RESUMO
Background: Innovations in vascular and endovascular surgery have important social and economic repercussions. Most endovascular devices used in Brazil are imported and, therefore, particularly expensive. Objective: To conduct a retrospective analysis of patent and regulatory approval data for newly developed vascular and endovascular devices, based on the number of patents registered at the Brazilian National Industrial Property Institute (INPI) and the number of products approved by the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) over recent years. Methods: This retrospective study involved electronic searches of the INPI (www.inpi.gov.br) and ANVISA websites (www.anvisa.gov.br), for patents registered and products approved between January 1997 and December 2012. Results: The keywords used for the search ("catheter(s)," "stent(s)," "graft(s)," and "wound dressing(s)") returned a total of 701 new patents registered during the period studied. Thirty-four percent (n=237) of these were patents for wound dressings, while the remaining 66% (n=464) were for devices used in endovascular surgery. Only 7.8% (n=268) of the 3433 products approved by ANVISA during the period analyzed were produced in Brazil. Conclusions: The social and economic importance of innovations in health care highlights the need to monitor them, to register them and to support their production, in view of the need to develop local alternatives to imported health care technology. .
Contexto: As inovações em cirurgia vascular e endovascular são responsáveis por grande impacto econômico e importância social. Em sua grande maioria, os materiais são importados, onerando ainda mais o seu custo. Objetivo: Realizar uma análise retrospectiva dos Registros de Patentes e da liberação para utilização dos produtos do segmento da cirurgia vascular e endovascular, de acordo com o número de patentes depositadas no Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI) e as publicações deferidas autorizando utilização dos produtos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), nos últimos anos. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, no período de janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2012, por meio de pesquisa de dados eletrônicos no site do INPI e dados referentes à liberação para utilização de produtos médicos no site da ANVISA. Resultados: Encontraram-se 701 registros de novas patentes referentes a inovações tecnológicas na área de cirurgia vascular e endovascular, com os termos pesquisados 'cateter(es)', 'stent(s)', 'endoprótese(s)']. Destes, 34% (n=237) foram referentes a registros de patentes de novos curativos e 66% (n=464), de materiais utilizáveis em cirurgia endovascular. Dentre os 3.433 novos registros liberados pela ANVISA, aproximadamente 7,8% (n=268) são de produtos fabricados no Brasil. Conclusões: A importância econômica e social das inovações em saúde demonstra o quão importante é a sua monitorização, o seu registro e o apoio para sua produção, com a visão da necessidade do desenvolvimento de soluções nacionais para este mercado. .
Assuntos
Patentes como Assunto , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Vasculares/instrumentação , Aprovação de Equipamentos , Stents , Estudos Retrospectivos , Propriedade Intelectual , Catéteres , InvençõesRESUMO
PIP: This Decree sets forth Guatemala's Forestry Act, which has the purpose of ensuring the protection, conservation, utilization, industrialization, management, renewal, growth, and administration of forest resources, in conformity with principles of rational use and supported by renewable resources. The Act also declares the reforestation of the country and the conservation of forest growth, particularly along waterways and near springs, to be a matter of national urgency and social interest. To achieve these goals, the Act contains provisions relating to a) the granting of concessions and licenses to exploit forests; b) the classification of different kinds of forest land; c) measures to protect forests; d) the exploitation and agricultural and industrial uses of forests; e) the transportation of forest materials; f) forestation and reforestation, including reforestation obligations of those who exploit forests; g) incentives to promote forestation, rural development, and forest industries, including incentives to small owners; h) a Private Forestry Fund made up of resources obtained through application of the Act; i) a National Forestry Registry for recording the results of a forestry census; and j) violations of the provisions of the Act, among other things. The implementation of the Act and its regulations is entrusted to the General Directorate of Trees and Forest Life.^ieng
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Legislação como Assunto , Licenciamento , Motivação , Planejamento Social , Árvores , América , América Central , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Meio Ambiente , Guatemala , Conhecimento , América Latina , América do Norte , Política PúblicaRESUMO
PIP: This Act amends the Trinidad and Tobago Private Hospital Act (PAA) to make it apply to homes for the elderly. The PAA contains rules on the licensing and oversight of private hospitals.^ieng
Assuntos
Idoso , Lares para Grupos , Hospitais , Legislação como Assunto , Licenciamento , Organização e Administração , Adulto , Fatores Etários , América , Região do Caribe , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Atenção à Saúde , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Geografia , Saúde , Instalações de Saúde , Habitação , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Características de Residência , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
PIP: This document contains major provisions of the 1988 Aliens Land Holding Regulation Act of Dominica. The Act provides that no land or mortgage on land or interest in a company shall be held by an unlicensed alien or alien company. Exceptions include allowing an unlicensed alien to hold not more than an acre of land for his residence, trade, or business. Also, an unlicensed alien may protect inherited land from forfeiture to the state if he sells it within one year of the inheritance or if he obtains a license to hold the land. The Act details the procedure under which a license for land tenure may be obtained by an alien or an alien company. Provisions are also laid out to cover the ownership of alien companies. Restrictions are made on attempts to evade the provisions of this Act by holding trusts in favor of aliens. Finally, a provision is made for the exemption of an alien or alien company from the provisions of this Act.^ieng
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Administração Financeira , Legislação como Assunto , Licenciamento , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América , Região do Caribe , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Dominica , Economia , Etnicidade , Conhecimento , América do Norte , População , Características da PopulaçãoRESUMO
This Accord sets forth Regulations on the functioning of Ecuadoran private day care centers, which are defined as centers for the protection and integral development of children under the age of seven. It provides that persons and entities interested in running a center must receive authorization from the Ministry of Social Welfare after submitting an application containing a social protection plan, a program of recreational and educative activities, and a report of the Provincial Directorate of Education. Further provisions of the Accord deal with the administrative structure of day care centers, physical space requirements, financing and operation, and the administrative responsibility for day care centers of the Private Day Care Section of the Department for the Protection of Minors.
Assuntos
Cuidado da Criança , Legislação como Assunto , Licenciamento , Organização e Administração , Setor Privado , América , Comportamento , Educação Infantil , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Equador , Conhecimento , América Latina , América do SulRESUMO
This Act sets forth new rules on the adoption of minors in Chile. It provides for two kinds of adoption: simple and full adoption. A simple adoption has no effect on civil status and a child retains its rights and obligations with respect to its natural family. Persons adopting act as foster parents who take on obligations to give food, shelter, and education to the child until it reaches the age of majority or a judicial decision has declared an end to the adoption, or the child has become the subject of a full adoption. Persons who have reached the age of majority and have full civil capacity may adopt, although a married person may adopt only if his or her spouse consents. A full adoption is irrevocable; under a full adoption a child's ties to its original parents are severed and it obtains the status of a legitimate child of the persons adopting. A child may be adopted under a full adoption if it is an orphan, if its parents are unknown, if it has been abandoned, or if it is the child of one of the adopting parties. A child may be considered abandoned, even if under the care of its parents, if it has not received their personal attention for a year or if it has been left in the care of an institution. Persons adopting under a full adoption must in general be married to each other for at least four years, be over the age of 25 and under the age of 60, be at least 20 years older than the adopted child, and have cared for the child for at least a year. The Act also contains provisions on minors leaving Chile for adoption abroad.
Assuntos
Adoção , Cuidado da Criança , Custódia da Criança , Família , Cuidados no Lar de Adoção , Legislação como Assunto , Licenciamento , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , América , Comportamento , Criança , Educação Infantil , Chile , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Características da Família , Relações Familiares , Conhecimento , América Latina , População , Características da População , América do SulRESUMO
This Decree requires all persons or organizations interested in carrying out activities with respect to the promotion of health or prevention of illness in persons aged 60 and older to obtain authorization from the Costa Rica Ministry of Health. Authorizations are valid for five years. General and particular rules for the functioning of activities are to be issued by the Department for the Elderly in coordination with the Accreditation Commission of Health Establishments. The Decree calls for the Department for the Elderly to make periodic inspections of institutions and requires the Department to approve any publicity on activities. Authorization can be withdrawn from persons and organizations that violate the provisions of this Decree or other health laws and regulations.
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Idoso , Serviços de Saúde , Legislação como Assunto , Licenciamento , Política Pública , Adulto , América , América Central , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Costa Rica , Atenção à Saúde , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Saúde , Conhecimento , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Características da PopulaçãoRESUMO
PIP: This article, written in a narrative style, describes the author's experience as a member of the team that developed the first oral contraceptives. The author served as a research assistance for Dr. Pincus and Dr. Hoagland. The research was done at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology. The pill was developed in only 9 years, in the period 1951-1960. The earliest pills had only progesterone compounds and only after some human testing was it discovered that estrogen reduced the likelihood of break through bleeding. The earliest human test subjects were in Haiti and Puerto Rico.^ieng