RESUMO

This unprecedented analysis of the factors that determine the performance of Brazil electric energy contradictory policies identifies the irregular path followed by one of the largest national oil companies in the world. As high convenience comparative case study, the increase and decrease of production and investment within the context of the Brazilian electric matrix in the last 20 years can shed light on Petrobras' disparities in relation to itself and in relation to external variables over time such as policies and investment choices, international oil prices and exploration cost.

RESUMO

Phosphate fertilization of cassava cultivars leads to increased production costs that may be economically viable depending on the quantity used and the corresponding productivity. In this sense, the objective of the work was to analyse the economic viability of the irrigated cultivation of table cassava cultivars in response to the application of phosphorus doses in the Brazilian semiarid region. Two agricultural crops were conductedat the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, Mossoró, RN, from June 2018 to April 2019 and from June 2019 to April 2020. The experimental design was in randomized blocks arranged in subdivided plots, with four replications. The doses of phosphorus (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha-1of P2O5) were applied to the plots and the table cassava cultivars (Água Morna, BRS Gema de Ovo, Recife and Venâncio) arranged in the subplots. The total costs for one hectare of cultivation were estimated and the gross income, netincome, rate of return, and profitability index were calculated. The use of phosphatefertilizer was economically viable for the cassava cultivars studied in the two crops. The cultivars Água Morna, BRS Gema de Ovo, and Recife are the best cultivation options for the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norteas they give high yields with the highest profitability. The Recife cultivar was the region's most profitable cultivation, with a profit ranging from R$ 40,331.07 ha-1to R$ 57,603.46 ha-1in both seasons,with an average recommendation of 120 kg ha-1of P2O5.(AU)

A adubação fosfatada de cultivares de mandioca leva ao aumento dos custos de produção que podem ser economicamente viáveis dependendo da quantidade utilizada e da respectiva produtividade. Nesse sentido, o objetivo dotrabalho foi analisar a viabilidade econômica do cultivo irrigado de cultivares de mandioca de mesa em resposta à aplicação de doses de fósforono semiárido brasileiro. Foram conduzidos duas safras agrícolas na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, Mossoró, RN, nos meses de junho de 2018 a abril de 2019 e junho de 2019 a abril de 2020. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As doses de fósforo (0, 60, 120,180 e 240 kg ha-1de P2O5) foram aplicadas nas parcelas e as cultivares de mandioca de mesa (Água Morna, BRS Gema de Ovo, Recife e Venâncio) dispostas nas subparcelas. Estimaram-se os custos totais de um hectare de cultivo e calcularam-se a receita bruta,a receita líquida, a taxade retorno e o índice de lucratividade. O uso da adubação fosfatada mostrou-se economicamente viável para as cultivares de mandioca estudadas nas duas safras. As cultivares Água Morna, BRS Gema de Ovo e Recife são as melhores opções de cultivo para o semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte, pois apresentam altas produtividades com maior rentabilidade. A cultivar Recife foi o cultivo mais rentável da região, com rendimento variando de R$ 40.331,07 ha-1a R$ 57.603,46 ha-1nas duas safras,com recomendação média de120 kg ha-1de P2O5.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The economic feasibility of replacing corn grain with by-product from biscuit manufacture (BBM) as an energy source in the diet for purebred and crossbred native lambs raised in feedlot was evaluated. Four production systems were developed based on nutritional management and genetic groups: (PS1) purebred native lambs fed a conventional diet based on corn and soybean meal; (PS2) purebred native lambs fed a diet with BBM replacing 100% of the corn; (PS3) crossbred native lambs fed a conventional diet based on corn and soybean meal; and (PS4) crossbred native lambs fed a diet with BBM replacing 100% of the corn in the diet. The extrapolation was performed for a module of 24 Morada Nova (MN) breed lambs (12 MN red (MNR) and 12 ½MNR × ½MN white lambs)) with an initial body weight of 18.8 ± 0.875 and 15.0 ± 0.838 kg for MNR and crossbred, respectively. Feed, animal acquisition, and labor present the total production costs. The greatest profits were obtained in the production systems that fed the crossbred lambs with BBM. The lesser cost of BBM contributed to greater total factor productivity regardless of genetic group (1.095 vs. 1.015 for BBM and conventional feed, respectively). Systems using BBM (SP2 and SP4) showed an estimated payback of 5.44 and 3.24 years, respectively, while the use of conventional feed contributed to negative economic data (PS1 and PS3) with payback period greater than 10 years. The use of BBM as an energy source in the diet of crossbred sheep was economically feasible and showed better economic indices when compared to the systems using a conventional diet.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective was to assess grazing as an element of profitability and competitiveness of a small-scale lamb fattening production system in central México and compare its economic performance by means of an analysis of scenarios. Two scenarios were analysed to assess the contribution of grazing on profitability and competitiveness. The first analysis was when grazing was the feed base, and secondly, costs of opportunity and economic impacts were studied under the assumption that sheep do not graze, and total feed has to be bought from external suppliers. The economic effect of grazing on the profitability was analysed by means of the Policy Analysis Matrix. Differences were found between strata; farmers with more than 70 sheep have the best profitability indices and the least vulnerability under the non-grazing scenario. Grazing had a positive effect reducing the cost of production and increasing competitiveness in the four strata assessed. However, farmers with higher technical level, specialised breeds and larger flocks (strata 3 and 4) have higher economic profits. The conclusion was that the profitability in fattening sheep is linked to taking advantage of grazing. However, to keep and improve the current financial performance, there is a need for the adoption of strategies for an integral improvement of the system and the adoption of better grazing management to further reduce production costs.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the production costs involved in sheep confinement fed diets containing different inclusion levels of wet brewery residue (WBR). The diets were constituted by different WBR proportions in the concentrate (0, 10, 20 and 30%). A total of 20 sheep were used, with an average body weight of 17.5 ± 1.5 kg, at 8 months of age. The experimental period lasted 77 days. The prices of feed ingredients, purchase and sale values of kg of body weight (BW) of the animals practiced in the local market and the interest rate were considered in the economic analysis, using the year 2015 as a reference. In addition, production performance, zootechnical and economic data, and investment and costing expenses were considered to determine the economic indicators. A linear response was observed in terms of average daily gain (P=0.0035) and feed efficiency (P=0.0042) in diets consisting of 20 and 30% WBR, with 0.196 kg of BW/day and 0.291 kg of BW/intake, respectively. The diet containing 20% WBR resulted in greater total production (7,503.07 kg of BW/year), greater daily production (9.78 kg of BW), and lower total expenditure on investments (R$ 0.371/kg of BW). The lowest total expenses (R$ 64,368.99) and the highest profit (R$ 1.32/kg of BW) were observed in the diet with 30% of WBR. The economic analysis showed the financial feasibility of including 20% and 30% WBR in diets for confined sheep.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os custos de produção envolvidos no confinamento de ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de inclusão de resíduo úmido de cervejaria (RUC). As dietas foram constituídas por diferentes proporções de RUC no concentrado (0, 10, 20 e 30%). Foram utilizados 20 ovinos, com peso corporal médio de 17,5 ± 1,5 kg, aos 8 meses de idade. O período experimental durou 77 dias. Os preços dos ingredientes da ração, valores de compra e venda em kg de peso corporal (PV) dos animais praticados no mercado local e a taxa de juros foram considerados na análise econômica, tendo como referência o ano de 2015. Além disso, o desempenho da produção, os dados zootécnicos e econômicos e as despesas de investimento e custeio foram considerados para determinar os indicadores econômicos. Uma resposta linear foi observada em termos de ganho médio diário (P = 0,0035) e eficiência alimentar (P = 0,0042) em dietas consistindo de 20 e 30% RUC, com 0,196 kg de PV / dia e 0,291 kg de PV / ingestão, respectivamente. A dieta contendo 20% de RUC resultou em maior produção total (7.503,07 kg de PV / ano), maior produção diária (9,78 kg de PV) e menor gasto total com investimentos (R$0,371 / kg de PV). Os menores gastos totais (R $ 64.368,99) e o maior lucro (R$1,32 / kg de PV) foram observados na dieta com 30% de RUC. A análise econômica mostrou a viabilidade financeira da inclusão de 20% e 30% de RUC em dietas para ovinos confinados.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract Background: Factors such as herd composition, productivity, milk quality and technology level influence the costs and profitability of milk production. Objective: To evaluate indicators that could predict production performance and financial efficiency in three dairy production systems in southern Brazil. Methods: Monthly records of milk quality, production performance and costs from fifty dairy farms were collected. The farms were classified into grazing, semi-feedlot, or feedlot systems. Total revenues, effective operational cost, total operational cost, total cost, gross margin, net income, total cost leveling point, profitability and final milk price were calculated. Results: The feedlot system resulted in greater herd size and milk production per lactating cow (p<0.05), but greater variable costs compared to semi-feedlot and grazing systems. On the other hand, the grazing system achieved greater profitability per year. Factor II (fat and protein rates), and Factor III (herd size and productivity per area) were associated with milk price per liter paid to the farmer (p<0.05), together accounting for approximately 13% of this price. Conclusion: Dairy production systems are influenced by area, lactating cows, productive performance, productivity per area, milk quality, and use of artificial insemination as well as supplementation (concentrate and minerals). Nearly 13% of milk price can be attributed to its fat and protein content as well as herd size and productivity per area.

Resumen Antecedentes: Factores tales como composición del rebaño, productividad, calidad de la leche y nivel tecnológico pueden afectar los costos y rentabilidad de la producción lechera. Objetivo: Evaluar indicadores que puedan predecir el rendimiento productivo y eficiencia financiera en tres sistemas de producción lechera en el sur de Brasil. Métodos: Se recolectaron y analizaron registros mensuales de calidad de la leche, rendimiento productivo y costos de cincuenta granjas lecheras. Las granjas se clasificaron en tres sistemas: pastoreo, semi-confinamiento, y confinamiento. Se calcularon los ingresos totales, el costo operativo efectivo, el costo operativo total, el costo total, el margen bruto, el beneficio neto, el punto de nivelación del costo total, la rentabilidad, y el precio final de la leche. Resultados: El sistema de confinamiento presentó mayor densidad animal y producción de leche por vaca lactante (p<0,05), pero mayores costos variables en comparación con los sistemas de semi-confinamiento y pastoreo. Por otro lado, el sistema de pastoreo tuvo mayor rentabilidad por año. El Factor II (tasas de grasa y proteína) y el Factor III (tasa de ganancia y productividad por área) se asociaron al precio por litro de leche pagado al productor (p<0,05), representando juntos aproximadamente el 13% de ese precio. Conclusión: Los sistemas de producción lechera están influenciados por el área, las vacas lactantes, el rendimiento productivo, la productividad por unidad de área, la calidad de la leche y el uso de inseminación artificial, así como por la suplementación (concentrado y minerales). Casi 13% del precio de la leche se puede atribuir a su contenido de grasa y proteína, así como al tamaño de la granja y productividad por área.

Resumo Antecedentes: Fatores relacionados à composição do rebanho, produtividade, qualidade do leite e uso de tecnologias podem impactar os custos e a lucratividade da produção de leite. Objetivo: Avaliar indicadores que possam predizer a produtividade e a eficiência financeira em três sistemas de produção de leite no sul do Brasil. Métodos: Registros mensais de qualidade do leite, desempenho da produção e custos de cinquenta fazendas leiteiras foram coletados. As fazendas foram classificadas em sistemas de pastejo, semi-confinamento ou confinamento. As receitas totais, o custo operacional efetivo, o custo operacional total, o custo total, a margem bruta, o lucro líquido, o ponto de nivelamento total do custo, a lucratividade e o preço final do leite foram calculados. Resultados: O sistema de confinamento apresentou maior taxa de lotação e produção de leite por vaca lactante (p<0,05), porém maiores custos variáveis totais em relação aos sistemas de semi-confinamento e pastejo. Por outro lado, o sistema de pastejo alcançou maior rentabilidade por ano. O Fator II (taxas de gordura e proteína) e o Fator III (taxa de lotação e produtividade por área) foram associados ao preço do leite por litro pago ao produtor (p<0,05), representando juntos aproximadamente 13% desse preço. Conclusões: Os sistemas de produção leiteira foram influenciados pela área, vacas em lactação, desempenho produtivo, produtividade por área, qualidade do leite e uso de inseminação artificial, bem como pela suplementação (concentrado e minerais). Quase 13% do preço do leite pode ser atribuído ao seu teor de gordura e proteína, assim como a taxa de lotação e a produtividade por área.

RESUMO

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the viability of a mycotoxin adsorbent based on beta-glucans from cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and bentonites in the diets of confined lambs of the Texel breed. Twenty-four lambs (12 males and 12 females) with an average weight of 18.6 kg ± 1.6 were divided into two groups: treated (with adsorbent) and control. The animal diets contained the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1 and B2, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol in concentrations within guidance levels. The animals were slaughtered with body weight of approximately 26.4 kg. The performance and carcass variables of the lambs were evaluated. The daily weight gain was higher in the treated group (216.24 g) than in the control group (185.90 g). The averages for loin eye area, subcutaneous fat thickness, and marbling were 13.93 cm2, 2.66 mm, and 3.20 in the treated group and 12.16 cm2, 2.6 mm, and 3.25 in the control group, respectively. The true, hot, and cold carcass yield, and the carcass cooling losses did not differ between groups. The carcasses were similar in conformation and fat finishing degree, with averages of 3.95 and 3.83, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effect of a mycotoxin additive in the diet of finishing lambs. The use of mycotoxin adsorbent in confined lambs was feasible, and its use resulted in greater daily weight gain in lambs and average net profit.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the production costs involved in sheep confinement fed diets containing different inclusion levels of wet brewery residue (WBR). The diets were constituted by different WBR proportions in the concentrate (0, 10, 20 and 30%). A total of 20 sheep were used, with an average body weight of 17.5 ± 1.5 kg, at 8 months of age. The experimental period lasted 77 days. The prices of feed ingredients, purchase and sale values of kg of body weight (BW) of the animals practiced in the local market and the interest rate were considered in the economic analysis, using the year 2015 as a reference. In addition, production performance, zootechnical and economic data, and investment and costing expenses were considered to determine the economic indicators. A linear response was observed in terms of average daily gain (P=0.0035) and feed efficiency (P=0.0042) in diets consisting of 20 and 30% WBR, with 0.196 kg of BW/day and 0.291 kg of BW/intake, respectively. The diet containing 20% WBR resulted in greater total production (7,503.07 kg of BW/year), greater daily production (9.78 kg of BW), and lower total expenditure on investments (R$ 0.371/kg of BW). The lowest total expenses (R$ 64,368.99) and the highest profit (R$ 1.32/kg of BW) were observed in the diet with 30% of WBR. The economic analysis showed the financial feasibility of including 20% and 30% WBR in diets for confined sheep.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os custos de produção envolvidos no confinamento de ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de inclusão de resíduo úmido de cervejaria (RUC). As dietas foram constituídas por diferentes proporções de RUC no concentrado (0, 10, 20 e 30%). Foram utilizados 20 ovinos, com peso corporal médio de 17,5 ± 1,5 kg, aos 8 meses de idade. O período experimental durou 77 dias. Os preços dos ingredientes da ração, valores de compra e venda em kg de peso corporal (PV) dos animais praticados no mercado local e a taxa de juros foram considerados na análise econômica, tendo como referência o ano de 2015. Além disso, o desempenho da produção, os dados zootécnicos e econômicos e as despesas de investimento e custeio foram considerados para determinar os indicadores econômicos. Uma resposta linear foi observada em termos de ganho médio diário (P = 0,0035) e eficiência alimentar (P = 0,0042) em dietas consistindo de 20 e 30% RUC, com 0,196 kg de PV / dia e 0,291 kg de PV / ingestão, respectivamente. A dieta contendo 20% de RUC resultou em maior produção total (7.503,07 kg de PV / ano), maior produção diária (9,78 kg de PV) e menor gasto total com investimentos (R$0,371 / kg de PV). Os menores gastos totais (R $ 64.368,99) e o maior lucro (R$1,32 / kg de PV) foram observados na dieta com 30% de RUC. A análise econômica mostrou a viabilidade financeira da inclusão de 20% e 30% de RUC em dietas para ovinos confinados.

Assuntos

RESUMO

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de disminuir los costos de alimentación en cunicultura, se evaluó la inclusión de sauco oreado y ensilado sobre el desempeño productivo y económico de conejos en fase de engorde. Fueron seleccionados 27 conejos (cruce entre Chinchilla, Californiano y Nueva Zelanda), con peso inicial promedio de 1467,6 ± 271,1g. Éstos, se dividieron y se asignaron al azar en cada uno de los tres tratamientos, control (100% concentrado), ensilaje (85% concentrado + 15% ensilaje de sauco) y oreado (88% concentrado + 12% sauco oreado). Durante 28 días, se evaluó consumo, ganancia de peso, factor de conversión alimenticia (FCA), índice viscerosomático y rendimiento en canal, para, lo cual, se realizó un análisis de varianza en un diseño completo al azar. Se calculó el margen bruto de ingreso parcial (MBIP), a través de un análisis de presupuesto parcial para la venta del producto, en pie y en canal. El grupo que recibió el sauco ensilado expresó una mayor ganancia de peso (1040,4 ± 75,2g) y un mayor consumo (12,5 ± 0,3kg MS/jaula), respecto al grupo control (P˂0,05); en contraste, en el FAC, no se observó diferencia entre estos dos grupos (P˂0,05). En los parámetros productivos restantes no se observaron diferencias estadísticas (P>0,05). La elaboración del ensilaje presentó el mayor costo por concepto de alimentación, pero, a la vez, generó el mayor MBIP, para la venta en pie (13%) y en canal (9%). El ensilaje de sauco puede ser considerado como una alternativa de alimentación, mejorando los parámetros productivos y el MBIP.

ABSTRACT In order to reduce the feeding costs in cuniculture, the inclusion of wilted and silaged elder was evaluated on the productive and economic performance of rabbits in the fatting phase. 27 rabbits (crosses between Chinchilla, Californian and New Zealand) were selected with an average initial weight of 1467,6 ± 271,1g. They were divided and randomly distributed in each of three treatments, control (100% balanced feed), silage (85% balanced feed + 15% elder silage) and wilted (88% balanced feed + 12% wilted elder). During 28 days, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass yield and viscerosomatic index were evaluated and analyzed through a variance analysis in a complete random design. Gross margin of partial income (GMPI) was calculated through a partial budget analysis for the sale of the product in vivo and carcass. The group that received the silage showed greater weight gain (1040.4 ± 75.2g) and higher intake (12.5 ± 0.3kg MS / cage), than control group (P˂0,05), but FCR was not different between these groups (P˂0.05). No statistical differences were observed in the remaining productive parameters (P>0,05). Silage diet presented the highest cost, but at the same time it produced the highest GMPI, for sale in vivo (13%) and carcass (9%). Silage elder can be considered as a feeding alternative, improving the productive parameters and the GMPI.

RESUMO

RESUMEN La papa es afectada por el ataque de Tecia solanivora que causa pérdidas hasta del 80%. Variedades genéticamente modificadas y biocontroladores, pueden ser usados para su manejo. Este estudio pretendió determinó el potencial socioeconómico de pequeños productores de papa de la región Cundiboyacense para la adopción de estas estrategias biotecnológicas, mediante encuestas cara a cara y el uso de metodologías como presupuestos parciales y modelo de regresión logística. Los resultados revelan que el tipo de semilla define la adopción, existiendo un interés por tecnologías que permitan el control de la plaga, por lo cual estarían dispuestos a pagar hasta un 30% más del valor actual por esta. La metodología de presupuestos parciales evidenció un efecto económico positivo en los diferentes escenarios planteados. Se concluyó que los pequeños productores de papa de los municipios analizados cuentan con un alto potencial socioeconómico para la adopción del paquete biotecnológico.

ABSTRACT The potato is affected by the attack of Tecia solanivora that causes losses of up to 80%. Genetically modified varieties and biocontrol agents, can be used for its control. This study aimed to determine the socioeconomic potential of small potato producers in the Cundiboyacense region for the adoption of these biotechnological strategies, through face-to-face surveys and the use of methodologies such as partial budgets and logistic regression model. The results reveal that the type of seed defines adoption, there being an interest in technologies that allow pest control, so they would be willing to pay up to 30% more of the current value for this. The methodology of partial budgets showed a positive economic effect in the different scenarios proposed. It was concluded that small potato producers in the municipalities analyzed have a high socioeconomic potential for the adoption of the biotechnology package.

RESUMO

The objective of this work was to evaluate the profitability of sweet potato cultivars, harvested at different ages and cultivated in different periods (rainy and dry) in the municipality of Mossoró, semi-arid region of Rio Grande do Norte. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications and treatments arranged in split plots scheme. The plots were composed of three sweet potato cultivars (ESAM 1, Paraná and Mother of Family) and the subplots for five harvest ages (90 , 105, 120, 135 and 150 days after transplanting - DAT). Productivity of commercial roots and production costs was evaluated, as well as the economic indicators: gross income, net income, rate of return and profit margin. Independently of the growing periods, the productivity of commercial roots increased with the later harvest of the crop and differentiated the cultivars. Production costs averaged R$ 6,087.97 ha-1 in the rainy season and R$ 6,181.42 ha-1 in the dry period. Labor expenditures were the most impacting of total expenditures. The cultivars ESAM 1 and Paraná presented higher productivities of commercial roots and profitability when cultivated in the rainy season, while Paraná cultivar was superior to the other cultivars in the crop in the dry season. In both growing periods, the harvest age of 150 DAT promoted higher productivities of commercial roots and profitability to sweet potato production.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a rentabilidade de cultivares de batata-doce, colhidas em diferentes idades e cultivadas em períodos distintos (chuvoso e seco) no município de Mossoró, semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e tratamentos arranjados em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas formadas por três cultivares de batata-doce (ESAM 1, Paraná e Mãe de Família) e as subparcelas por cinco idades de colheita (90, 105, 120, 135 e 150 dias após o transplantio ­ DAT). Avaliaram-se produtividade de raízes comerciais e custos de produção, assim como os indicadores econômicos: renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno e índice de lucratividade. Independentemente dos períodos de cultivo, a produtividade de raízes comerciais aumentou com a colheita mais tardia da cultura e diferenciou as cultivares. Os custos de produção foram em média da ordem de R$ 6.087,97 ha-1 no período chuvoso e R$ 6.181,42 ha-1 no período seco. As despesas com mão de obra foram as mais impactantes nas despesas totais. As cultivares ESAM 1 e Paraná apresentaram maiores produtividades de raízes comerciais e lucratividades quando cultivadas no período chuvoso, enquanto a Paraná foi superior as demais cultivares no cultivo na época seca. Em ambas as épocas de cultivo, a idade de colheita de 150 DAT promoveu maiores produtividades de raízes comerciais e rentabilidade à produção de batata-doce.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El análisis de las mermas y las capacidades son fundamentales para la gestión empresarial, en cuanto permite conocer el grado de uso que se hace de cada uno de los recursos en la organización y optimizarlos. Ambos estudios constituyen una herramienta útil para incidir en los costos y mejorar la eficiencia de la empresa. En el presente trabajo se analizó el comportamiento de las capacidades y las mermas del año 2017 en el Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, teniendo en cuenta el plan de capacidades y de mermas certificados para ese año por BioCubaFarma (Organización Superior de Desarrollo Empresarial, a la que se subordinan los centros de la biotecnología en Cuba). Se realizó una evaluación del comportamiento de la utilización de las capacidades productivas por meses al cierre del 2017, teniendo como base la comparación entre el plan de producción por meses, lo real producido y la capacidad productiva mensual. Paralelamente se realizó un estudio comparativo entre la merma total de la empresa y la mensual real por vacunas con respecto al estándar de mermas establecido. Los resultados mostraron que al cierre del 2017 la utilización de las capacidades productivas fue de 78,9 por ciento; incidiendo negativamente en este aspecto roturas de la línea de llenado. Se obtuvo un 80 por ciento de cumplimiento del plan de producción, las mayores afectaciones ocurrieron en los meses de mayo, agosto y septiembre debido a roturas de los sistemas críticos, roturas de equipamiento y las afectaciones provocadas por el huracán Irma. Al cierre del año que se analiza, las mermas estuvieron por debajo de las mermas certificadas. Sin embargo, los meses de junio, julio agosto y diciembre mostraron un incremento de las mismas por encima de lo planificado. Las vacunas que mayores mermas aportaron fueron: vax-TET® con 13,7 por ciento, VA-DIFTET® con 13,0 por ciento y diTe-vax® con 11,3 por ciento, siendo la etapa de llenado la de mayor contribución de mermas. La vacuna vax-TET® fue la que sistemáticamente aportó mermas en la presentación unidosis(AU)

The analysis losses and capacities are fundamental for the managerial administration because allow to know the degree of use that is made of each resources in the organization and to optimize them. Both studies constitute an useful tool to impact in the cost and to improve the efficiency of the company. Presently work was analyzed the behavior of the capacities and losses at the Finlay Vaccine Institute in the year 2017, taking into account the plan of capacities and losses certified by BioCubaFarma for this year. An evaluation of the behavior of the use of productive capacities per months at the end of 2017 was carried out, having like base the comparison among the production plan per months, the real produced and the monthly productive capacity. Also a comparative study among the company total losses and the monthly real one for each vaccine with regard to the standard established was carried out. The results showed that in 2017 the use of productive capacities were 78.9 percent, impacting negatively in this aspect the constants breaks of the filled line. 80 percent was obtained for execution of production plan, with the biggest affectations in May, August and September due to breaks of critical systems; breaks of equipment and the affectations caused by the hurricane Irma. At the end of the analyzed year, the losses were below the certified one. However, the months of June, July August and December showed an increment above that planned. The vaccines that contribute with bigger losses were: vax-TET® with 13.7 percent, VA-DIFTET® with 13.0 percent and diTe-vax® with 11.3 percent, being the stage of filled of bigger losses contribution. The vaccine that systematically contributed with losses was vax-TET® vaccine, in the unidoses presentation(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Encarsia formosa (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) has been used to control for the biological control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in greenhouse tomato crops. One aspect that influences the success of this method is the continuous availability of large numbers of E. formosa that enable the grower to release them at the proper time and in the quantity required. Rearing facilities of this parasitoid require reliable and low time-consuming methods for scouting populations of insects to forecast production. In this work, we develop a time-effective method for estimating insect populations in a mass rearing system with T. vaporariorum, using common bean plants as hosts. The population density of T. vaporariorum in highly infested leaves was determined to be 27.5 nymphs/cm2 using a linear regression model. Using an effort curve and binomial distribution, we determined that 14 and 54 leaves are the minimum number of sampling units required to estimate the T. vaporariorum nymphs and E. formosa pupae populations, respectively. A wasp ratio was determined by dividing the number of E. formosa produced by the total number used in the process. This index was higher when less than 7000 E. formosa were released per production batch in 1 week. When high populations of E. formosa are released in a batch, the production efficiency decreases, producing fewer new adults per adult used in the batch.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Water is an essential input for any agribusiness, used for various purposes such as hygiene procedures, heat exchangers and beverage formulation. Water charging, regulated in Brazil by the National Water Resources Policy (Federal Law 9.433/97), is an important issue for the food industry, since it may change the profile of food production costs. Thus, this article aimed to estimate the price increases in the dairy industry from the use of water charging and evaluate the potential benefit of this collection, comparing it to some planned investments in basins plans. We used a case study of a dairy that produced 1 t/d of mozzarella cheese in the state of Minas Gerais. Results indicated that water charging among the basins with current collection models may vary up to 131%. The increase in price related to water charging was low (0.04-0.09% of production costs), indicating that it can be absorbed by the industry. Conversely, values collected by the basins may be decisive for implementation of several actions aiming an average quantity and quality of water, which is good for the industry, itself. In the current charging collection models in the state of Minas Gerais, it is possible to recognize that collection is a promising initiative for the economical valuation of water. However, charging still seems to lack sufficiency in safety and a rationalization for its use.(AU)

A água é um insumo essencial para qualquer agroindústria, utilizada para diversas finalidades, como em procedimentos de higienização, trocadores de calor e formulação de bebidas. Dessa forma, a cobrança pelo uso da água bruta, regulamentada no Brasil pela Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos - Lei nº 9.433/97 e leis estaduais, é um tema importante para a indústria de alimentos, uma vez que pode alterar o perfil dos custos de produção de bens alimentícios. Assim, este artigo objetivou estimar os incrementos de preço provenientes da cobrança pelo uso da água bruta em uma indústria de laticínios e avaliar o potencial benefício dessa arrecadação, comparando-a com alguns investimentos previstos em planos de bacias hidrográficas. Para tal, foi utilizado um estudo de caso de uma indústria de laticínios com produção de 1 t/d de queijo mussarela, no Estado de Minas Gerais. Os resultados indicaram que o valor da cobrança pelo uso da água bruta entre as bacias hidrográficas com cobrança vigente pode variar em até 131%. O incremento de preço obtido pela cobrança de uso da água bruta foi baixo (0,04-0,09% dos custos de produção), indicando que este pode ser absorvido pelas indústrias. Por outro lado, os valores arrecadados pelas bacias podem ser decisivos para a efetivação de diversas ações voltadas para a melhoria da quantidade e da qualidade da água, beneficiando as próprias indústrias. Nos modelos de cobrança vigentes, no Estado de Minas Gerais, é possível reconhecer que a cobrança é uma iniciativa promissora para valorar economicamente a água. Porém, a cobrança ainda parece ser insuficiente para assegurar a racionalização do seu uso.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: Water is an essential input for any agribusiness, used for various purposes such as hygiene procedures, heat exchangers and beverage formulation. Water charging, regulated in Brazil by the National Water Resources Policy (Federal Law 9.433/97), is an important issue for the food industry, since it may change the profile of food production costs. Thus, this article aimed to estimate the price increases in the dairy industry from the use of water charging and evaluate the potential benefit of this collection, comparing it to some planned investments in basins plans. We used a case study of a dairy that produced 1 t/d of mozzarella cheese in the state of Minas Gerais. Results indicated that water charging among the basins with current collection models may vary up to 131%. The increase in price related to water charging was low (0.04-0.09% of production costs), indicating that it can be absorbed by the industry. Conversely, values collected by the basins may be decisive for implementation of several actions aiming an average quantity and quality of water, which is good for the industry, itself. In the current charging collection models in the state of Minas Gerais, it is possible to recognize that collection is a promising initiative for the economical valuation of water. However, charging still seems to lack sufficiency in safety and a rationalization for its use.

RESUMO: A água é um insumo essencial para qualquer agroindústria, utilizada para diversas finalidades, como em procedimentos de higienização, trocadores de calor e formulação de bebidas. Dessa forma, a cobrança pelo uso da água bruta, regulamentada no Brasil pela Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos - Lei nº 9.433/97 e leis estaduais, é um tema importante para a indústria de alimentos, uma vez que pode alterar o perfil dos custos de produção de bens alimentícios. Assim, este artigo objetivou estimar os incrementos de preço provenientes da cobrança pelo uso da água bruta em uma indústria de laticínios e avaliar o potencial benefício dessa arrecadação, comparando-a com alguns investimentos previstos em planos de bacias hidrográficas. Para tal, foi utilizado um estudo de caso de uma indústria de laticínios com produção de 1 t/d de queijo mussarela, no Estado de Minas Gerais. Os resultados indicaram que o valor da cobrança pelo uso da água bruta entre as bacias hidrográficas com cobrança vigente pode variar em até 131%. O incremento de preço obtido pela cobrança de uso da água bruta foi baixo (0,04-0,09% dos custos de produção), indicando que este pode ser absorvido pelas indústrias. Por outro lado, os valores arrecadados pelas bacias podem ser decisivos para a efetivação de diversas ações voltadas para a melhoria da quantidade e da qualidade da água, beneficiando as próprias indústrias. Nos modelos de cobrança vigentes, no Estado de Minas Gerais, é possível reconhecer que a cobrança é uma iniciativa promissora para valorar economicamente a água. Porém, a cobrança ainda parece ser insuficiente para assegurar a racionalização do seu uso.

RESUMO

Se realizó una evaluación preliminar de las mermas productivas en varios escenarios de la Planta de Procesamiento Aséptico y de Envase del Instituto Finlay de Vacunas de La Habana, Cuba. La evaluación abarco las áreas de formulación, llenado, etiquetado y envase, durante el período 2011-2015, con el propósito de constituir una herramienta útil que incidiera sobre los costos de producción y mejorar la eficiencia de la empresa. Los resultados muestran que la etapa de formulación presenta mayor promedio de pérdidas por mermas (6,99 por ciento), principalmente aportadas por las vacunas DTP-vax® y VA-MENGOC-BC®; seguido de la etapa de llenado con un promedio de mermas de 4 por ciento. Las mermas para el resto de las etapas oscilaron entre 0,2 por ciento y 1,57 por ciento. El costo general de las mermas de este período fue de 8.949.871,79 pesos cubanos, aportado por las vacunas vax-SPIRAL®, vax-TyVi®, vax-TET® y VA-MENGOC-BC®. Se observó que, excepto para vax-TET-5® (presentación de 20 dosis), debido a problemas confrontados con el volumen de los bulbos, las mermas del año 2016 estuvieron por debajo del porcentaje establecido. Por último, se realizó un análisis de tendencia de las mermas totales y por presentación, en el período 2011 al 2016, mostrando que en el año 2015 se obtuvo la mayor cantidad de mermas de vacunas, con mayor incidencia en la presentación de 20 dosis(AU)

A preliminary evaluation of production losses was carried out in several scenarios of the Aseptic Processing and Packaging Plant of Finlay Vaccine Institute, Havana, Cuba. The evaluation covered the areas of formulation, filling, labeling and packaging, during the period 2011-2015, with the purpose of constituting a useful tool that would influence the production costs and improve the efficiency of the company. The results show that the formulation stage presents a higher average loss due to wastage (6.99 percent), mainly contributed by the vaccines DTP-vax® and VA-MENGOC-BC®; followed by the filling stage with an average loss of 4 percent. The losses for the rest of the stages ranged between 0.2 percent and 1.57 percent. The general cost of the losses of this period was 8,949,871.79 Cuban pesos, contributed by vax-SPIRAL®, vax-TyVi®, vax-TET® and VA-MENGOC-BC® vaccines. It was observed that, except for vax-TET-5)® (presentation of 20 doses), due to problems faced with the volume of the bulbs, the losses of the year 2016 were below the established percentage. Finally, a trend analysis was made of the total losses and by presentation, in the period 2011 to 2016, showing that in 2015 the highest quantity of vaccine losses was obtained, with a higher incidence in the presentation of 20 doses(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to analyze economically the production of scallops Nodipecten nodosus at the north coast of São Paulo State, from a hypothetical cultured area of 0.2 ha. We used a final density of 16 scallops floor-1 of Japanese lanterns and considered a survival rate of 68.85% and 81.22% at the final cycle of nine months. In these conditions, the intern rate of return (IRR) ranged from 40.58% a 103.99%, based in commercial selling prices of R$ 39.50 and R$ 49.50a per dozen for the two survival rates. The total production cost (TPC) per dozen of scallops varied from R$ 24.27 to R$ 28.63, lower than the considered selling prices. The highest net present value (NPV) obtained was R$ 989,376.35 for the selling price of R$ 49.50 and survival of 81.22% and the lowest NPV was R$ 288,209.84 for the selling price of R$ 39.50 and survival of 68.85%. These results show the economic viability of the scallop’s culture, fact that may promote the development and expansion of this activity in north coast of São Paulo State.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar economicamente o cultivo da vieira Nodipecten nodosus, no litoral norte paulista a partir de um cultivo hipotético em uma área de 0,2 ha. Utilizou-se a densidade final de 16 vieiras piso-1 de lanterna e a taxa de sobrevivência considerada, ao final do ciclo de nove meses, variou de 68,85% a 81,22%. Verificou-se que a taxa interna de retorno (TIR) variou de 40,58 a 103,99%, a partir dos preços base para a comercialização de R$ 39,50 e R$ 49,50* a dúzia, nas duas taxas de sobrevivência estudadas. O custo total de produção (CTP) por dúzia de vieira variou de R$ 24,27 a R$ 28,63, sendo inferior aos preços de comercialização considerados. O maior valor presente líquido (VPL) obtido foi de R$ 989.376,35 para o preço de venda de R$ 49,50 e sobrevivência de 81,22%, e o menor de R$ 288.209,84 para o preço de venda de R$ 39,50, na menor sobrevivência (68,85%). Os resultados comprovam que o cultivo de vieiras apresenta viabilidade econômica, fato que pode estimular o desenvolvimento e expansão dessa atividade no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to analyze economically the production of scallops Nodipecten nodosus at the north coast of São Paulo State, from a hypothetical cultured area of 0.2 ha. We used a final density of 16 scallops floor-1 of Japanese lanterns and considered a survival rate of 68.85% and 81.22% at the final cycle of nine months. In these conditions, the intern rate of return (IRR) ranged from 40.58% a 103.99%, based in commercial selling prices of R$ 39.50 and R$ 49.50a per dozen for the two survival rates. The total production cost (TPC) per dozen of scallops varied from R$ 24.27 to R$ 28.63, lower than the considered selling prices. The highest net present value (NPV) obtained was R$ 989,376.35 for the selling price of R$ 49.50 and survival of 81.22% and the lowest NPV was R$ 288,209.84 for the selling price of R$ 39.50 and survival of 68.85%. These results show the economic viability of the scallops culture, fact that may promote the development and expansion of this activity in north coast of São Paulo State.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar economicamente o cultivo da vieira Nodipecten nodosus, no litoral norte paulista a partir de um cultivo hipotético em uma área de 0,2 ha. Utilizou-se a densidade final de 16 vieiras piso-1 de lanterna e a taxa de sobrevivência considerada, ao final do ciclo de nove meses, variou de 68,85% a 81,22%. Verificou-se que a taxa interna de retorno (TIR) variou de 40,58 a 103,99%, a partir dos preços base para a comercialização de R$ 39,50 e R$ 49,50* a dúzia, nas duas taxas de sobrevivência estudadas. O custo total de produção (CTP) por dúzia de vieira variou de R$ 24,27 a R$ 28,63, sendo inferior aos preços de comercialização considerados. O maior valor presente líquido (VPL) obtido foi de R$ 989.376,35 para o preço de venda de R$ 49,50 e sobrevivência de 81,22%, e o menor de R$ 288.209,84 para o preço de venda de R$ 39,50, na menor sobrevivência (68,85%). Os resultados comprovam que o cultivo de vieiras apresenta viabilidade econômica, fato que pode estimular o desenvolvimento e expansão dessa atividade no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This article combines a Policy Analysis Matrix with a sensitivity and poverty line analysis with the objective of evaluating the economic contribution of comparative advantages to the private profitability and competitiveness of small-scale dairy systems. For 1 year, socioeconomic data were collected from 82 farms selected from four strata via statistical sampling. Two scenarios were established to determine the quantitative contribution of comparative advantages: (1) a simulated scenario, which accounted for the cost of purchasing the total food and the opportunity cost of the family labour force (FLF), and (2) an actual production scenario, which accounted for the cost of producing food and eliminating the payment of the FLF and included other income. The E3 and E4 producers were the most profitable and competitive in the simulated scenario and actual production scenario. Of the four scales evaluated, the E2 and E1 producers were the most efficient in taking advantage of the economic contribution provided by the comparative advantages in their own production of food and employment of the FLF, in addition to accounting for other income, a condition that increased their profitability by 171 and 144% and competitiveness by 346 and 273%, respectively. The poverty results indicated that only E3 and E4 producers were non-vulnerable in the simulated scenario and actual production scenario. The purchase of food was the comparative advantage with the greatest sensitivity to cost increases in the two scenarios analysed, which exacerbated the effect on the E1 and E2 producers.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Foram avaliados a composição morfológica, os parâmetros agronômicos, a produção de massa seca das plantas forrageiras utilizadas para o processo de ensilagem, bem como a caracterização do processo fermentativo, em diferentes tempos de abertura dos mini-silos (3, 7, 15, 30, 60, 120 dias) após a ensilagem. Procedeu-se também às determinações das perdas de efluentes e gases, além da composição bromatológica e fracionamento de proteína das silagens. Também foi estimado o custo de produção e a produção de leite em função da matéria seca das silagens produzidas a partir de diferentes gramíneas. As espécies forrageiras avaliadas foram: milheto ADR-7010, sorgo BRS 610, milho AG 5055 com espiga, milho AG 5055 sem espiga e cana-de-açúcar IAC 86-2480. Foram observadas diferenças significativas tanto para produção, quanto composição bromatológica e custos de produção. O milheto não se mostrou competitivo com as demais forrageiras; entretanto, constitui opção como cultura de inverno em decorrência de sua baixa exigência hídrica quando comparado às demais culturas.(AU)

In this assay, we evaluated morphological composition, agronomic parameters, dry matter yield, and the silage fermentative process from pearl millet, sorghum, and corn plant with or without ears within different silos opening times (3, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 120 days). Effluent and gas release from silages were also evaluated besides its chemical composition and protein fractioning. Production costs of all silages were estimated. We also estimate milk production according to different silages dry matter production. Evaluated cultivars were, ADR-7010 (pearl millet), BRS-610 (sorghum), AG-5055 (corn), and IAC-86-2480 (sugarcane). Significant differences were observed for both production as well as chemical composition and production costs. Pearl millet did not prove to be competitive when compared with other forages. However, as winter crop, pearl millet could be profitable due to the low water exigencies when compared to the other crops.(AU)

Assuntos