e 2. Entretanto, em Experimento 3, a conversão alimentar foi maior (p<0.05) em leitões que consumiram farinha de peixe comparado com leitões que consumiram as outras dietas, mas não foi diferente entre leitões que consumiram dietas com CM, PBM ou FSBM. Conclusão: soja integral fermentada podem ser usadas para substituir FM, CM e PBM em dietas fornecidas a leitões durante o periodo de 4 semanas pós desmame sem afetar o desempenho de crescimento dos animais.

RESUMO

O surubim (Pseudoplatystoma sp.) é uma das espécie de peixe mais apreciadas para o consumo. Por ser uma espécie carnívora, exige atenção especial no que tange às suas exigências nutricionais. Até o momento, poucos estudos foram realizados para estabelecê-las na fase de engorda, em especial em sistema de cultivo intensivo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os desempenhos zootécnico e econômico de surubins (Pseudoplatystoma sp.) na fase final de crescimento, estocados em tanque-rede e alimentados com dietas com diferentes níveis de proteína. Os peixes, com peso de 356,6±40,3g, foram acondicionados em 12 tanques-rede de 18m3, nos quais permaneceram por cinco meses até adquirirem o peso comercial para abate. O tratamento experimental foi constituído por três dietas extrusadas comerciais, com os níveis de proteína bruta (36, 38, 40%PB) sendo substituídos gradativamente por carboidratos. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de crescimento, rendimento de filé, enzimas metabólicas e desempenho econômico. O ganho de peso, o ganho de peso diário, o consumo de dieta, a taxa de eficiência proteica, a sobrevivência e o rendimento de filé não apresentaram diferença significativa. A conversão alimentar foi melhor para os peixes alimentados com a dieta com 38 e 40%PB. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para os parâmetros de índice hepatossomático e de enzimas hepáticas. Apesar dos maiores gastos com a ração contendo 38%PB em comparação à dieta com 36%PB, esta foi a que apresentou o melhor índice de custo por kg de peixe produzido. Os melhores índices de crescimento e o menor custo de arraçoamento foram obtidos pelos peixes alimentados com a dieta 38%PB, sendo esta, portanto recomendada para o arraçoamento na fase final de surubins em tanque-rede.(AU)

The Pseudoplatystoma sp. is one of the most appreciated fish species for consumption. Being a carnivorous species, the painted requires special attention regarding their nutritional requirements. To date, few studies have been conducted to establish them in their stage of fattening especially in intensive cultivation systems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the growth and economic performance of Pseudoplatystoma sp fed with protein levels reared in net cages. The fish weighing from 356.6 ± 40.3g were packed in twelve net cages in 18 m3 in which they remained for five months until acquiring the commercial weight for slaughter. The experimental treatment was constituted by three commercial extruded diets with different crude protein levels (36, 38, 40% CP) gradually being replaced with carbohydrate. Growth parameters, metabolic enzymes, fillet yield and economic performance were evaluated. The gain in weight, daily weight gain, diet consumption, protein efficiency rate, survival and fillet yield did not show significant difference. The feed conversion was best for fish fed a diet with 38 and 40% CP. No significant differences were observed for the hepatossomatic index parameters and liver enzymes. There were larger expenditures on rations containing 38% PB compared to the diet with 36% CP, this presented the best index of cost per kg of fish produced. The best growth rates and lower cost of feeding were obtained by fish fed with a 38% CP diet, which is, therefore, recommended for feeding in the final phase of surubins monitored via net cages.(AU)

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RESUMO

The Pseudoplatystoma sp. is species of carnivorous fish that require special attention in the diet offered. This work had the objective to determine the digestible protein requirement of juvenile the Pseudoplatystoma sp. reared in net cages. The test consisted of four isoenergetic diets (2606.69 ± 39.16 kcal kg-1 of digestible energy) containing increasing levels of digestible protein (23, 24, 26 and 28%PD) provided to juveniles of surubim (157.35±11.23g) for five months. The parameters of growth, fillet composition, metabolic liver enzymes and morphometry of the intestine and liver were analyzed in completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates. An increase of protein in the diet provided better weight gain. The metabolic liver enzymes increased in fish fed 24PD. The histopathological changes were not observed in the liver of the fish. The bowel histology showed adaptation to increased protein in the diet until the 26 level PD. juveniles of Pseudoplatystoma sp. Were demanding in digestible protein, showing the best results of production performance and nutrient use efficiency with the diet containing 28%PD.(AU)

O surubim (Pseudoplatystoma sp.) é uma das espécie de peixe carnívora que exige atenção especial na dieta ofertada. Este trabalho teve o objetivo determinar a exigência de proteína digestível de juvenis de surubim (Pseudoplatystoma sp.) criados em tanque-rede. O ensaio foi constituído por quatro dietas isoenergéticas (2606,69±39,16 kcal. kg-1 de energia digestível) contendo níveis crescentes de proteína digestível (23, 24, 26 e 28 % PD) fornecidas aos juvenis de surubim (157,35± 11,23g) durante cinco meses. Os parâmetros de crescimentos, composição do filé, enzimas metabólicas hepáticas e morfometria do intestino e fígado foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. O aumento de proteína na dieta proporcionou melhor ganho em peso. As enzimas do metabolismo hepático aumentaram nos peixes alimentados com 24%PD. Não foram observadas alterações histopatológicas no fígado dos peixes. A histologia do intestino revelou adaptação ao aumento de proteína na dieta até o nível de 26% PD. Os juvenis de surubim mostraram-se exigentes em proteína digestível, apresentando os melhores resultados de desempenho de produção e de eficiência de utilização dos nutrientes com a dieta contendo 28% de PD.(AU)

Assuntos