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BACKGROUND: In recent decades, considerable advances have been made in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (IS) and its prevention. However, even after treatment, approximately two-thirds of patients with IS have some degree of disability that requires rehabilitation, along with an increased possibility of developing psychiatric disorders, particularly depression. OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictors of post-stroke depression in a 6-month period in patients with IS. METHOD: Ninety-seven patients with IS without previous depression were included in the study. The study protocol was applied during hospitalization and at 30, 90, and 180 days after hospital discharge. A binary logistic regression was then used. Age, sex, marital status, occupation, education, thrombolysis, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, modified Rankin scale (mRS) score, Barthel index, and Mini-Mental State Examination score were included as independent variables. RESULTS: Of the 97 patients, 24% of patients developed post-stroke depression. In the longitudinal follow-up, an mRS score of > 0 was the lone significant predictor of depression development (odds ratio = 5.38; 95% confidence interval: 1.25-23.12; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that in patients without previous depression, functional impairment of any degree has a 5-fold greater chance of leading to depression development in the first 6 months post-stroke as compared to that in patients without functional impairment.
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INTRODUCTION: Yellow September (YS) is a Brazilian suicide prevention campaign implemented in 2015, however, its effectiveness in reducing mortality is still unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is an ecologically interrupted time series study that analyses the evolution of suicide rates in Brazil between 2011 and 2019 and its association with the implementation of YS at a national level. Data was provided by the Mortality Information System. A segmented interrupted series regression analysis was performed, using a generalized linear Poisson model, with correction for seasonal trends. RESULTS: There was an increase in the annual rates of suicide deaths between 2011 and 2019, with 4.99 and 6.41 suicides per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The null hypothesis, that the YS did not change the historical trend of growth in suicides in Brazil after its implementation, was affirmed. However, there was an eventual significant increase of 6.2% in the risk of mortality in 2017 and of 8.6% in 2019. DISCUSSION: The results are consistent with the literature, which proposes that campaigns focused solely on publications through the media generate unsound findings regarding the effective reduction in the number of deaths by suicide. Conclusions: The lack of initiative in multisectoral actions may explain the failure of YS on changing deaths by suicide, therefore the development of new lines of action focused on training professionals and expanding the care network could make it an effective instrument in reducing mortality from suicide. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of initiative in multisectoral actions may explain the failure of YS on changing deaths by suicide, therefore the development of new lines of action focused on training professionals and expanding the care network could make it an effective instrument in reducing mortality from suicide.
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No Brasil, a reforma da escola médica ancorada na medicina preventiva difundiu-se, em grande medida, durante a ditadura militar (1964-1985). O projeto preventivista é investigado aqui para além de uma reorganização curricular, estando imbuído de um papel social e político evidenciado, especificamente, pelo modo como caracterizou os homossexuais na ditadura militar. Foram analisadas publicações do "Jornal do Brasil" sobre congressos científicos que tematizaram o preventivismo no combate aos comportamentos desviantes na juventude, com destaque ao homossexualismo. A tese de Sérgio Arouca estruturou as principais discussões presentes e embasou a análise das publicações coletadas. Como resultado, os homossexuais, tidos como degenerados desde o século XIX, foram descritos como ameaças patológicas à família, à moral e à segurança nacional, sendo necessária a sua profilaxia a partir de recomendações médico-preventivas no ambiente escolar e familiar e da repressão política direta do Estado.(AU)
In Brazil, the medical school reform grounded on preventive medicine was disseminated, to a large extent, during the military dictatorship (1964-1985). The preventivist project is investigated here beyond a curricular reorganization, as it had a social and political role. This role was clearly visible, specifically, in the way in which it characterized homosexuals in the military dictatorship. We analyzed publications of the newspaper "Jornal do Brasil" about scientific conferences that focused on preventivism in the fight against youth's deviant behaviors, emphasizing homosexuality. Sérgio Arouca's doctoral dissertation structured the main discussions and grounded the analysis of the collected publications. As a result, homosexuals, seen as degenerate since the 19th century, were described as pathological threats to the family, morals and national security; thus, prophylaxis was necessary through medical-preventive recommendations in the school and family environments and through the State's direct political repression.(AU)
En Brasil, la reforma de la escuela médica anclada en la medicina preventiva se difundió, en gran medida, durante la dictadura militar (1964-1985). El proyecto preventivista se investiga aquí más allá de una reorganización curricular, incorporando un papel social y político. Este evidenciado, específicamente, por el modo en que caracterizó a los homosexuales en la dictadura militar. Se analizaron publicaciones del "Jornal do Brasil" sobre congresos científicos que tuvieron como tema el preventivismo en el combate a los comportamientos desviantes en la juventud con destaque para la homosexualidad. La tesis de Sérgio Arouca estructuró las principales discusiones presentes y sirvió de base al análisis de las publicaciones colectadas. Como resultado, los homosexuales, considerados como degenerados desde el siglo XIX se describieron como amenazas patológicas a la familia, a la moral y a la seguridad nacional, siendo necesaria su profilaxis por medio de recomendaciones médico-preventivas en el ambiente escolar y familiar y de la represión política directa del Estado.(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Psiquiatria Preventiva , Homossexualidade/etnologia , Medicina Preventiva/ética , Minorias Sexuais e de GêneroRESUMO
Introduction: Psychiatric genetic research has seen progress in identifying genetic risk variants associated with major mental disorders. Testing with preventive purposes is likely to be offered to high-risk individuals in the near future. It is important that genetic testing and counseling align with the interests of the patients, and these interests are likely to vary among countries and cultures. Aim: The present study aimed to compare the attitudes toward psychiatric genetic research and genetic testing in Denmark and Cuba. Materials and Methods: A survey, culturally adapted for each country, was administered to a pool of students, patients with depression, and the closest relatives of these patients. A total of 491 stakeholders from Denmark and 720 from Cuba were included in the study. Results: Significant differences between the two populations were found for general knowledge about psychiatric genetic research, whom to offer genetic testing, and to whom to entrust with psychiatric genetic information. Cuban stakeholders were more likely to feel uncomfortable about psychiatric genetic research than the Danish stakeholders. This difference might be driven by the characteristics of the health systems, sociocultural factors, and lower genetic literacy in the Cuban population. Conclusion: This study is the first to compare attitudes toward psychiatric genetic testing between a Latin American country and a Nordic country. The results reported could be valuable when designing general guidelines for psychiatric genetic testing in the future.
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Testes Genéticos/ética , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde/etnologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Atitude , Cuba , Dinamarca , Depressão , Feminino , Privacidade Genética/ética , Pesquisa em Genética , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
AIM: Early detection and intervention (EDI) is a main challenge in psychosis research. The Chilean schizophrenia (SZ) national program has universal support and treatment by law for all SZ patients, but this does not yet extend to earlier stages of illness. Therefore, we have piloted an ultra-high risk (UHR) program to demonstrate the utility and feasibility of this public health approach in Chile. METHODS: We introduce "The University of Chile High-risk Intervention Program," which is the first national EDI program for UHR youths. Longitudinal follow-up included clinical and cognitive assessments, and monitoring of physiological sensory and cognitive indices, through electroencephalographic techniques. RESULTS: We recruited 27 UHR youths over 2 years. About 92.6% met criteria for attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS). Mean Scale of Psychosis-Risk Symptoms (SOPS) ratings in the cohort were 6.9 (SD 4.6) for positive, 9.1 (SD 8.3) for negative, 5.4 (SD 5.3) for disorganized and 6.3 (SD 4.1) for general symptoms. About 14.8% met criteria for comorbid anxiety disorders and 44.4% for mood disorders. Most participants received cognitive behavioural therapy (62.9%) and were prescribed low dose antipsychotics (85.2%). The transition rate to psychosis was 22% within 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: We describe our experience in establishing the first EDI program for UHR subjects in Chile. Our cohort is similar in profile and risk to those identified in higher-income countries. We will extend our work to further optimize psychosocial and preventive interventions, to promote its inclusion in the Chilean SZ national program and to establish a South American collaboration network for SZ research.
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Pesquisa Biomédica , Diagnóstico Precoce , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Adolescente , Adulto , Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Pesquisa Biomédica/tendências , Chile , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Estudos de Coortes , Comorbidade , Substituição de Medicamentos , Intervenção Médica Precoce , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Sintomas Prodrômicos , Transtornos Psicóticos/terapia , Esquizofrenia/terapia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Discute as mudanças na assistência psiquiátrica, ressaltando o contexto social e econômico, entre 1971 e 1975, em Santa Catarina. Orientado por técnicos da Organização Pan-americana de Saúde, o governo estadual desenvolveu política de saúde mental com base nas experiências norte-americanas da psiquiatria preventiva e comunitária do governo Kennedy (1961-1963), alinhadas com as diretrizes da Divisão Nacional de Previdência Social, no Brasil. Fruto de pesquisa qualitativa, com entrevistas com profissionais envolvidos na construção dessas iniciativas nos anos 1970, o artigo discute o cenário dos antecedentes da reforma psiquiátrica dos anos 1980 e 1990 no Brasil e reflete sobre o papel histórico dessas iniciativas em Santa Catarina.
Highlighting the social and economic context, the article examines the changes in psychiatric care in the state of Santa Catarina from 1971 through 1975. Guided by experts from the Pan American Health Organization, the state government devised a mental health policy that was based on U.S. experiences in preventive and community psychiatry under the Kennedy administration (1961-1963) and that was in tune with the guidelines laid out by Brazil's National Social Security Division (Divisão Nacional de Previdência Social). As a product of qualitative research based on interviews with professionals involved in the development of these initiatives in the 1970s, the article discusses the background to the 1980s and 1990s psychiatric reform in Brazil and reflects on the historical role of these initiatives in Santa Catarina.
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Humanos , História do Século XX , Psiquiatria/história , Saúde Mental , Política de Saúde/história , Psiquiatria Preventiva , Brasil , Assistência à Saúde MentalRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Against the public health implications of untreated mental illness among general hospital inpatients, this study aimed firstly to examine hospital physicians' level of referral to a psychiatric service, and secondly, to explore the extent of these doctors' knowledge of psychiatric issues by comparing their reasons for referring patients with patients'final psychiatric diagnoses. METHODS: Over a one-year period, data were collected on all patients referred to a consultation liaison psychiatric service at a multi-disciplinary teaching hospital. Reasons for referral and final psychiatric diagnosis were recorded. Official hospital census data were also used in the calculation ofreferral rates. Chi-square or Fisher's Exact tests were used as appropriate to explore potential associations between reasons for referral and psychiatric diagnosis. Statistical significance was taken at the 0.05 level. RESULTS: The referral rate was 1.5%. Strange and disruptive behaviour as reasons for referral were strongly associated with the presence of underlying medical conditions as the cause of mental disturbance. Anxiety and psychotic symptoms as reasons for referral were associated with anxiety and psychotic disorders respectively. Depression was often given as a reason for referral when clinical depression was absent, but adjustment issues were prominent. CONCLUSIONS: The psychiatric service was underutilized. Generally, the psychiatric knowledge of physicians was fair. However, closer attention to underlying medical conditions as a potential cause for psychiatric disturbance, as well as to the difference between maladjustment and depression, seems warranted. It is possible that clinicians were less able to detect mild to moderate cases of psychiatric illness.
OBJETIVOS: Haciendo frente a las implicaciones que para la salud pública tienen las enfermedades mentales sin tratamiento entre los pacientes hospitalizados en el hospital general, este estudio se propuso en primer lugar examinar el nivel alcanzado por los médicos del hospital con respecto a la remisión de pacientes a un servicio psiquiátrico; en segundo lugar, se busca explorar el alcance de los conocimientos de estos doctores con respecto a los problemas psiquiátricos, comparando sus razones para la remisión de pacientes con los diagnósticos psiquiátricos finales de los pacientes. MÉTODOS: Por un periodo de un año, se recopilaron datos de todos los pacientes remitidos al servicio de psiquiatría de enlace de consulta en un hospital docente multidisciplinario. Se registraron las razones para la remisión y el diagnóstico psiquiátrico final. También se usaron datos del censo hospitalario oficial en el cálculo de las tasas de remisión. La prueba de chi-cuadrado la prueba de Fisher fueron usadas como medios apropiados para explorar las asociaciones potenciales entre las razones para la remisión y el diagnóstico psiquiátrico. La importancia estadística se tomó al nivel 0.05. RESULTADOS: La tasa de remisión fue 1.5%. Los comportamientos problemáticos y raros como razones para la remisión estuvieron fuertemente asociados con la presencia de condiciones médicas subyacentes como la causa de la perturbación mental. La ansiedad y los síntomas sicóticos como razones para la remisión estuvieron asociadas con la ansiedad y desórdenes sicóticos respectivamente. La depresión fue señalada a menudo como una razón para la remisión cuando la depresión clínica estaba ausente, pero los problemas de adaptación tenían preeminencia. CONCLUSIONES: El servicio psiquiátrico estuvo subutilizado. Por lo general, el conocimiento psiquiátrico de los médicos era aceptable. Sin embargo, mayor atención merecen las condiciones médicas subyacentes así como causa potencial del trastorno psiquiátrica, así como la diferencia entre la inadaptación y la depresión. Es posible que los médicos clínicos fueran menos capaces de detectar los casos leves a moderados de enfermedad mental.