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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictive ability of mortality prediction scales in cancer patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). DESIGN: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using a search algorithm in October 2022. The following databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, Virtual Health Library (BVS), and Medrxiv. The risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 scale. SETTING: ICUs admitting cancer patients. PARTICIPANTS: Studies that included adult patients with an active cancer diagnosis who were admitted to the ICU. INTERVENTIONS: Integrative study without interventions. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Mortality prediction, standardized mortality, discrimination, and calibration. RESULTS: Seven mortality risk prediction models were analyzed in cancer patients in the ICU. Most models (APACHE II, APACHE IV, SOFA, SAPS-II, SAPS-III, and MPM II) underestimated mortality, while the ICMM overestimated it. The APACHE II had the SMR (Standardized Mortality Ratio) value closest to 1, suggesting a better prognostic ability compared to the other models. CONCLUSIONS: Predicting mortality in ICU cancer patients remains an intricate challenge due to the lack of a definitive superior model and the inherent limitations of available prediction tools. For evidence-based informed clinical decision-making, it is crucial to consider the healthcare team's familiarity with each tool and its inherent limitations. Developing novel instruments or conducting large-scale validation studies is essential to enhance prediction accuracy and optimize patient care in this population.
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The Graded Prognostic Assessment (GPA) score has the best accuracy among prognostic scales for patients with brain metastases (BM). A wide range of GPA-derived scales have been established to different types of primary tumor BM. However, there is a high variability between them, and their characteristics have not been described altogether yet. We aim to summarize the features of the existent GPA-derived scales and to compare their predictor factors and their uses in clinical setting. Medline was searched from inception until January 2023 to identify studies related to the development, update, or validation of GPA. The initial search yielded 1,083 results. 16 original studies and 16 validation studies were included, comprising a total of 33,348 patients. 13 different scales were assessed, including: GPA, Diagnosis-Specific GPA, Extracranial Score, Lung-molGPA, Updated Renal GPA, Updated Gastrointestinal GPA, Modified Breast GPA, Integrated Melanoma GPA, Melanoma Mol GPA, Sarcoma GPA, Hepatocellular Carcinoma GPA, Colorectal Cancer GPA, and Uterine Cancer GPA. The most prevalent prognostic predictors were age, Karnofsky Performance Status, number of BM, and presence or absence of extracranial metastases. Treatment modalities consisted of whole brain radiation therapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, surgery, cranial radiotherapy, gamma knife radiosurgery, and BRAF inhibitor therapy. Median survival rates with no treatment and with a specific treatment ranged from 6.1 weeks to 33 months and from 3.1 to 21 months, respectively. Original GPA and GPA-derived scales are valid prognostic tools, but with heterogeneous survival results when compared to each other. More studies are needed to improve scientific evidence of these scales.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas , Melanoma , Radiocirurgia , Humanos , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Melanoma/patologia , Avaliação de Estado de Karnofsky , Terapia Combinada , Neoplasias Encefálicas/secundário , Radiocirurgia/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Most studies evaluating factors associated with the survival of patients with brain metastases (BM) have focused on patients with newly diagnosed BM. This study aimed to identify prognostic factors associated with survival after brain re-irradiation in order to develop a new prognostic index. METHODS: This 5-year retrospective study included patients treated with repeat-radiotherapy for recurrent BM at the "Instituto Nacional de Cancerología" of Mexico between 2015 and 2019. Significant variables in the multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to create the brain re-irradiation index (BRI). Survival and group comparisons were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients receiving brain re-irradiation were identified. Most patients were women (75.4%) with a mean age at BM diagnosis of 51.4 years. Lung and breast cancer were the most prevalent neoplasms (43.9% each). Independent prognostic factors for shorter survival after re-irradiation were: Age >50 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.5 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-5.8]; p = 0.026), uncontrolled primary tumor (HR:5.5 [95% CI, 2.2-13.5]; p < 0.001), lesion size >20 mm (4.6 [95% CI, 1.7-12.2]; p = 0.002), and an interval <12 months between radiation treatments (HR:4.3 [95% CI, 1.7-10.6]; p = 0.001). Median survival (MS) after re-irradiation was 14.6 months (95% CI, 8.2-20.9).MS of patients stratified according to the BRI score was 17.38, 10.34, and 2.82 months, with significant differences between all groups. CONCLUSIONS: The new BRI can be easily implemented for the prognostic classification of cancer patients with progressive or recurrent BM from extracranial solid tumors.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas , Reirradiação , Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Modelos de Riscos ProporcionaisRESUMO
Background: Despite neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) is being underused, it is an effective treatment for luminal tumors at a lower cost and with fewer side effects compared to those associated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT). The lack of robust comparative data between NHT and NCT is a factor that limits its use in clinical practice. Methods: This study will be a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority clinical trial. Patients diagnosed with HER2-negative luminal-subtype breast cancer will be identified at the time of diagnosis. Menopausal patients randomized for NHT should receive anastrozole for at least six months. Premenopausal women should receive anastrozole associated with subcutaneous goserelin acetate every 12 weeks for at least six months. Patients randomized for NCT will receive a standard institutional regimen based on anthracyclines and taxanes. Sample size was calculated considering the CPS + EG as a method for evaluating response and prognosis, where a score <3 was defined as good. The non-inferiority margin for NHT was set at 15%. The study considered a power of 80%, a significance level of 5%, and an outcome proportion in each group of 69%, resulting in 118 patients in each group. We estimated at 10% of losses, resulting in a sample of 130 patients in each group. Conclusion: The non-inferiority of NHT in relation to NCT will provide further evidence that replacing NCT with NHT is safe and effective in eligible patients, which is particularly relevant for populations with limited access to health services and for institutions with few available resources.
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PURPOSE: The Palliative Prognostic Index (PPI) was developed to improve survival prediction for advanced cancer patients. However, there is limited data about the PPI application in a real-world scenario. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of PPI > 6 in predicting survival of cancer inpatients. METHODS: A prospective observational cohort in an inpatient palliative care service at a tertiary hospital in São Paulo-SP, Brazil, between May 2011 and December 2018. RESULTS: We included 1,376 critically ill cancer inpatients. Patients were divided into three PPI subgroups: PPI ≤ 4, PPI 4-6, and PPI ≥ 6. Their respective medium overall survival values were 44 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 35.52-52.47), 20 days (95% CI 15.40-24.59), and 8 days (95% CI 7.02-8.98), (p < 0.001). PPI ≥ 6 predicted survival of <3 weeks with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 72% and an negative predictive value (NPV) of 68% (sensitivity 67%, specificity 72%). PPI > 4 predicted survival of <6 weeks with a PPV of 88% and an NPV of 36% (sensitivity 74%, specificity 59%). When PPI was <4, the mortality rate over 3 weeks was 39% with a relative risk (RR) of 0.15 (95% CI 0.11-0.20; p < 0.001), and the 6-week mortality rate was 63% with a RR of 0.18 (95% CI 0.13-0.25; p < 0.001) compared to PPI ≥ 4. CONCLUSIONS: PPI was a good discriminator of survival among critically ill cancer inpatients and could assist in hospital discharge decision. PPI may help healthcare policymakers and professionals in offering high-quality palliative care to patients.
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RESUMEN Introducción: diversos son los factores mancomunados a un mayor riesgo de recién nacidos con bajo peso al nacer en gestantes. Objetivos: aplicar y validar un índice pronóstico para la estratificación de riesgo de recién nacidos con bajo peso al nacer. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional de corte longitudinal, prospectivo o de cohortes en gestantes atendidas en el área de salud del municipio de Guanabacoa, en el período comprendido desde el 1º de enero de 2016 hasta el 31 de diciembre del 2019, para aplicar un índice pronóstico de bajo peso al nacer, con elementos clínicos. Mediante la función de regresión logística apreciada se calcularon las probabilidades de bajo peso al nacer en la muestra de estimación, y esa distribución empírica fue fragmentada en terciles para escrutar zonas que permitieran clasificar a las gestantes como de bajo, mediano y alto riesgo de bajo peso. Resultados: el (85,7 %) de las gestantes poseían baja probabilidad de bajo peso al nacer. El 60,4 % de las gestantes estuvieron clasificadas como pacientes con una alta probabilidad de bajo peso al nacer, y la mayoría de los pacientes clasificados de riesgo medio con bajo peso al nacer; 11 pacientes no fueron clasificados adecuadamente por el Índice pronostico. Conclusiones: el índice construido mostró eficacia y robustez adecuadas, siendo útil para realizar pronóstico de bajo peso al nacer en gestantes del área de salud (AU).
SUMMARY Introduction: there are many factors associated to a bigger risk for newborns with low weight at birth. Objective: to apply and to validate a prognostic index for the risk stratification in newborns with low weight at birth. Materials and methods: a cohort or prospective, longitudinal, observational study was carried out in pregnant women attending the health area of Guanabacoa municipality in the period from January 1st 2016 until December 31st 2019 to apply a prognostic index of low weight at birth, with clinical elements. Through the appreciated logistic regression function the possibilities of low weight at birth were calculated in the estimation sample, and that empiric distribution was fragmented in tertils to scrutinize zones allowing classifying pregnant women as low, medium and high risk of low weight births. Results: 85.7% of the pregnant women showed low probability of low birth weight. 60.4% of them was classified as patient with a high probability of low birth weight, and most of the patients classified as of medium risk of low birth weight; 11 patients were not adequately classified by the prognostic index. Conclusions: the conformed index showed suitable efficacy and reliability, being useful to carry out prognosis of low weight at birth in pregnant women of the health area (AU).
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Humanos , Prognóstico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Fatores de Risco , Indicador de Risco , Estudos Longitudinais , Estudo ObservacionalRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the performance of a hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) severity score among children with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections and HUS by stratifying them according to their risk of adverse events. The score has not been previously evaluated in a North American acute care setting. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed medical records of children <18 years old infected with STEC and treated in 1 of 38 participating emergency departments in North America between 2011 and 2015. The HUS severity score (hemoglobin [g/dL] plus 2-times serum creatinine [mg/dL]) was calculated using first available laboratory results. Children with scores >13 were designated as high-risk. We assessed score performance to predict severe adverse events (ie, dialysis, neurologic complication, respiratory failure, and death) using discrimination and net benefit (ie, threshold probability), with subgroup analyses by age and day-of-illness. RESULTS: A total of 167 children had HUS, of whom 92.8% (155/167) had relevant data to calculate the score; 60.6% (94/155) experienced a severe adverse event. Discrimination was acceptable overall (area under the curve 0.71, 95% CI 0.63-0.79) and better among children <5 years old (area under the curve 0.77, 95% CI 0.68-0.87). For children <5 years, greatest net benefit was achieved for a threshold probability >26%. CONCLUSIONS: The HUS severity score was able to discriminate between high- and low-risk children <5 years old with STEC-associated HUS at a statistically acceptable level; however, it did not appear to provide clinical benefit at a meaningful risk threshold.
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Regras de Decisão Clínica , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Infecções por Escherichia coli/diagnóstico , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/diagnóstico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Infecções por Escherichia coli/complicações , Infecções por Escherichia coli/mortalidade , Feminino , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/complicações , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/mortalidade , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , América do Norte , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Various biomarkers based on blood counts have been useful for the prognosis of patients critically ill with COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To describe the usefulness of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte (MLR) and lymphocyte-to-platelet (LPR) ratios for the prognosis of mortality and ventilatory support requirement for COVID-19. METHOD: Retrospective cohort of clinical records of patients with COVID-19 who required hospital care. RESULTS: One-hundred and -twenty-five cases were analyzed; mean age was 51 years, and 60 % were of the male gender; 21.6 % had type 2 diabetes mellitus, and 18.4 % had hypertension. Mean leukocyte count was 9.5 x 103/µL, with a neutrophil mean of 8.0 x 103/µL. Mean NLR was 12.01, while for MLR it was 0.442, and for LPR, 373.07. Regarding the area under the curve, the following values were recorded for mortality: 0.594 for NLR, 0.628 for MLR and 0.505 for LPR; as for mechanical ventilation, the values were 0.581 for NLR, 0.619 for MLR and 0.547 for LPR. In the univariate analysis, an NLR value > 13 (OR: 2.750, p = 0.001) and an MLR of > 0.5 (OR: 2.069, p = 0.047) were associated with mortality; LPR showed no impact on mortality or respiratory support. CONCLUSION: NLR and MLR are useful for predicting mortality in patients with COVID-19.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Diversos biomarcadores basados en conteos sanguíneos han sido de utilidad para el pronóstico de los pacientes en estado crítico por COVID-19. OBJETIVO: Describir la utilidad de los índices neutrófilo/linfocito (INL), monocito/linfocito (IML) y linfocito/plaqueta (IPL) para el pronóstico de la mortalidad y necesidad de soporte ventilatorio por COVID-19. MÉTODO: Cohorte retrospectiva de registros clínicos de pacientes con COVID-19 que requirieron atención hospitalaria. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 125 casos, la edad media fue de 51 años y 60 %, del sexo masculino; 21.6 % padecía diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y 18.4 %, hipertensión. La media de leucocitos fue 9.5 × 103/µL y la de neutrófilos, de 8.0 × 103/µL. La media del INL fue de 12.01; del IML, de 0.442 y del IPL, de 373.07. Respecto al área bajo la curva se registraron los siguientes valores en cuanto a mortalidad: INL, 0.594; IML, 0.628 e ILP, 0.505; en cuanto a ventilación mecánica: INL, 0.581; IML, 0.619 e ILP, 0.547. En el análisis univariado, INL > 13 (RM = 2.750, p = 0.001) e IML > 0.5 (RM = 2.069, p = 0.047) se asociaron a mortalidad; ILP no mostró impacto en la mortalidad ni en el soporte respiratorio. CONCLUSIÓN: INL e IML son de utilidad para predecir la mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19.
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COVID-19/sangue , COVID-19/mortalidade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , COVID-19/complicações , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Contagem de Leucócitos , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monócitos , Contagem de Plaquetas , Prognóstico , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: Diversos biomarcadores basados en conteos sanguíneos han sido de utilidad para el pronóstico de los pacientes en estado crítico por COVID-19. Objetivo: Describir la utilidad de los índices neutrófilo/linfocito (INL), monocito/linfocito (IML) y linfocito/plaqueta (IPL) para el pronóstico de la mortalidad y necesidad de soporte ventilatorio por COVID-19. Método: Cohorte retrospectiva de registros clínicos de pacientes con COVID-19 que requirieron atención hospitalaria. Resultados: Se analizaron 125 casos, la edad media fue de 51 años y 60 %, del sexo masculino; 21.6 % padecía diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y 18.4 %, hipertensión. La media de leucocitos fue 9.5 × 103/mL y la de neutrófilos, de 8.0 × 103/mL. La media del INL fue de 12.01; del IML, de 0.442 y del IPL, de 373.07. Respecto al área bajo la curva se registraron los siguientes valores en cuanto a mortalidad: INL, 0.594; IML, 0.628 e ILP, 0.505; en cuanto a ventilación mecánica: INL, 0.581; IML, 0.619 e ILP, 0.547. En el análisis univariado, INL > 13 (RM = 2.750, p = 0.001) e IML > 0.5 (RM = 2.069, p = 0.047) se asociaron a mortalidad; ILP no mostró impacto en la mortalidad ni en el soporte respiratorio. Conclusión: INL e IML son de utilidad para predecir la mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19.
Abstract Introduction: Various biomarkers based on blood counts have been useful for the prognosis of patients critically ill with COVID-19. Objective: To describe the usefulness of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte (MLR) and lymphocyte-to-platelet ([LPR) ratios for the prognosis of mortality and ventilatory support requirement for COVID-19. Method: Retrospective cohort of clinical records of patients with COVID-19 who required hospital care. Results: One-hundred and twenty-five cases were analyzed; mean age was 51 years, and 60 % were of the male gender; 21.6 % had type 2 diabetes mellitus, and 18.4 % had hypertension. Mean leukocyte count was 9.5 × 103/mL, with a neutrophil mean of 8.0 × 103/mL. Mean NLR was 12.01, while for MLR it was 0.442, and for LPR, 373.07. Regarding the area under the curve, the following values were recorded for mortality: 0.594 for NLR, 0.628 for MLR and 0.505 for LPR; as for mechanical ventilation, the values were 0.581 for NLR, 0.619 for MLR and 0.547 for LPR. In the univariate analysis, an NLR value > 13 (OR: 2.750, p = 0.001) and an MLR of > 0.5 (OR: 2.069, p = 0.047) were associated with mortality. LPR showed no impact on mortality or respiratory support. Conclusion: NLR and MLR are useful for predicting mortality in patients with COVID-19.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , COVID-19/mortalidade , COVID-19/sangue , Contagem de Plaquetas , Prognóstico , Monócitos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos de Coortes , Contagem de Linfócitos , COVID-19/complicações , Contagem de LeucócitosRESUMO
Abstract Aim: This study tested the hypothesis that: 1- the exercise training would improve the heart rate recovery (HRR) decline after maximal exercise test in hypertensive patients and; 2- the exercise training would normalize HRR decline when compared to normotensive individuals. Methods: Sixteen hypertensive patients were consecutively allocated into two groups: Exercise-trained (n = 9, 47±2 years) and untrained (n = 7, 42±3 years). An exercise-trained normotensive group (n = 11, 41±2 years) was also studied. Heart rate was evaluated by electrocardiogram. The autonomic function was evaluated based on heart rate changes on the first and the second min of recovery after the maximal exercise test. Exercise training consisted of three 60-minute exercise sessions/week for 4 months. Results: In hypertensive patients, exercise training significantly increased the HRR decline in the first (-19±2 vs. -34±3 bpm, P = 0.001) and second (-33±3 vs. -49±2 bpm, P = 0.006) minutes after the maximal exercise test. In addition, after exercise training, the initial differences in the HRR decline after exercise between hypertensive patients and normotensive individuals were no longer observed (first minute: -34±3 vs. -29±3 bpm, P = 0.52, and second minute: -49±2 vs. -47±4 bpm, P = 0.99). Conclusion: Hypertension causes a delay in HRR after the maximal exercise test yet the exercise training normalizes HRR during the post-exercise period in hypertensive patients.
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Humanos , Exercício Físico , Teste de Esforço/instrumentação , Frequência Cardíaca , Hipertensão/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Introducción: muchos son los factores asociados a un mayor riesgo de morir en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda. Objetivos: aplicar y validar un índice pronóstico para la estratificación de riesgo en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de cohorte en pacientes atendidos con el diagnóstico de insuficiencia cardiaca aguda en la Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios del Hospital Universitario Miguel Enríquez, para aplicar un índice pronóstico de mortalidad basado, fundamentalmente, en elementos clínicos. Mediante la función de regresión logística estimada se calcularon las probabilidades de morir en la muestra de la estimación, y esa distribución empírica fue dividida en terciles para buscar zonas que permitieran clasificar a los pacientes como de bajo, mediano y alto riesgo de fallecer (índice pronóstico). Resultados: el 58,3 por ciento de los egresados vivos fueron clasificados como de bajo riesgo, y 52,5 por ciento de los fallecidos fueron adecuadamente clasificados como de elevado riesgo; solo el 7,5 por ciento de los pacientes de este grupo fueron mal clasificados por el modelo pronóstico. Conclusiones: el índice construido mostró validez y consistencia adecuadas, es útil para realizar predicción del pronóstico de mortalidad en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda(AU)
Introduction: Many factors are associated with the increased risk of dying in patients with acute heart failure. Objectives: Apply and validate a prognostic index for risk stratification in patients with acute heart failure. Methods: A cohort study was performed in patients treated with the diagnosis of acute heart failure in the Intermediate Care Unit at Miguel Enríquez University Hospital, in order to apply a prognostic index of mortality based, mainly, on clinical elements. The estimated logistic regression function calculated the probabilities of dying in the sample of the estimate, and that empirical distribution was divided into tertiles to search for areas that could be classified as low, medium and high risk of dying (prognostic index). Results: 58.3 percent of the patiets who were alive at discharge were classified as low risk, and 52.5 percent of the deceased were adequately classified as high risk; the prognostic model poorly classified only 7.5 percent of the patients in this group. Conclusions: The produced index showed adequate validity and consistency, it is useful to predict the prognosis of mortality in patients with acute heart failure(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Prognóstico , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Insuficiência Cardíaca/mortalidade , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Introducción: la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad constituye un motivo frecuente de consulta médica y es causa de elevadas morbilidad y mortalidad en el adulto, pero la decisión de ingresar a un paciente se basa en el empleo de escalas pronósticas que no siempre se ajustan a un contexto geográfico en particular. Objetivo: diseñar y validar un índice, basado en factores pronósticos que permita predecir el riesgo de morir en adultos mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Métodos: se realizó el diseño y la validación de un índice pronóstico de muerte de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad, mediante un estudio de cohorte, para determinar el riesgo de morir en pacientes que ingresaron en los servicios de Medicina Interna y Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, de Bayamo, Granma, desde el 1 de febrero de 2012 hasta el 31 de julio de 2015. Resultados : el factor pronóstico de mayor relevancia fue el estado de choque seguido del derrame pleural, la proteína C reactiva y la neumonía multilobar, todos de forma significativa (p= 0,000). La capacidad de discriminación (área bajo la curva ROC de 0,956) y de calibración del índice (0,493) fueron adecuadas. La validez de construcción, de criterio y confiabilidad y la consistencia interna del índice fueron adecuadas. Discusión: este índice se distingue por su simplicidad y fácil aplicación, incluye solo 8 parámetros clínicos y complementarios que suelen estar a disposición en las unidades asistenciales del país. Los componentes del índice se obtienen a partir de un estudio de cohorte realizado a priori por lo que es posible su aplicación clínica incluso al nivel primario. Conclusión: el índice creado y validado a partir de los factores de riesgo más importantes, permite pronosticar el riesgo de morir a los enfermos con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad, con una confiabilidad adecuada(AU)
Introduction: community-acquired pneumonia is a common reason for medical consultation and causes high morbidity and mortality in adults, but the decision to admit a patient is based on the use of scales prognoses which do not always fit a geographical context in particular. Objective: design and validate an index, based on prognostic factors for predicting the risk of death in adults older than 18 years diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia. Methods: the design and validation was made for death prognostic index of community-acquired pneumonia, by a cohort study to determine the risk of death in patients admitted to the Internal Medicine and Intensive Care Units of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes General hospital, Bayamo, Granma, from February 1, 2012 to July 31, 2015. Results: the most important prognostic factor was the shock followed by pleural effusion, C-reactive protein and multilobar pneumonia, all significantly (p = 0.000). The ability of discrimination (area under ROC curve 0.956) and calibration index (0.493) were adequate. The validity of construct, criterion, and reliability were adequate as well as the internal consistency index. Discussion: this index is distinguished by its simplicity and easy application; it includes only 8 clinical parameters and complementary studies which are often available in Cuban health care units. The index components are took from a priori cohort study so its clinical application is possible even at the primary level. Conclusion: the index created and validated from the most important risk factors can fairly predict the dying risk of patients with community-acquired pneumonia(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pneumonia/diagnóstico , Pneumonia/mortalidade , Prognóstico , Estudos de CoortesRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Bone marrow is an important extranodal site in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and marrow histology has been incorporated into the new National Comprehensive Cancer Network international prognostic index. Marrow involvement demonstrated histologically confers poor prognosis but is identified by staging PET in more cases. How information from staging PET and biopsy should be combined to optimize outcome prediction remains unclear. METHODS: The International Atomic Energy Agency sponsored a prospective international cohort study to better define the use of PET in DLBCL. As a planned subsidiary analysis, we examined the interplay of marrow involvement identified by PET and biopsy on clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Eight countries contributed 327 cases with a median follow-up of 35 mo. The 2-y outcomes of cases with no evidence of marrow involvement (n = 231) were 81% (95% confidence interval [CI], 76%-86%) for event-free survival (EFS) and 88% (83%-91%) for overall survival (OS); cases identified only on PET (n = 61), 81% (69%-89%) for EFS and 88% (77%-94%) for OS; cases indentified only on biopsy (n = 10), 80% (41%-95%) for EFS and 100% for OS; or cases identified by both PET and biopsy (n = 25), 45% (25%-64%) for EFS and 55% (32%-73%) for OS. The hazard ratios for PET-negative/biopsy-negative cases versus PET-positive/biopsy-positive cases were 2.67 (95% CI, 1.48-4.79) for EFS and 3.94 (1.93-8.06) for OS. CONCLUSION: This large study demonstrates that positive iliac crest biopsy histology only confers poor prognosis for patients who also have abnormal marrow (18)F-FDG uptake identified on the staging PET scan. Abnormal (18)F-FDG uptake in marrow, when iliac crest biopsy histology is normal, has no adverse effect on outcomes.
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Células da Medula Óssea/citologia , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons/métodos , Adulto , Biópsia , Medula Óssea/patologia , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/diagnóstico , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/mortalidade , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Estatísticos , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The overall survival and relapse-free survival have increased with current chemotherapy in patients with non-lymphoma Hodgkin. A useful tool to evaluate projections is the International Prognostic Index. Our aim was to evaluate the relation between the prognosis established with the International Prognostic Index and the survival obtained in two years by patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. METHODS: An observational, longitudinal, prospective study was carried out. Patients included were those with diagnosis and treated along a year, who, at some point in their evolution, required hospitalization. All the patients received ciclofosfamide, doxorrubicine, vincristine and prednisone; additionally, some of them received rituximab. The follow-up average was 26 months. Survival was estimated with Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients were included and classified according to the International Prognostic Index risk. The survival was 90 % for patients with International Prognostic Index low risk, 66.7 % for the patients with intermediate-low risk, 80 % for patients with intermediate-high risk, and 81 % for patients with high risk. The survival for all risk groups was 77.6 %. When we compared the survival of patients with the expected prognosis through the International Prognostic Index, we obtained p = 0.0000. CONCLUSIONS: Two years after diagnosis, the survival of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the study was better than the prognosis estimated through the International Prognostic Index, and similar to that reported in American studies.
INTRODUCCIÓN: la quimioterapia actual ha incrementado la supervivencia total y la libre de recaída en los pacientes con linfoma no Hodgkin. Un recurso que permite hacer proyecciones al respecto es el Índice Pronóstico Internacional (IPI). El objetivo del presente análisis fue determinar la correspondencia entre el pronóstico determinado mediante ese índice y la supervivencia obtenida a dos años. MÉTODOS: estudio longitudinal, observacional y prospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes diagnosticados y tratados durante un año que hubieran requerido hospitalización. Todos recibieron ciclofosfamida-doxorrubicina-vincristina- prednisona, y en algunos casos también rituximab; el seguimiento en promedio fue de 26 meses. La supervivencia se estimó mediante curvas de Kaplan-Meier. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 49 pacientes, clasificados de acuerdo con el grupo de riesgo determinado mediante el IPI. La supervivencia total fue de 90 % en los pacientes de riesgo bajo, de 66.7 % en los de riesgo intermedio bajo, de 80 % para los de riesgo intermedio alto y de 81 % para los de riesgo alto. La supervivencia global fue de 77.6 %. Se obtuvo p = 0.0000 al realizar la comparación con el pronóstico esperado según el IPI a dos años. CONCLUSIONES: a dos años del diagnóstico, en el hospital analizado la supervivencia de los pacientes con linfoma no Hodgkin difuso de células B grandes fue mejor a la pronosticada para ese mismo periodo mediante el IPI y semejante a la referida en investigaciones norteamericanas.
Assuntos
Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/mortalidade , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
O escore de Apgar é utilizado amplamente nas maternidades de todo o mundo como o melhor métodopara avaliação clínica do neonato no momento imediato após o parto. Na medicina veterinária, estudos vêmsendo realizados e adaptações ao método original são desenvolvidas para um auxílio eficaz na identificação dosneonatos de risco. A pontuação serve para identificar neonatos de alto risco que necessitem de atenção médica,principalmente nos primeiros minutos de vida, possibilitando, assim, uma intervenção mais rápida e eficiente.
The Apgar score is widely used in hospitals around the world as the best method for clinical evaluationof the newborn immediately after delivery. In veterinary medicine studies have been developed to provideeffective aid in the identification of risk newborns. The score is used to identify high-risk neonates requiringmedical attention, especially in the first minutes of life, promoting a faster and more efficient response.
Assuntos
Animais , Criança , Medicina Veterinária , Neonatologia , Índice de ApgarRESUMO
O escore de Apgar é utilizado amplamente nas maternidades de todo o mundo como o melhor métodopara avaliação clínica do neonato no momento imediato após o parto. Na medicina veterinária, estudos vêmsendo realizados e adaptações ao método original são desenvolvidas para um auxílio eficaz na identificação dosneonatos de risco. A pontuação serve para identificar neonatos de alto risco que necessitem de atenção médica,principalmente nos primeiros minutos de vida, possibilitando, assim, uma intervenção mais rápida e eficiente.(AU)
The Apgar score is widely used in hospitals around the world as the best method for clinical evaluationof the newborn immediately after delivery. In veterinary medicine studies have been developed to provideeffective aid in the identification of risk newborns. The score is used to identify high-risk neonates requiringmedical attention, especially in the first minutes of life, promoting a faster and more efficient response.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Criança , Índice de Apgar , Medicina Veterinária , NeonatologiaRESUMO
Los modelos estadísticos de clasificación se emplean cotidianamente en salud como sistemas de evaluación que permiten construir grupos homogéneos en la ayuda de pronósticos, diagnósticos, elección de terapias y cuantas situaciones requieran la discretización como herramienta para la toma de decisiones más acertadas. Su utilidad no solo se evidencia en el ámbito médico sino que muchos de ellos ayudan a mejorar actuaciones y políticas en el sector de la salud pública. Como parte de las tecnologías sanitarias, requieren de una evaluación continua en los diferentes escenarios donde se ejecuten. Por otra parte, emplearlos de manera mecánica, sin una mentalidad crítica, puede traer más riesgos que beneficios, por lo que su poder predictivo o explicativo no justifica que sus resultados se empleen de manera incuestionada.
Statistical classification models are used every day in health care as evaluation systems allowing building homogeneous groups to help in prognostics, diagnostics, therapy choosing and any other situation. The usefulness of them is not only evident in the medical surroundings, but many of them tribute directly to the performance and policies improvement in the Public Health area. As part of the health technologies, they require a continuous assessment in the different environments they are performed. On the other hand, using them mechanically, without a critical mentality, could bring about more risks than benefits, so their predictive or explanatory power does not justify the usage of their outcomes in an unquestioned way.
RESUMO
Introducción: la decisión de ingresar a un paciente con neumonía comunitaria se basa en el empleo de escalas pronósticas, como el índice de Fine y la escala CURB-65, pero no siempre se ajustan a un contexto geográfico en particular. Objetivo: crear y validar un índice basado en factores pronósticos que permita predecir el riesgo de morir en adultos mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC). Métodos: se realizó la construcción y validación de un índice pronóstico de muerte por NAC, mediante un estudio de cohorte en pacientes que ingresaron en los Centros Médicos de Diagnóstico Integral Gustavo Contreras del estado Carabobo; los de Ciudad Piar y Los Caribes, estado Bolívar, Dr. Julio Rodríguez y Fe y Alegría, estado Sucre; en Venezuela, desde el 1 de octubre de 2010 hasta el 30 de septiembre de 2011. Resultados: el factor pronóstico de mayor independencia fue el choque (OR 7,929; IC 2,899-21,682). Se obtuvo un índice con 2 variantes, una cuantitativa y otra ordinal con 3 categorías de riesgo. La capacidad de discriminación (área bajo la curva ROC de 0,910) y de calibración del índice (0,585) fueron adecuadas. Se determinó la validez de construcción, de criterio y confiabilidad y la consistencia interna de la escala. Conclusión: se creó y validó un índice pronóstico, para la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad, con alta sensibilidad y elevado valor predictivo negativo, por lo que su introducción en la práctica clínica, mejorará la evaluación de estos enfermos
Background: the decision to admit a patient to hospital with community-acquired pneumonia is based on the use of prognostic scales, such as the Fine scale and the CURB-65 score, but they do not always adjust to a particular geographical context. Objective: to create and validate an index based on prognostic factors that allow predicting the risk of death in adults older than 18 years of age with the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods: the construction and validation of a prognostic index of mortality by CAP was made by a cohort study in patients who were admitted to the following Medical Centers for Comprehensive Diagnosis: Gustavo Contreras in the State of Carabobo; Ciudad Piar and Los Caribes in Bolívar State; and Dr. Julio Rodríguez, and Fe y Alegría in the State of Sucre, Venezuela, from October 1, 2010 to September 30, 2011. Results: the most independent prognostic factor was the shock (OR 7,929; CI 2,899-21,682). An index with 2 variants was obtained, a quantitative and an ordinal variant with 3 risk categories. The discrimination capacity (area under the ROC curve of 0.910) and the calibration of the index (0,585) were both adequate. The construction, criterion and reliability validities were determined as well as the internal consistence of the scale. Conclusion: a prognostic index was created and validated for community-acquired pneumonia with high sensitivity and high negative predictive value; so, its introduction in the clinical practice will improve the evaluation of these patients
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pneumonia/diagnóstico , Pneumonia/mortalidade , PrognósticoRESUMO
Introduction: Hodgkin lymphomas (HL) and non Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are frequently associated to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in adults. Objective: To systematize the clinical features and histological characteristics of lymphomas in AIDS patients, its treatment and outcomes in our institution. Patients and Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients with HIV-associated lymphoma between January 2001 and December 2008 at the San Borja Arriarán Hospital complex. Results: Information was obtained from 30 patients with NHL and 7 with HL, with a median of 40 years. The majority of tumors were Burkitt lymphoma (47%), diffuse large cell lymphoma B-cell (37%) and NHL of T lineage (10%). There was no CNS or cavities lymphoma. Almost all patients (86.7%) with NHL were treated with CHOP chemotherapy, 57% of those receiving treatment had progression or relapse from complete remission. A rescue chemotherapy was indicated in 4 patients. 73% of patients receiving CHOP, complete 5 to 6 cycles of chemotherapy. The use of CHOP chemotherapy for the subgroup of patients with Burkitt lymphoma achieved low rates of complete remission and frequent relapse and disease progression, showing that CHOP was ineffective in improving survival, especially in high risk patients. We found statistically significant differences in survival according to IPIae (International prognostic Index age-adjusted). Conclusion: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV patients treated with chemotherapy protocols PAlNDA persists in our environment as a disease with a poor prognosis compared with findings in the international literature. The incorporation of new drugs of proven utility as rituximab and specific schemes chemotherapy could improve these results. The establishment of prognostic groups established by IPIae can guide clinical work for the use of chemotherapy tailored to their specific risk and optimized according to histological type.
Introducción: Los linfomas de Hodgkin (LH) y no Hodgkin (LNH) se asocian con alta frecuencia al síndrome de inmunodeficiencia humana en adultos. Objetivo: Sistematizar los aspectos clínicos e histológicos de los linfoma que afectan a pacientes con SIDA, su tratamiento y resultados globales en nuestra institución. Pacientes y Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de pacientes con linfoma asociado a VIH entre enero de 2001 y diciembre de 2008 en el complejo hospitalario San Borja Arriarán. Resultados: Se obtuvo información de 30 pacientes con LNH y 7 LH, con una mediana de 40 años. Los tipos histológicos predominantes fueron linfoma de Burkitt (47 %), linfoma difuso de células grandes de estirpe B (37 %) y LNH de estirpe T (10%). No se diagnosticaron LNH del SNC ni linfoma de cavidades. Casi la totalidad de los pacientes (86,7%) con LNH se trataron con esquema CHOP, 57% de quienes recibieron tratamiento presentaron progresión o recaída desde remisión completa, ofreciéndoles una quimioterapia de rescate a cuatro pacientes. El 73% de los pacientes que recibieron CHOP lograron completar entre cinco y seis ciclos de quimioterapia. El uso de quimioterapia CHOP para el subgrupo de pacientes con linfoma de Burkitt alcanzó bajos porcentajes de remisión completa y mayoritariamente progresó la enfermedad, siendo esta quimioterapia, inefectiva para mejorar la sobrevida, especialmente en los pacientes de riesgo alto. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en sobrevida según el IPIae (índice internacional pronóstico ajustado por edad) al ingreso. Conclusión: El LNH en los pacientes con VIH tratados con los protocolos de quimioterapia PANDA persiste en nuestro medio como una enfermedad de muy mal pronóstico comparado con los resultados en la literatura internacional. La incorporación de nuevos fármacos de demostrada utilidad como rituximab y esquemas específicos de quimioterapia podrían mejorar estos resultados. El establecimiento de grupos pronósticos establecidos por IPIae puede orientar el trabajo clínico para el uso de quimioterapia ajustada a su riesgo específico y optimizado según tipo histológico.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doença de Hodgkin , Linfoma Relacionado a AIDS , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Chile/epidemiologia , Ciclofosfamida/uso terapêutico , Doxorrubicina/uso terapêutico , Doença de Hodgkin/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Hodgkin/mortalidade , Doença de Hodgkin/patologia , Linfoma Relacionado a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma Relacionado a AIDS/mortalidade , Linfoma Relacionado a AIDS/patologia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , Prednisona/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento , Vincristina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
In 1999 the Mullen and Buzby's formula was adapted, eliminating hypersensitivity skin tests and removing the alfa factor with coefficients similar to the original, obtaining a new formula called adapted Nutritional Prognostic index (aNPI). Objective: To determine the behavior of this new formula and the nutritional risk index with post surgical complications. Methodology: 110 elective patients for surgery were studied by carrying out pre- and post-operational evaluation. Results: the average age was 50 years old; 52 percent showed signs of being overweight or obese; 89,15 percent had normal serum albumin and 60 percent showed a deficit of transferrine; 75ú percent had low risk NPIa and 62,7 percent had a normal NRI. The main surgeries were hysterectomies and cholecystectomies, 92 percent were without complications (p=0,001). It was found a statistically significant relationship between each classification of nutritional index with the presence o absence of complications (p=0.001). When comparing these indexes, the statistical difference is maintained (p= 0.00). The same was observed when comparing the classification ofthis two indexes with complications (p=0.00). When comparing these two indexes, the multiple regression analysis did not show any significant difference with the type of complication, although there was a significant difference with serum albumin levels and the type of surgery. Conclusion: in this study the a NPI and NRI behaved similarly with the majority of variables under study.
En 1999 se adaptó la formula de Mullen y Buzby suprimiendo las pruebas de hipersensibilidad cutánea removiendo el factor alfa con coeficientes similares a la fórmula original, obteniéndose una nueva fórmula denominada índice de Pronóstico Nutricional adaptado (INPa). Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de las fórmulas IPNa e IRN, con complicaciones postquirúrgicas. Metodología: Se estudiaron prospectivamente 110 pacientes de cirugías electivas realizando una valoración prequirúrgica y postquirúrgica. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 50 años; 52 por ciento con sobrepeso y obesidad; 89,15 por ciento la albuminemia fue normal, 60 por ciento con déficit de transferrina. El 75,5 por ciento presentaron un IPNa con bajo riesgo, y 62,7 por ciento un IRN normal. Las cirugías predominantes fueron histerectomías y colecistectomías, 92 por ciento sin complicaciones. Se encontró una relación estadísticamente entre la clasificación de cada uno de los índices nutricionales con la presencia o ausencia de complicaciones (p= 0,001). Al comparar estos dos índices, la diferencia estadística se mantiene (p=0,00), sin embargo, el análisis de regresión múltiple no mostró diferencia significativa de éstos índices con el tipo de complicaciones obteniendo significancia con albuminemia y tipo de cirugía. Conclusión: En este estudio el IPNa y el IRN se comportaron de manera semejante en la mayoría de las variables estudiadas.