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ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe traffic accidents involving motorcyclists and analyze the association between possession of a motorcycle driver's license and use of helmets according to the severity of injuries. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted among all patients hospitalized in the traumatology and orthopedics sector of a public reference hospital in northeastern Brazil. Results: 170 patients were surveyed, the majority were male (95.9%). Their ages ranged from 18 to 67 years. Most were black or brown (52.3%), had completed elementary school (58.9%) and had monthly income smaller than two minimum wages (56.5%). An association was found between being licensed to drive a motorcycle and wearing a helmet. Among those who suffered moderate injuries, this association was OR=5.66(1.85-17.23) and among those who suffered severe injuries it was OR=13.57(2.82-65.14). Conclusions: people who were licensed to drive motorcycles used a helmet as protective equipment more often and, in accidents, suffered fewer injuries.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever os acidentes de trânsito envolvendo motociclistas e analisar a associação entre ter habilitação para conduzir motocicletas e uso de capacete com a gravidade dos acidentes. Métodos: estudo transversal com todos os pacientes hospitalizados no setor de traumatologia e ortopedia de um hospital público de referência no Nordeste do Brasil. Resultados: foram pesquisados 170 pacientes, a maioria do sexo masculino (95,9%). A idade variou entre 18 e 67 anos. Os pesquisados eram de cor preta ou parda (52,3%), tinham estudo fundamental (58,9%) e renda mensal menor que dois salários mínimos (56,5%). Foi encontrada uma associação entre ter habilitação e uso de capacete. Entre os que sofreram acidentes de gravidade moderada, essa associação foi OR=5,66(1,85-17,23) e entre os que sofreram acidentes de gravidade severa foi OR=13,57(2,82-65,14). Conclusões: pessoas com licença para conduzir motocicletas que usam capacetes como equipamento de proteção, em caso de acidentes, sofrem lesões menos graves.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir los accidentes de tránsito con los motociclistas y evaluar la asociación entre el permiso para conducir motocicletas y el uso del casco con la gravedad de los accidentes. Métodos: estudio transversal, realizado a los pacientes hospitalizados en el sector de Traumatología y Ortopedia de un hospital público de referencia de la región Nordeste de Brasil. Resultados: participaron 170 pacientes; la mayoría de ellos del sexo masculino (95,9%), de edad entre 18 y 67 años. Los encuestados eran negros o pardos (52,3%), tenían estudios primarios (58,9%), ingresos mensuales inferiores a dos salarios mínimos (56,5%). Se encontró una asociación entre tener el permiso de conducir y llevar casco. Entre los que sufrieron accidentes moderados, esta asociación fue OR=5,66(1,85-17,23), y entre los que sufrieron accidentes graves fue OR=13,57(2,82-65,14). Conclusiones: las personas con permiso para conducir motocicletas que utilizaron casco como equipo de protección sufrieron lesiones menos graves en los accidentes.

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Abstract Introduction Motorcycles are used as a common means of transportation, and motorcycle accidents are responsible for a major portion of trauma injuries. Objectives The purpose of this study was to analyze the patterns of facial injuries in motorcyclists, to evaluate the types of injuries, and to investigate if the accidentrelated factors had any impact on the characteristics of the injuries. Methods This retrospective observational study included 74 patients with maxillofacial injuries following motorcycle-related accidents. Investigated data were divided into four main categories: sociodemographic, accident-related, injury-related, and treatment-related. Results All the patients were males with a mean age (±SD) of 25.03 (±9.986) years. Most accidents (n = 44, 59.4%) occurred in the evening. Most of the patients (n = 40, 54%) were traveling on motorcycle models that had maximum speed of over 120 km/h. Furthermore, 15 patients (18.9%) were under the influence of alcohol during the crashes and only one patient was wearing a helmet. Fractures of the maxillofacial bones were observed in 50 (67.5%) crash victims; 24 of them (48%) had middle third fractures, 11 (22%) had mandibular fractures, and 15 patients (30%) presented with a combination of lower, middle, and upper third fractures. Conclusion Almost all patients were not wearing helmets at the moment of the crash. The most common fractured site was the maxilla. The majority of the patients received surgical treatment. Increased enforcement of safety measures for riders and raising awareness about the dangers of motorcycle crashes are required measures to improve traffic safety and, ultimately, population health.

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Introduction Motorcycles are used as a common means of transportation, and motorcycle accidents are responsible for a major portion of trauma injuries. Objectives The purpose of this study was to analyze the patterns of facial injuries in motorcyclists, to evaluate the types of injuries, and to investigate if the accident-related factors had any impact on the characteristics of the injuries. Methods This retrospective observational study included 74 patients with maxillofacial injuries following motorcycle-related accidents. Investigated data were divided into four main categories: sociodemographic, accident-related, injury-related, and treatment-related. Results All the patients were males with a mean age (±SD) of 25.03 (±9.986) years. Most accidents ( n = 44, 59.4%) occurred in the evening. Most of the patients ( n = 40, 54%) were traveling on motorcycle models that had maximum speed of over 120 km/h. Furthermore, 15 patients (18.9%) were under the influence of alcohol during the crashes and only one patient was wearing a helmet. Fractures of the maxillofacial bones were observed in 50 (67.5%) crash victims; 24 of them (48%) had middle third fractures, 11 (22%) had mandibular fractures, and 15 patients (30%) presented with a combination of lower, middle, and upper third fractures. Conclusion Almost all patients were not wearing helmets at the moment of the crash. The most common fractured site was the maxilla. The majority of the patients received surgical treatment. Increased enforcement of safety measures for riders and raising awareness about the dangers of motorcycle crashes are required measures to improve traffic safety and, ultimately, population health.

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Objetivo: Descrever as condições de trabalho, adoecimento e o enfrentamento da enfermagem na pandemia de COVID-19 em uma capital brasileira. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa. Os dados foram coletados entre agosto e setembro de 2021, de forma on-line. A análise foi realizada por meio do BioEstat 5.0, com técnicas de estatística descritiva e analítica a partir do teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson e do Exato de Fisher, sendo calculado o Odds Ratio nas variáveis em que houve associação significativa. Resultados: Dos 121 participantes do estudo, 106 eram do sexo feminino e mais de 50% possuíam dois vínculos de trabalho. 102 profissionais referiram receber baixos salários pela complexidade do trabalho desenvolvido e 46 apontaram condições precárias para o exercício profissional. Foi encontrada associação estatística na variável referente às orientações de como inspecionar as máscaras N95/PFF2 ou equivalente (p=0.017; OR=0.31; IC 95%=0.13-0.77) e na variável acerca dos profissionais que já apresentaram sintomas de COVID-19 e/ou tiveram diagnóstico confirmado (p=0.047; OR=0.43; IC 95%=0.20-0.93). Conclusão: O presente estudo aponta a necessidade de melhor organização e condições de trabalho nos serviços de saúde de forma que os profissionais de enfermagem possam prestar uma assistência de qualidade. (AU)

Objective: To describe the working conditions, illness and nursing coping in the COVID-19 pandemic in a Brazilian capital. Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. Data were collected between August and September 2021, online. The analysis was performed using BioEstat 5.0, with descriptive and analytical statistical techniques from Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test, with the Odds Ratio being adequate for the variables in which there was a linked association. Results: Of the 121 study participants, 106 were female and more than 50% had two jobs. 102 professionals reported salaries earned due to the complexity of the work performed and 46 indicated precarious conditions for professional practice. A statistical association was found regarding the guidelines on how to inspect with masks N95 / PFF2 or equivalent (p = 0.017; OR = 0.31; 95% CI = 0.13-0.77) and the relative variable of professionals who are already associated students of COVID-19 and/or had a confirmed diagnosis (p = 0.047; OR = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.20-0.93). Conclusion: This study points to the need for better organization and working conditions in health services so that nursing professionals must provide quality care. (AU)

Objetivo: Describir las condiciones de trabajo, enfermedad y afrontamiento de enfermería en la pandemia de COVID-19 en una capital brasileña. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, transversal con enfoque cuantitativo. Los datos se recopilaron entre agosto y septiembre de 2021, en línea. El análisis se realizó mediante BioEstat 5.0, con técnicas estadísticas descriptivas y analíticas de la prueba chi-cuadrado de Pearson y la prueba exacta de Fisher, siendo la Odds Ratio adecuada para las variables en las que existía asociación ligada. Resultados: De los 121 participantes del estudio, 106 eran mujeres y más del 50% tenían dos trabajos. 102 profesionales reportaron sueldos percibidos por la complejidad del trabajo realizado y 46 señalaron condiciones precarias para el ejercicio profesional. Se encontró asociación estadística con respecto a las guías sobre cómo inspeccionar con mascarilla N95 / PFF2 o equivalente (p = 0.017; OR = 0.31; IC 95% = 0.13-0.77) y la variable relativa de profesionales que ya son estudiantes asociados de COVID- 19 y / o tenían un diagnóstico confirmado (p = 0,047; OR = 0,43; IC 95% = 0,20-0,93). Conclusión: Este estudio apunta a la necesidad de una mejor organización y condiciones de trabajo en los servicios de salud para que los profesionales de enfermería deban brindar una atención de calidad. (AU)

Assuntos

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ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe a technological innovation in the development of an individual, ergonomic, sustainable and effective occupational respiratory protection mask for workers exposed to surgical smoke. Methods: applied, exploratory, quantitative research, using design methods and tools: Sense Intent, Know Context, Know People, Frame Insights, Explore Concepts, Frame Solutions, Realize Offerings, in addition to the Product Development Process tools. It was developed from March 2019 to December 2021. Results: from the prototyping mold, it became possible to represent the abstract to the physical, where all the concepts created in the methodological steps were implemented and the necessary adjustments were made to create the model as a technological innovation, which will have the concept for product commercialization. Conclusions: a mask for protection against surgical smoke (HeLP) was developed, from the design step to the prototype development, being a technological innovation.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir una innovación tecnológica en el desarrollo de una máscara de protección respiratoria ocupacional individual, ergonómica, sostenible y eficaz para trabajadores expuestos al humo quirúrgico. Métodos: investigación exploratoria aplicada con un enfoque cuantitativo, utilizando métodos y herramientas de diseño: Sense Intent, Know Context, Know People, Frame Insights, Explore Concepts, Frame Solutions, Realize Offers, además de las herramientas del Proceso de Desarrollo de Producto. Fue desarrollado de marzo de 2019 a diciembre de 2021. Resultados: a partir del molde de prototipado, se logró representar lo abstracto a lo físico donde implementó los conceptos creados en las etapas metodológicas y realizó los ajustes necesarios para la creación del modelo como innovación tecnológica en el cual tendrá el concepto para la comercialización del producto. Conclusiones: se desarrolló una máscara de protección contra el humo quirúrgico (HeLP), desde la etapa de diseño hasta el desarrollo del prototipo, configurando una innovación tecnológica.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever uma inovação tecnológica do desenvolvimento de máscara de proteção ocupacional respiratória individual, ergonômica, sustentável e eficaz para trabalhadores expostos à fumaça cirúrgica. Métodos: pesquisa aplicada, exploratória com abordagem quantitativa, empregando métodos e ferramentas em design: Sense Intent, Know Context, Know People, Frame Insights, Explore Concepts, Frame Solutions, Realize Offerings, além das ferramentas do Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos. Foi desenvolvida no período de março de 2019 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: a partir do molde da prototipagem, tornou-se possível a representação do abstrato para o físico, onde implementou os conceitos criados nas etapas metodológicas e realizou os ajustes necessários para a criação do modelo como uma inovação tecnológica em que terá o conceito para a comercialização do produto. Conclusões: foi desenvolvida uma máscara de proteção contra a fumaça cirúrgica (HeLP), desde a etapa de projeto até o desenvolvimento do protótipo, configurando-se uma inovação tecnológica.

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RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi traduzir, adaptar e validar transculturalmente a versão para língua portuguesa brasileira do questionário Hearing Protection Assessment Questionnaire (HPA). Método O instrumento original, desenvolvido na língua inglesa, buscou avaliar as barreiras e suportes relacionados ao uso dos dispositivos de proteção auditiva (DPA), assim como o conhecimento, hábitos e atitudes dos trabalhadores frente ao ruído ocupacional. A tradução, adaptação e validação transcultural do questionário foi composta de cinco etapas: Tradução do questionário do inglês para o português; 2) Processo inverso de tradução do português para o inglês; 3) Análise do instrumento por três especialistas na área; 4) Pré-teste do questionário com 10 trabalhadores; 5) Aplicação do instrumento em 509 trabalhadores de uma indústria frigorífica após o exame admissional. Resultados os resultados indicam a validade de construção e conteúdo da versão em Português Brasileiro para o seu uso com uma população trabalhadora e a consistência interna do mesmo. Conclusão Este estudo resultou na tradução, na adaptação cultural e validação do questionário Hearing Protection Assessment Questionnaire (HPA) com a finalidade de ser usado para avaliar o uso de proteção auditiva individual em âmbito ocupacional, denominado Questionário de Avaliação da Proteção Auditiva (APA).

ABSTRACT Purpose The aim of the present study is to translate, adapt, and cross-culturally validate the Brazilian Portuguese version of the questionnaire Hearing Protection Assessment Questionnaire (HPA). Methods The original instrument, developed in English, seeks to assess barriers and supports related to the use of hearing protection devices (HPD), as well as workers' knowledge, habits and attitudes towards occupational noise. The translation, adaptation, and cross-cultural validation of the questionnaire consisted of five steps: Translation of the questionnaire from English to Portuguese; 2) Reverse translation from Portuguese to English; 3) Analysis of the instrument by three experts in the field; 4) Pre-test of the questionnaire with ten workers; 5) Application of the instrument to 509 workers in a meatpacking industry after the pre-employment medical exam. Results The results indicate the construction and content validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version for use with a working population and its internal consistency. Conclusion This study resulted in the translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the Hearing Protection Assessment Questionnaire (HPA), in order to be used to assess the use of individual hearing protection in the occupational field, called Hearing Protection Assessment Questionnaire (HPA).

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ABSTRACT Objective: To identify and synthesize scientific evidence that the use of face protection masks by children, in the community and at home, is a way of preventing communicable diseases. Data source: A scoping review was made using the Joana Briggs Institute method and PRISMA-ScR. A research was carried out in five electronic databases, at the Cochrane Library and on seven websites of governmental and non-governmental institutions. The data were organized in a spreadsheet and submitted to narrative analysis. Data synthesis: Initially, 658 productions were identified, of which 19 made up the final sample. Studies with higher levels of evidence are scarce. The types of masks identified were professional (surgical and facial respirators with filtration) and non-professional (homemade). The transmissible agents studied were influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, and the evaluated environments were schools, homes and community spaces. The main discomforts reported were heat, shortness of breath, headache and maladjustment to the face. The indication and acceptability of masks change according to the age group and clinical conditions. There is no consensus on the reduction in the transmissibility of infections. Conclusions: Children older than five can benefit from the correct use of masks, as long as they are supervised, taught and educated to do so and the masks should be well adjusted to the face. The use of masks show better results when associated with other measures such as physical distancing, keeping places ventilated and frequent hand hygiene.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar e sintetizar evidências científicas sobre o uso de máscaras faciais de proteção por crianças, na comunidade e no domicílio, como forma de prevenção de doenças transmissíveis. Fontes de dados: Revisão de escopo seguindo o método Joana Briggs Institute e o PRISMA-ScR. Realizou-se pesquisa em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas, na Biblioteca Cochrane e em sete sites de instituições governamentais e não governamentais. Os dados foram organizados em planilha e submetidos à análise narrativa. Síntese dos dados: Inicialmente foram identificadas 658 produções, das quais 19 compuseram a amostra final. Estudos com melhores níveis de evidência são escassos. Os tipos de máscaras identificadas foram as profissionais (cirúrgicas e respiradores faciais com filtragem) e as não profissionais (caseiras). Os agentes transmissíveis estudados foram os vírus influenza e SARS-CoV-2, e os ambientes avaliados foram escolas, domicílios e espaços comunitários. Os principais desconfortos relatados foram calor, falta de ar, dor de cabeça e desajuste ao rosto. A indicação e a aceitabilidade mudam conforme faixa etária e condições clínicas. Não há consenso sobre a redução da transmissibilidade de infecções. Conclusões: Crianças maiores de 5 anos podem se beneficiar com o uso correto de máscaras, desde que sejam supervisionadas e educadas para isso e que a máscara esteja bem ajustada ao rosto. Há melhores resultados quando seu uso está associado a outras medidas, como distanciamento físico, permanência em locais arejados e higiene frequente das mãos.

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No final do primeiro trimestre de 2020 a Organização Mundial da Saúde reconheceu a contaminação pelo novo SARS-Cov2 como uma pandemia. Diante disso, encontrar alternativas diante das dificuldades de fornecimento de EPIs, incluindo aqueles de difícil fabricação e considerados descartáveis, como os respiradores do tipo N95 e/ou PFF2, tornou-se uma das tarefas difíceis e primordiais para garantir assistência aos pacientes com a doença do coronavírus (COVID-19). Objetivo: Avaliar a segurança no uso de respiradores descontaminados do tipo PFF2, equipamentos de proteção individual (EPIs) considerados de uso único por profissional de saúde em situações de pandemia. Método: Pesquisa de abordagem de multimétodos. O estudo foi dividido em três desdobramentos metodológicos: uma revisão sistemática com metanálise, um estudo com desenho quase-experimental e um estudo de caso. O relatório da revisão sistemática com metanálise foi desenvolvido em oito bases científicas, de acordo com as orientações de Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), com busca de publicações entre janeiro de 2020 e agosto de 2022. A pergunta norteadora foi: o reúso e/ou descontaminação de máscaras N95 viabiliza a manutenção da integridade e eficiência de filtração para os profissionais de saúde na prevenção da COVID-19? A meta-análise foi realizada usando meta-regressão, com variação inversa. A avaliação metodológica dos artigos foi realizada através do instrumento Joanna Briggs critical appraisal para ensaios experimentais não randomizados. O quase-experimento e o estudo de caso foram realizados na Central de Materiais e Esterilização (CME), em um hospital público, universitário e federal da região Sul do Brasil. Foi definido o cálculo do tamanho amostral mínimo de seis respiradores PFF2 para cada tipo de intervenção e tempo de uso para o desenvolvimento do quase-experimento. Este cálculo foi baseado no estudo piloto com máscaras novas com simulação de uso, com análise de potência de 90%, com dois desvios- padrão e com nível de confiança de 95%. As amostras foram coletadas de forma não aleatória, com recrutamento sequencial em duas unidades: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI não- COVID), na qual os profissionais utilizavam respiradores PFF2 por 42 horas, e a UTI-COVID, na qual as máscaras PFF2 foram utilizadas por 6 horas. O período da coleta foi de 60 dias, entre os meses de abril e junho de 2021. Os critérios de inclusão foram: respiradores do tipo PFF2 fornecidos pela instituição para uso profissional contra agentes biológicos, com laudos de certificação de eficiência bacteriológica, e usados pelos profissionais das UTIs COVID e não- COVID, conforme o protocolo. Os critérios de exclusão foram: respiradores com deformidades ou danificados, com perda de integridade aparente, com marcações que não fossem decorrentes de uso, respiradores valvulados, bem como respiradores da UTI não-COVID descartados com tempo de uso inferior ou superior às 42 horas (7 plantões de 6 horas) preconizadas. Os grupos foram divididos por tempo de uso e tipo de intervenção: Grupo Controle, composto de respiradores novos, e nove grupos experimentais adicionais. Foram consideradas como variáveis dependentes quantitativas: os resultados dos testes de resistência à respiração, à penetração do filtro e à inflamabilidade relacionada à segurança do usuário após o processo de descontaminação de respiradores PFF2. Como variáveis independentes qualitativas foram considerados os tipos de processo de descontaminação. As amostras foram analisadas em laboratório tecnológico de materiais e produtos para o controle da qualidade na cidade de São Paulo, certificado pela Rede Brasileira de Laboratórios de Ensaio (RBLE), com base na norma ABNT NBR 13698/2022, avaliando resistência à respiração com fluxo contínuo de inalação e exalação, penetração através do filtro e inflamabilidade. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Para analisar se o respirador permaneceu seguro para o uso após a descontaminação em relação ao grupo controle, foi empregado o teste t Student, para verificar a diferença da resistência à respiração (inalação e exalação) e à penetração do filtro da PFF2 entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste Anova. Foram considerados significativos os valores de p <0,05. Para o estudo de caso, foram aplicadas fontes institucionais, registros de tempo e recursos utilizados para a descontaminação de respirador PFF2. Baseado no modelo de IOWA, foi elaborado o fluxo do processo com a identificação das etapas para viabilizar a descontaminação dos respiradores. Posteriormente, foi elaborada uma planilha para coleta dos dados e comparação dos custos diretos no período pré e durante a pandemia. Quanto aos preceitos bioéticos, esta pesquisa foi orientada pela legislação, aprovada pelo comitê de ética da instituição, CAAE 702207717.4.0000.5327, parecer de aprovação n.2.183.123. Resultados: Como resultados da revisão sistemática, sete artigos foram incluídos na extração dos dados e avaliação crítica, e três na meta-análise. Quatro estudos avaliaram a integridade por inspeção visual e dois por microscopia eletrônica. Não se constatou associação entre o aumento do número de ciclos e a redução da filtração em até 10 ciclos. Nenhum estudo foi considerado de alta qualidade metodológica. Quanto aos resultados do quase-experimento, a resistência à respiração da PFF2 se manteve dentro dos limites preconizados pela norma para os diferentes fluxos de pressão (p<=0,001) na comparação entre as máscaras novas e usadas, independente do tempo de uso. Em relação à manutenção da filtração da PFF2, verifica-se que todos os grupos se mantiveram dentro do limite preconizado de penetração (<6%) utilizando cloreto de sódio em um fluxo contínuo de 95l/min. No entanto, constata-se diferença significativa (p=0,002) entre as máscaras descontaminadas e as novas, independentemente do tipo de tratamento no requisito de penetração. Ao avaliar o tempo de uso, as máscaras descontaminadas e utilizadas por 42h apresentaram, quando comparadas às máscaras novas, diferença significativa na penetração (p=0,012). Em relação ao estudo de caso, afirma-se que, no cenário analisado, o custo do processo de descontaminação de respiradores do tipo PFF2 de uso único durante a pandemia da COVID-19 não é justificável em períodos em que não há escassez de recursos. Conclusão: A partir da revisão sistemática, há evidências da manutenção da integridade e filtração após reúso de respiradores N95/PFF2 para prevenir a COVID-19. O quase-experimento ratificou alguns achados da revisão sistemática, mostrando que a descontaminação de máscara PFF2 é viável nos tipos de descontaminações propostos neste estudo, em situações de pandemia, quando avaliados os requisitos de resistência e manutenção da filtragem em acordo com a norma preconizada. Resíduos de suor e/ou maquiagem não se configuraram como fatores impeditivos para manutenção da filtragem dos respiradores PFF2, além de não terem influenciado no risco de maior ou menor inflamabilidade da máscara. Quanto ao custo do processo de descontaminação desses respiradores, a única justificativa viável para a prática da descontaminação seria a indisponibilidade e o desabastecimento deste EPI.

At the end of the first quarter of 2020, the World Health Organization recognized the contamination by the new SARS-Cov2 as a pandemic. Finding alternatives for the difficulties in providing PPE, including those that are difficult to manufacture and are considered disposable, such as N95 and/or PFF2 respirators, became one of the hardest and fundamental tasks to ensure assistance to patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Objective: To evaluate the safety in the use of PFF2 respirators decontaminated type, personal protective equipment (PPE) considered for one-time use by a health professional in pandemic situations. Method: Research was based on a multimethod approach. This study was developed in three methodological unfoldings: a systematic-metanalysis review, a study with a quasi-experimental design and a case-study. The systematic-metanalysis review report was developed based on the orientations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) on eight scientific basis, looking for publications between January of 2020 and August of 2022. The guiding question was: does the reuse and/or decontamination of N95 masks enable to maintain the integrity and efficiency of filtration for health professionals in the COVID-19 prevention? The metanalysis was carried out using meta-regression with inverse variance. The articles methodological evaluation was performed through the tool Joanna Briggs critical appraisal for not randomized experimental tests. The quasis-experiment and the case study were carried out at the Materials and Sterilization Center, in a public, federal and university hospital in the southern region of Brazil. It was established the sample size calculation minimum of six PFF2 respirators for each type of intervention and time of use for the development of the quasis-experiment. The calculation was based on the pilot study with new masks with simulated use, with power analysis of 90%, with two standard deviations and confidence level of 95%. The samples were collected non-randomly, with sequential recruitment in two units: Intensive Care Unit (non-COVID ICU), in which professionals used PFF2 respirators for 42 hours, and the ICU-COVID, in which PFF2 masks were used for 6 hours. The collection period was of 60 days between the months of April and June of 2021. As inclusion criteria, were used PFF2 respirators for professional use against biological agents provided by the institution, with bacteriological efficiency certification reports, and used by professionals of COVID and non-COVID ICUs, according to the protocol. Exclusion criteria were respirators with deformities or damaged, with apparent loss of integrity, with marks that were not due to use, valved respirators, as well as non-COVID ICU respirators discarded with time of use less than or greater than 42 hours (7 shifts of 6 hours) recommended. The groups were divided by time of use and type of intervention: Control Group, composed of new respirators, and nine additional experimental groups. The following quantitative dependent variables were considered: results of breath resistance tests, of filter penetration and of flammability related to user safety after the decontamination process of PFF2 respirators. As qualitative independent variables, the types of decontamination process were considered. The samples were analyzed in a materials and products technological laboratory for quality control in the city of São Paulo, certified by the Rede Brasileira de Laboratórios de Ensaio (RBLE), based on the ABNT NBR 13698/2022 norm, evaluating the resistance of breathing with a continuous flow of inhalation and exhalation, penetration through the filter and flammability. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. To analyze if the respirator remained safe for use after decontamination compared to the control group T Student test was used to verify the difference of breathing resistance (inhalation and exhalation) and to the penetration of the PFF2 filter was used the ANOVA test. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. For the case study, institutional sources, time registrations and resources used for the decontamination of PFF2 respirator were applied. Based on the IOWA model, the process flow was elaborated with the identification stages to enable respirators decontamination. Afterwards, a spreadsheet was made to collect data and to compare direct costs in the periods of before and during the pandemic. As for the bioethical precepts, this research was guided by the legislation, approved by the institution's ethics committee, CAAE 702207717.4.0000.5327, approval opinion n.2.183.123. Results: As systematic review results, seven articles were included in the data extraction and critical evaluation, and three articles in the metanalysis. Four studies evaluated the integrity by visual inspection and two studies by electronic microscopy. There was not observed any association between the increase in the number of cycles and the filtration reduction in up to ten cycles. Any study was considered of high methodological quality. As for the quasi-experiment results, the PFF2 breathing resistance remained within the limits recommended by the norm for the different pressure flows (p<=0.001) in the comparison between new and used masks, regardless of the time of use. Regarding the PFF2 filtration maintenance, it is verified that all groups remained within the recommended penetration limit (<6%) using sodium chloride in a continuous flow of 95l/min. However, there is a significant difference (p=0.002) between decontaminated and new masks, regardless of the type of treatment in the penetration requirement. When evaluating the time of use, the masks decontaminated and used for 42 hours presented, when compared to new masks, a significant difference in penetration (p=0.012). Regarding the case study, it is stated that, in the scenario analyzed, the costs of PFF2 respirators decontamination process of single use during the COVID-19 pandemic is not justifiable in periods where there is no resource shortage. Conclusion: From the systematic review, there is integrity and filtration maintenance evidence after the reuse of N95/PFF2 respirators to prevent COVID-19. The quasi-experiment ratified findings of systematic review, showing that PFF2 mask decontamination is practicable in the types of decontamination proposed in this study, in pandemic situations, when the resistance and filtering maintenance requirements were evaluated in accordance with the recommended norm. Sweat and/or makeup residues were not configured as deterrent factors for the filtering of PFF2 respirators maintenance, as well as not influencing the risk of greater or lesser flammability of the mask. In terms of decontamination process cost of single-use PFF2 respirators, the only viable justification for the practice of PFF2 masks decontamination would be the unavailability and shortage of this PPE.

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Introducción. En diciembre de 2019 en Wuhan, China, se presentó un brote de neumonía atípica generado por el virus SARS-CoV-2, el cual es un tipo de coronavirus causante de la enfermedad COVID-19, que se convirtió con el tiempo en una pandemia. En este contexto, el uso de los elementos de protección personal tomó un especial interés, en especial para la atención del trabajo de parto vaginal, dada la confusión en los círculos obstétricos respecto a la mejor forma de proteger al personal sanitario en dichos casos. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión es identificar cuáles son los elementos de protección personal indicados en la atención del parto vaginal y su correcto uso en tiempos de COVID-19. División de temas tratados. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura accediendo a las bases de datos: PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, Google Académico y sitios web como la Organización Mundial de la salud (OMS), Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC, por sus siglas en inglés) y el Colegio Americano de Obstetras y Ginecólogos (ACOG), entre otros. Se usaron palabras claves como "Infecciones por Coronavirus", "Parto Normal", "Protección Personal", "Personal de Salud", "Dispositivos de Protección Respiratoria" y "Dispositivos de Protección de los Ojos". La literatura permitió identificar aspectos introductorios al tema, epidemiología, características generales de los elementos de protección personal, y los elementos específicos para el uso correcto en la atención del parto vaginal. Conclusiones. El trabajo de parto es considerado como un procedimiento generador de aerosoles, por lo que se recomienda principalmente el uso de tapabocas N95 o un respirador que ofrezca mayor protección para personal de salud en la atención del parto vaginal, con el fin de evitar la infección por SARS-CoV-2; sin embargo, se debe insistir en el uso adecuado y completo de los elementos de protección personal como lo son la bata quirúrgica, el gorro, el protector ocular y guantes, independientemente de la sintomatología de la paciente.

Introduction. In December 2019, in Wuhan, China, there was an outbreak of atypical pneumonia caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is a type of coronavirus causative of COVID-19, which overtime became a pandemic. In this context, the use of personal protective equipment is of special interest, especially when providing care in vaginal delivery, due to the confusion in obstetric circles regarding the best way to protect healthcare personnel in these cases. The objective of this review article is to identify which are the personal protective elements indicated for providing care in vaginal birth and their correct use during COVID-19. Division of Covered Topics. A narrative review of the literature was carried out, accessing the following databases: PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, Google Scholar, and websites such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Center for the Control and Prevention of Diseases (CDC), and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, among others. Keywords such as "Coronavirus Infections", "Normal Birth," Personal Protective Elements," "Healthcare Personnel", "Respiratory Protective Devices", and "Eye Protection Devices" were used. The literature allowed us to identify introductory aspects on the matter, epidemiology, general characteristics of personal protective elements, and the specific elements for correct use when providing care in vaginal birth. Conclusions. Labor is considered an aerosol-generating procedure. Therefore, the main recommendation is the use of an N95 mask or a respirator which allows for greater protection for healthcare personnel when assisting vaginal birth, in order to avoid infection due to SARS-CoV-2. However, there must be an adequate and complete use of personal protective equipment, such as surgical gowns, hats, eye protection and gloves, regardless of the patient's symptomatology

Introdução. Em dezembro de 2019 em Wuhan, na China, houve um surto de pneumonia atípica gerada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, que é um tipo de coronavírus que causa a doença COVID-19, que, com o tempo, acabou se tornando uma pandemia. Nesse contexto, o uso de elementos de proteção individual tornou-se de particular interesse, especialmente para a assistência do parto vaginal, dada a confusão nos círculos obstétricos quanto à melhor forma de proteger os profissionais da saúde nesses casos. O objetivo deste artigo de revisão é identificar os elementos de proteção individual indicados na assistência do parto vaginal e seu uso correto em tempos de COVID-19. Divisão de tópicos abordados. Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa da literatura acessando as seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, Google Scholar e sites como a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC, na sigla em inglês) e o Colégio Americano de Obstetras e Ginecologistas (ACOG), entre outros. Foram utilizadas palavras-chave como "Infecções por Coronavírus", "Parto Normal", "Proteção Pessoal", "Pessoal de Saúde", "Dispositivos de Proteção Respiratória" e "Dispositivos de Proteção Ocular". A literatura permitiu identificar aspectos introdutórios ao tema, epidemiologia, características gerais dos elementos de proteção individual e elementos específicos para o uso correto na assistência do parto vaginal. Conclusões. O trabalho de parto é considerado um procedimento gerador de aerossóis, portanto, recomenda-se principalmente o uso de máscaras N95 ou um respirador que ofereça maior proteção para os profissionais de saúde na assistência do parto vaginal, a fim de evitar a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2; no entanto, deve-se insistir no uso adequado e completo de elementos de proteção individual, como bata cirúrgica, touca, protetor ocular e luvas, independentemente dos sintomas do paciente.

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Introduction: In Brazil, the Ministry of Labor and Employment created Regulatory Standard number 32 (Norma Regulamentadora 32, NR-32), instituted by Ordinance 485, of November 11th, 2005. It establishes measures to protect workers' safety and health in any health service. Objectives: To quantify employees' compliance with NR-32 in the several units of a general hospital in the inland of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, reducing accidents related to work activity and allowing for the establishment of its fulfillment. Methods: This is an exploratory study with a qualitative and quantitative approach of data. Semi-structured questionnaires were applied to the volunteers. Results: Thirty-eight volunteers participated, who were divided into a group of professionals with a higher education degree (53.5%), consisting of nurses, physicians, and resident students, and another group of professionals with technical and high school degree and nursing assistants. Among the volunteers, 96.4% reported that they knew NR-32 and 39.2% reported having experienced an occupational accident in the period before the study. The use of personal protective equipment was reported by 88% of volunteers, and needle recapping by 7.1% of them. Conclusions: Assimilation of NR-32 by health care professionals, regardless of schooling, as well as its application within the hospital, may be a way of protection against occupational accidents during the development of work activities. Allied to this, protection may be extended with constant training of these workers.

Introdução: No Brasil, o Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego criou a Norma Regulamentadora número 32 (NR-32), instituída pela Portaria 485, de 11 de novembro de 2005. Ela estabelece as medidas para proteger a segurança e a saúde dos trabalhadores em qualquer serviço de saúde. Objetivos: Quantificar a adesão dos funcionários à NR-32 nos diversos setores de um hospital geral no interior do estado de São Paulo, reduzindo os acidentes relacionados à atividade laboral e permitindo o estabelecimento do cumprimento da norma. Métodos: Estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa dos dados. Foram aplicados questionários semiestruturados aos voluntários. Resultados: Totalizaram 28 voluntários, divididos em um grupo de profissionais atuantes com curso superior (53,5%), composto por enfermeiros, médicos e estudantes de residências, e em outro grupo de profissionais com nível de ensino médio e técnico e auxiliares de enfermagem. Entre os voluntários, 96,4% disseram conhecer a NR-32, e ocorreram 39,2% acidentes de trabalho no período anterior ao estudo. O uso de equipamento de proteção individual foi relatado por 88% dos voluntários, e o reencape de agulhas, por 7,1%. Conclusões: A assimilação da NR-32 entre os profissionais da área da saúde, independentemente da escolaridade, assim como sua aplicação dentro do hospital, parece ser uma maneira de proteção contra acidentes de trabalho durante o desenvolvimento das atividades laborais. Aliado a isso, a proteção pode ser estendida com a constante capacitação desses trabalhadores.

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Objectives. This study aimed to compare speech intelligibility in noise with and without hearing protection devices (HPDs). Methods. Fifty-one workers were distributed into three groups: noise-induced hearing loss group (NIHLG), normally hearing noise-exposed group (NG) and normally hearing non-exposed to noise group (CG). A free field system was used to emit monosyllables (65, 70 and 75 dB) and pink noise in different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) (0, -5, -10 and -15). Results. In situations with HPDs, all groups showed a decrease in the percentage of correct responses with an increase in noise level. The HPD had little effect on speech intelligibility in the NIHLG and NG. Considering the effect caused by the HPD on speech intelligibility, it was observed that the group with the greatest loss was the CG for SNRs of -5, -10 and -15. Conclusion. Although speech intelligibility is influenced by the hearing threshold, the noise level and SNR are crucial for good speech intelligibility, either with or without an HPD. It is highlighted that the NG had worse results when compared with the CG, which may indicate changes in the auditory pathway resulting from continuous noise exposure, even in the absence of changes in the audiometric thresholds.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: many studies have demonstrated the benefits of helmet to prevent and reduce severity of injuries in motorcyclists. Objective: the aim of the present study was to evaluate a possible relationship between the use of different types of helmets and the occurrence of facial injuries among victims of motorcycle accidents, seen at Hospital da Restauração, Recife/PE, Brazil. Materials and methods: demographic and trauma data were collected from hospitalized motorcycle accident victims with facial injuries from December 2020 to July 2021. Pearsons chi-square test was used to assess association between two categorical variables using a margin of error of 5%. Results: among the participants, the average age was 33.46 years. The age group between 18 and 29 years was the most prevalent. Most participants were male. 60.0% of motorcyclists used helmets at the time of the accident and of this percentage 37.6% used fixed full-face helmet, 16.5% open-face helmet and the other 5.9% articulated full-face helmet. 62.7% of participants had facial fractures. Among the fractures, those of the zygomatic-orbital complex were the most common fracture and were significantly associated with the use of helmets, especially with open-face helmet. Conclusions: the use of helmets was associated with a lower number of facial fractures among patients who were victims of motorcycle accidents. Fracture of the zygomatic-orbital complex was related to the absence of a helmet at the time of the accident, as well as the use of open-face helmets.

RESUMO Introdução: muitos estudos têm demonstrado os benefícios do uso de capacete para prevenir e reduzir a gravidade das lesões em motociclistas. Objetivo: o objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu em avaliar uma possível relação entre o uso dos diversos tipos de capacete e a ocorrência do trauma facial entre vítimas de acidentes motociclísticos atendidos no Hospital da Restauração, Recife/PE, Brasil. Materiais e Métodos: os dados demográficos e referentes ao trauma foram coletados de vítimas de acidentes motociclísticos hospitalizados com lesões faciais durante o período de Dezembro de 2020 a Julho de 2021. O teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar a relação entre duas variáveis categóricas utilizando uma margem de erro de 5%. Resultados: a idade média dos participantes foi 33,46 anos. A faixa etária entre 18 a 29 anos foi a mais prevalente. A maioria dos participantes eram do gênero masculino. 60,0% dos motociclistas utilizavam capacetes no momento do acidente e deste percentual 37,6% utilizavam capacete fechado, 16,5% capacete aberto e os outros 5,9% capacete escamoteável. 62,7% dos participantes tiveram fraturas faciais. Dentre as fraturas, as do complexo zigomático-orbitário foram as mais prevalentes e foram associadas com o uso de capacetes, especialmente os abertos. Conclusões: o uso de capacetes foi associado com um menor número de fraturas faciais entre os paciente vítimas de acidentes motociclísticos. A fratura do complexo zigomático-orbitário foi relacionada com a ausência de capacete no momento do acidente, bem como com o uso de capacetes abertos.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the feasibility of using a new helmet interface for CPAP, designated ELMO, to treat COVID-19-related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) outside the ICU. Methods: This was a proof-of-concept study involving patients with moderate to severe AHRF secondary to COVID-19 admitted to the general ward of a public hospital. The intervention consisted of applying CPAP via the ELMO interface integrated with oxygen and compressed air flow meters (30 L/min each) and a PEEP valve (CPAP levels = 8-10 cmH2O), forming the ELMOcpap system. The patients were monitored for cardiorespiratory parameters, adverse events, and comfort. Results: Ten patients completed the study protocol. The ELMOcpap system was well tolerated, with no relevant adverse effects. Its use was feasible outside the ICU for a prolonged amount of time and was shown to be successful in 60% of the patients. A CPAP of 10 cmH2O with a total gas flow of 56-60 L/min improved oxygenation after 30-to 60-min ELMOcpap sessions, allowing a significant decrease in estimated FIO2 (p = 0.014) and an increase in estimated PaO2/FIO2 ratio (p = 0.008) within the first hour without CO2 rebreathing. Conclusions: The use of ELMOcpap has proven to be feasible and effective in delivering high-flow CPAP to patients with COVID-19-related AHRF outside the ICU. There were no major adverse effects, and ELMO was considered comfortable. ELMOcpap sessions significantly improved oxygenation, reducing FIO2 without CO2 rebreathing. The overall success rate was 60% in this pilot study, and further clinical trials should be carried out in the future. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04470258 [http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/])

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a viabilidade do uso de uma nova interface do tipo capacete para CPAP, denominada ELMO, para o tratamento da insuficiência respiratória aguda (IRpA) hipoxêmica por COVID-19 fora da UTI. Métodos: Estudo de prova de conceito envolvendo pacientes com IRpA hipoxêmica moderada a grave secundária à COVID-19, internados na enfermaria geral de um hospital público. A intervenção consistiu na aplicação de CPAP por meio da interface ELMO integrada a fluxômetros de oxigênio e ar comprimido (30 L/min cada) e a uma válvula de PEEP (níveis de CPAP = 8-10 cmH2O), formando o sistema ELMOcpap. Os pacientes foram monitorados quanto a parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios, eventos adversos e conforto. Resultados: Dez pacientes completaram o protocolo do estudo. O sistema ELMOcpap foi bem tolerado, sem efeitos adversos relevantes. Seu uso foi viável fora da UTI por tempo prolongado e mostrou-se bem-sucedido em 60% dos pacientes. Uma CPAP de 10 cmH2O com fluxo total de gás de 56-60 L/min melhorou a oxigenação após sessões de ELMOcpap de 30-60 min, permitindo redução significativa da FIO2 estimada (p = 0,014) e aumento da PaO2/FIO2 estimada (p = 0,008) na primeira hora, sem reinalação de CO2. Conclusões: O uso do ELMOcpap mostrou-se viável e eficaz no fornecimento de CPAP de alto fluxo a pacientes com IRpA hipoxêmica por COVID-19 fora da UTI. Não houve nenhum efeito adverso importante, e o ELMO foi considerado confortável. As sessões de ELMOcpap melhoraram significativamente a oxigenação, reduzindo a FIO2 sem reinalação de CO2. A taxa global de sucesso foi de 60% neste estudo piloto, e novos ensaios clínicos devem ser realizados. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04470258 [http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/])

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In this work, we carried out a cross-sectional study to assess occupational ocular injuries and utilization of eye protective devices among sawmill workers in the Ojo local government area of Lagos State, Nigeria A structured questionnaire was used to conduct face-to-face interviews among the sawmill workers. Pearson's chi-squared test and t-test were used to test associations between variables. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 215 sawmill workers with a mean age of 37.08 ± 12.07 years participated in the study. A majority (55.8%) of the participants were male (93.7%), and a majority were 21-40 years old (55.8%). Of the participants, 78.6% were aware of occupational ocular injuries and 17.7% used ocular safety devices. The major barrier to the use of eye protective devices was unavailability (43%). Workers who were ≥20 years old (p < 0.001), who received a monthly salary of less than USD 100 (p < 0.043), who had work experience of ≥10 years (p < 0.04), who were aware of ocular hazards (p < 0.03), and who did not use protective eye devices (p < 0.02) were significantly associated with occupational ocular injuries compared to others. The prevalence of occupational ocular injuries and the utilization of eye safety devices among the sawmill workers in the current study were comparable to findings from other studies. Based on the results of our study, we advise the provision of ocular protective devices for sawmill workers and policies to enforce regular utilization.

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Introduction: The prolonged or incorrect use of facial masks, respirators and glasses or visors results in friction, pressure and shear forces that constantly act on the facial skin, leading to lesions and dermatitis. Objective: To develop and validate algorithms to guide health professionals in the correct use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and indicate preventive measures against skin injuries caused by inappropriate use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: For the develoment of the algorithms, an integrative literature review was performed using the following databases: PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS. The algorithms were evaluated by 59 health professionals (nurses, doctors, and physiotherapists), using the Delphi technique. A content validity index (CVI) was used for the statistical analysis. Results: The experts classified the items of the algorithms from fully inadequate to fully adequate in the first round of consultations, and from partially adequate to fully adequate in the second round. The overall CVI values were of 0.83 and 1.0 in the first and second rounds respectively. Conclusion: The algorithms validated by the expert panel can be used by health professionals when donning and doffing PPE, and to prevent the facial-skin lesions caused by their use. (AU)

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Introdução: As normas de biossegurança consistem em um conjunto de políticas, regras e procedimentos necessários aos profissionais que interagem com agentes microbiológicos. Apesar de essencial, essa ainda é uma temática pouco abordada durante a graduação em fisioterapia, na qual observa-se uma maior valorização das disciplinas de caráter técnico-profissionalizante. Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento de estudantes de Fisioterapia sobre as normas de biossegurança no ambiente hospitalar e propor alternativas para a ampliação da discussão acerca desta temática durante o período de graduação destes discentes. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo quali-quantitativo do tipo descritivo exploratório de caráter transversal através da aplicação de um questionário a respeito do tema abordado. A amostra foi definida por conveniência, totalizando 105 discentes. Resultados: 96% dos estudantes declararam que é necessário adotar as medidas de precaução padrão independentemente do diagnóstico do paciente e 98% afirmaram que se deve implantar a normatização dos conceitos de biossegurança. Conclusão: Com base no estudo, conclui-se que a capacitação continuada é condição indispensável para a segurança dos trabalhadores em qualquer que seja a área de atuação. (AU)

Introduction: Biosafety standards consist of a set of policies, rules, and procedures necessary for professionals who interact with microbiological agents. Although essential, this is still a topic that is rarely addressed during the graduation course in Physical therapy, in which there is a greater appreciation of disciplines of technical-professional character. Objective: To assess the knowledge of Physical therapy students on biosafety standards in hospital environment and propose alternatives to expand the discussion on this topic during the graduation period of these students. Methods: A qualitative quantitative study, descriptive and exploratory type, of transversal approach, was carried out through the application of a questionnaire. The sample was defined by convenience, totalizing 105 students. Results: 96% of the students declared that is necessary to adopt the standard precautionary measures independent of the diagnosis and 98% stated that the standardization of the concepts of biosafety should be implemented. Conclusion: Based on the study, we concluded that continued training is an indispensable condition for the safety of workers in any area of activity. (AU)

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PURPOSE: To report a case of bilateral scleral compromise in a male patient with hereditary porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT). METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 57-year-old male was referred to the Cornea Service at Hospital de Clinicas in Buenos Aires for bilateral scleral thinning. He claimed ocular discomfort and photophobia. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed an oval area of deep scleral thinning without uveal prolapse, adjacent to a conjunctival hyperemic zone in the interpalpebral area, 2 mm temporal to the limbus in the right eye. The left eye presented with a conjunctivalized scleral thinning in the interpalpebral area, 2 mm temporal to the limbus. Physical examination revealed facial hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis and multiple hypopigmented scars in hands and nails. His family history was positive for PCT. The diagnosis was made by urine porphyrin test and genetic molecular testing. In an attempt to reduce ocular and systemic levels of porphyrins, the patient was treated with oral hydroxychloroquine and repeated phlebotomies, altogether with specially designed glasses to avoid local exposure to sunlight. CONCLUSIONS: Scleral involvement is a rare manifestation of PCT. An adequate treatment, including interdisciplinary management may ameliorate ocular signs and symptoms.

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OBJECTIVES: To develop and test a protective device (PD) to increase the resistance of photostimulable storage phosphor (PSP) plate to compressive load, and assess the resulting image quality. METHODS: Two prototypes, polyvinylchloride sheets of 0.3 mm and 0.7 mm each, were developed for PSP plate size 2. The resistance to compressive load was tested using eight new PSPs divided into four test groups: (1) PSP, (2) PSP and paperboard protector, (3) PSP and 0.3 mm PD, and (4) PSP and 0.7 mm PD. The resulting images were analyzed by three oral radiologists, based on the consensus for image artifacts. Additionally, the objective image quality test was performed with four new PSPs, using an 8-step wedge aluminum scale. The mean gray values and standard deviation were measured in a total of 240 images, and the data were analyzed using analysis of variance with Bonferroni post-hoc test. RESULTS: Artifacts were seen in the PSP control group starting at 40 n, and at 150 n, 175 n and 300 n in 0.3 mm PD, paperboard protector and 0.7 mm PD, respectively. Although there was no statistical difference among groups, there were differences between exposure times (0.06-0.25 s, 0.06-0.40 s, and 0.10-0.40 s). Scanning resolution of 20 lp/mm showed higher mean gray value than 25 and 40 lp/mm (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The developed PDs improved the PSP resistance to compressive forces, with low interference on the pixel gray values, regardless of exposure time and spatial resolution. Nevertheless, the 0.7 mm PD could withstand the maximum compressive load.

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Background: The facemasks use has been discussed to prevent respiratory disease due airborne contamination. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review about the face masks use to avoid airborne contamination during COVID-19 pandemic and related conditions, registered (PROSPERO-CRD42020198347) and performed according PRISMA. Methods: PubMed, Embase and Scopus databases were used to collect data. Observational studies, published in 2020, and English language, were included. Two reviewers independently identified records through database search and reference screening and disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. Six studies were included. Results: The works investigated about the use of masks (different types) to prevent droplets dissemination with virus or bacterial suspension and decrease COVID-19 transmission routes, comfort, or temperature. The studies have moderate to critical risk of bias and the level of evidence is III-2. Conclusion: It is recommended facemask use to prevent droplets from escaping airborne and infecting other people, although there are different percentages of protection and can be possible a discomfort related the use. Further clinical trials to the effectiveness of face mask to avoid airborne contamination during the COVID-19 pandemic and the factors interfering with their effectiveness should be conducted.