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RESUMEN Introducción: la úlcera por presión es aquella lesión que se localiza a nivel de la piel y tejidos más profundos. El comienzo de la aparición de ulceras por presión puede constituir un problema importante en la salud de los pacientes, causar molestias físicas, aumentar el tiempo de hospitalización y los costos de tratamiento. Objetivos: describir la prevalencia de pacientes internados que presentan úlceras por presión en el servicio de clínica médica del bloque modular del Hospital Nacional, 2022 a 2023. Metodología: estudio de diseño observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, que incluyó a 223 pacientes adultos internados en el Servicio de Clínica Médica del Hospital Nacional (Itauguá, Paraguay) durante el periodo de 2022 a 2023. Resultados: la prevalencia encontrada fue de 9,4 %. La edad media fue de 64 años, con predominio del sexo masculino (58 %). La localización más frecuente de las ulceras fue a nivel sacro (64 %), fueron múltiples el 14 %. Se encontró como patología determinante para el desarrollo de ulceras por presión el accidente cerebrovascular (41 %). Las ulceras por presión grado 1 y 2 fueron las más frecuentes (41 %, ambos). Conclusión: las ulceras por presión son una patología frecuente en pacientes internados. Existen comorbilidades asociadas, siendo el accidente cerebrovascular una de las más frecuentes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: a pressure ulcer is an injury that is located at the level of the skin and deeper tissues. The beginning of the appearance of pressure ulcers can constitute a major problem in the health of patients, causing physical discomfort, increasing hospitalization time and treatment costs. Objectives: describe the prevalence of hospitalized patients with pressure ulcers in the medical clinic service of the modular block of the National Hospital, 2022 - 2023. Methodology: observational, descriptive, prospective design study, which included 223 adult patients admitted to the medical clinic service of the Hospital Nacional (Itauguá, Paraguay) during the period from 2022 to 2023. Results: the prevalence found was 9.4 %. The average age was 64 years, with a predominance of males (58 %). The most frequent location of the ulcers was at the sacral level (64 %), 14 % were multiple. Cerebrovascular accident was found as a determining pathology for the development of pressure ulcers (41 %). Pressure ulcers grade 1 and 2 were the most frequent (41 % both). Conclusion: pressure ulcers are a common pathology in hospitalized patients. There are associated comorbidities, stroke being one of the most frequent.

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Resumo: Introdução: As Lesões por Pressão (LP) são feridas crônicas, não cicatrizam facilmente, causam dor e desconforto e requerem abordagem multiprofissional. Considerado um evento adverso é também indicador da qualidade da assistência prestada à população. A avaliação clínica e epidemiológica constitui uma prática imprescindível para sua prevenção e tratamento, pois compõe a fonte de informações à tomada de decisão do enfermeiro frente aos recursos tecnológicos para a prevenção e redução desse evento ainda presente nas instituições hospitalares. A correta identificação dos fatores de risco e classificação das lesões por pressão são importantes para precisão da magnitude do problema, e à implementação de estratégias de prevenção e tratamento. O uso adequado das tecnologias disponíveis de prevenção e tratamento dessas lesões são essenciais para um tratamento satisfatório e custo efetivo. Objetivos: identificar tecnologias de prevenção e tratamento de lesão por pressão e caracterizar o perfil individual e clínico, bem como descrever as características das lesões de pacientes adultos internados, atendidos por um serviço especializado em avaliação, prevenção e tratamento de lesões de pele em um hospital de ensino. Método: estudo de coorte, retrospectivo, realizado a partir dos registros dos prontuários da Instituição e planilhas do serviço especializado, no período de abril a julho de 2020. Resultados: O perfil clínico e individual dos pacientes adultos hospitalizados que desenvolveram lesão por pressão evidenciou que a maioria era da raça branca (84,1%), do sexo masculino (55,1%), com média de idade de 62 anos (±17,3). Além disso, possuíam duas ou mais comorbidades (91,3%) e exames alterados, especialmente, hipoalbuminemia (96,5%) e anemia (93,3%). Predominaram os diagnósticos do sistema respiratório (49,4%), desses, 20 (47,6%) com diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19. A maioria das notificações foram na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (57,6%) e no setor de Centro de Terapia Semi-intensiva (12,5%). O tempo mínimo de internação foi de três dias e o máximo de 104 dias e a mediana para o desenvolvimento da lesão foi de 11 dias de internação. O número total de lesões foi 104, variando de uma a cinco lesões por paciente, com destaque para as lesões de estágio 2 (45%). A localização anatômica mais acometida foi a região sacra (39,4%), seguida da região calcânea (16,3%). A equipe assistencial localizou anatomicamente 73 lesões (70,2%) das 104 e classificou 30 (41,1%) das 73 que localizou. Com relação à tecnologia de avaliação de risco constatou-se que, aproximadamente, 70% dos registros referentes à escala de Braden estavam em branco. As prescrições de enfermagem mais prevalentes foram: hidratação corporal sem massagear (17%), manutenção da cabeceira a 30°(16,2%), elevação de calcâneos (15,6%), reposicionamento no leito com frequência (12,7%), reposicionamento no leito no máximo de 2/2h (13,6%) e proteção da pele do contato de dispositivos (12,1%). As tecnologias de tratamento (cobertura) mais utilizadas foram ácido graxo essencial (50,3%) seguida da espuma de poliuretano (29,6%). Na amostra investigada, 55,1% dos pacientes foram a óbito, apenas um com cicatrização, além do mais, três pacientes receberam alta hospitalar com lesão cicatrizada. Conclusão: Este estudo contribuiu com a compreensão sobre o risco de lesão por pressão em adultos enfermos, apontou a necessidade de reconhecer os fatores extrínsecos e intrínsecos relacionados ao desenvolvimento da lesão por pressão e permitiu identificar as tecnologias de prevenção e tratamento e conhecer o perfil de pacientes adultos acometidos por lesão por pressão durante internação hospitalar. Estudos prospectivos são imprescindíveis para analisar os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de lesões por pressão e o impacto da adesão às intervenções de prevenção, podendo servir de base para o desenvolvimento de ações preventivas eficazes embasadas cientificamente. Os resultados permitiram traçar a realidade do serviço, fornecendo subsídios para planejamento da assistência, evidenciando os desafios do uso das tecnologias diante da problemática que envolve esse evento.

Abstract: Introduction: Pressure ulcers/injuries are chronic wounds, do not heal easily, cause pain and discomfort and require a multidisciplinary approach. Considered an adverse event, it is also an indicator of the quality of care provided to the population. Clinical and epidemiological assessment is an essential practice for its prevention and treatment, as it is the source of information for nurses' decision-making regarding technological resources for the prevention and reduction of this event still present in hospital institutions. The correct identification of risk factors and classification of pressure ulcers/injuries are important for the accuracy of the magnitude of the problem, and for the implementation of prevention and treatment strategies. The proper use of available technologies for the prevention and treatment of these injuries is essential for a satisfactory and cost-effective treatment. Objectives: to identify pressure ulcers/injuries prevention and treatment technologies and characterize the individual and clinical profile, as well as describe the characteristics of injuries in adult inpatients, treated by a service specialized in the evaluation, prevention and treatment of skin lesions in a hospital education. Method: retrospective cohort study, carried out from the institution's medical records and specialized service spreadsheets, from April to July 2020. Results: The clinical and individual profile of hospitalized adult patients who developed pressure ulcers/injuries showed that the majority were white (84.1%), male (55.1%), with a mean age of 62 years (± 17.3). In addition, they had two or more comorbidities (91.3%) and altered exams, especially hypoalbuminemia (96.5%) and anemia (93.3%). Diagnoses of the respiratory system predominated (49.4%), of which 20 (47.6%) had a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. Most notifications were in the Intensive Care Unit (57.6%) and in the Semi-Intensive Care Center sector (12.5%). The minimum hospital stay was three days and the maximum 104 days, and the median for the development of the lesion was 11 days of hospitalization. The total number of injuries was 104, ranging from one to five injuries per patient, especially stage 2 injuries (45%). The most affected anatomical location was the sacral region (39.4%), followed by the calcaneal region (16.3%). The care team anatomically located 73 lesions (70.2%) of the 104 and classified 30 (41.1%) of the 73 they found. Regarding the risk assessment technology, it was found that approximately 70% of the records referring to the Braden scale were blank. The most prevalent nursing prescriptions were: body hydration without massaging (17%), headboard maintenance at 30°(16.2%), heel elevation (15.6%), frequent bed repositioning (12.7% ), repositioning in bed for a maximum of 2/2 hours (13.6%) and protection of the skin from contact with devices (12.1%). The most used treatment technologies (cover) were essential fatty acid (50.3%) followed by polyurethane foam (29.6%). In the investigated sample, 55.1% of the patients died, only one with healing, in addition, three patients were discharged from hospital with a healed lesion. Conclusion: This study contributed to the understanding of the risk of pressure ulcers/injuries in sick adults, pointed out the need to recognize the extrinsic and intrinsic factors related to the development of pressure ulcers/injuries and allowed to identify prevention and treatment technologies and to know the profile of adult patients affected by pressure ulcers/injuries during hospitalization. Prospective studies are essential to analyze the risk factors for the development of pressure ulcers/injuries and the impact of adherence to prevention interventions, which can serve as a basis for the development of scientifically-based effective preventive actions. The results allowed us to trace the reality of the service, providing support for care planning, highlighting the challenges of using technologies in the face of the problem surrounding this event.

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CONTEXTO: Úlceras por pressão (UP) são a complicação mais comum observada em pacientes acamados. O objetivo deste relato de caso é explorar a eficácia da terapia a laser no infravermelho próximo de classe IV no tratamento de úlceras de pressão grandes e graves. DADOS: Um homem de 53 anos com diagnóstico de tetraplegia devido à tuberculose da coluna cervical no nível C5-C6 foi admitido em um hospital com úlcera por pressão instável sobre o sacro e úlceras de pressão do National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel estágio 3 sobre a área trocantérica direita para lesão por pressão. Não havia comorbidades associadas, como diabetes mellitus e hipertensão. Utilizou-se o Lite Cure Gallium-Aluminium-Arsenide (GaAlAs) classe IV laser próximo ao infravermelho, sem contato, emissão de feixe contínuo (não pulsante) no comprimento de onda de 980 nm. Os parâmetros de dosagem usados foram: 7,5 - 10 watts de potência; faixa de dosagem 7 J / cm2 - 9 J / cm2; área sacral (13 × 9) cm2 e área trocantérica (10 × 8) cm2; em diferentes densidades de energia; o tempo de tratamento varia entre 8 a 15 minutos para cada úlcera. No total, 19 sessões durante um período de 6 semanas foram administradas para tratar úlceras de pressão. Dimensões (área) e estágio de gravidade da úlcera por pressão foram anotados antes da intervenção e após a conclusão da intervenção. Os dados pós-tratamento revelaram melhora clínica em ambos os desfechos. CONCLUSÃO / SIGNIFICADO CLÍNICO: Este relato de caso demonstra um efeito anti-inflamatório, analgésico e bioestimulante de cicatrização do tratamento com laserterapia Classe IV, apresentando redução nas dimensões e gravidade das úlceras por pressão.

CONTEXT: Pressure ulcers (PU) are the most common complication noted in bed-ridden patients. The purpose of this case report is to explore the efficacy of class IV near-infrared laser therapy in the treatment of large and severe pressure ulcers. FINDINGS: A 53-years-old male diagnosed with quadriplegia due to cervical spine tuberculosis at level C5- C6 was admitted to a hospital with an unstageable pressure ulcer over the sacrum and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Pressure stage 3 ulcers over the right trochanteric area for pressure injury. No associated comorbidities like diabetes mellitus and hypertension were present. The Lite Cure Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenide (GaAlAs) class IV near-infrared laser, non-contact, continuous beam emission (non-pulsing) at 980nm wavelength, was used. The dosage parameters used were: 7.5 - 10 watts power; dose range 7 J/cm2 - 9 J/cm2; sacral area (13×9) cm2 and trochanteric area (10×8) cm2; at varying energy densities; treatment time ranges between 8 to 15 minutes for each ulcer. Total 19 sessions over 6 weeks were given to treat pressure ulcers. Dimensions (area) and severity stage of pressure ulcer were noted pre-intervention and after the intervention. The post-treatment data revealed the clinical improvement in both outcomes. CONCLUSION/ CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This case report demonstrates the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and bio-stimulative healing effects of Class IV laser therapy treatment showing a reduction in the dimensions and severity of pressure ulcers.

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BACKGROUND: Despite being considered preventable, ulcers due to pressure affect between 30 and 50% of patients at high and very high risk and susceptibility, especially those hospitalized under critical care. Despite a lack of evidence over the efficacy in prevention against ulcers due to pressure, hourly repositioning in critical care as an intervention is used with more or less frequency to alleviate pressure on patients' tissues. This brings up the objective of our study, which is to evaluate the efficacy in prevention of ulcers due to pressure acquired during hospitalization, specifically regarding two frequency levels of repositioning or manual posture switching in adults hospitalized in different intensive care units in different Colombian hospitals. METHODS: A nurse-applied cluster randomized controlled trial of parallel groups (two branches), in which 22 eligible ICUs (each consisting of 150 patients), will be randomized to a high-frequency level repositioning intervention or to a conventional care (control group). Patients will be followed until their exit from each cluster. The primary result of this study is originated by regarding pressure ulcers using clusters (number of first ulcers per patient, at the early stage of progression, first one acquired after admission for 1000 days). The secondary results include evaluating the risk index on the patients' level (Hazard ratio, 95% IC) and a description of repositioning complications. Two interim analyses will be performed through the course of this study. A statistical difference between the groups < 0.05 in the main outcome, the progression of ulcers due to pressure (best or worst outcome in the experimental group), will determine whether the study should be put to a halt/determine the termination of the study. CONCLUSION: This study is innovative in its use of clusters to advance knowledge of the impact of repositioning as a prevention strategy against the appearance of ulcers caused by pressure in critical care patients. The resulting recommendations of this study can be used for future clinical practice guidelines in prevention and safety for patients at risk. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PENFUP phase-2 was Registered in Clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT04604665 ) in October 2020.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: las úlceras por presión constituyen un importante problema de salud por su frecuencia, carácter crónico, costes económicos y una merma en la calidad de vida en pacientes internados en las unidades de cuidados especiales. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto epitelizante y analgésico del sevoflurano aplicado tópicamente en úlceras por presión grado I-III no infectadas de pacientes internados. El tipo de estudio fue Ensayo clínico aleatorizado. Un total de 16 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio y fueron divididos aleatoriamente en 2 grupos: grupo A (8 pacientes), en los que se realizó la curación con sevoflurano tópico más povidona yodada y, grupo B (8 pacientes) curación solo con yodopovidona. La valoración de la evolución de la úlcera se realizó mediante la Escala PUSH, que valora superficie, cantidad de exudado y tipo de tejido del lecho. RESULTADOS: durante la realización de la curación, el dolor manifestado por los integrantes del Grupo A (1.6 ± 0.7), fue mucho menor que el observado el Grupo B (7.2 ± 1). No se encontró diferencias significativas en la superficie de la úlcera y en la cantidad de exudado; si se encontró una diferencia significativa en el tipo de tejido existente en el lecho ulceroso, en los pacientes del Grupo A se evidenció la presencia de tejido de granulación y epitelial a partir de la tercera semana de tratamiento, lo cual, en los pacientes del Grupo B, se observó a partir de la cuarta semana.

INTRODUCTION: pressure ulcers constitute an important health problem due to their frequency, chronic nature, economic costs and a reduction in the quality of life in patients hospitalized in special care units. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the aim of the study was to evaluate the epithelializing and analgesic effect of sevoflurane applied topically in uninfected grade I-III pressure ulcers of hospitalized patients. The type of study was Randomized Clinical Trial. A total of 16 patients were included in the study and were randomly divided into 2 groups: group A (8 patients), in which the cure was performed with topical sevoflurane plus povidone iodine, and group B (8 patients) only with povidone iodine. The evaluation of the evolution of the ulcer was performed using the PUSH Scale, which assesses surface area, amount of exudate and type of bed tissue. RESULTS: during the healing, the pain manifested by the members of Group A (1.6 ± 0.7), was much lower than that observed in Group B (7.2 ± 1). No significant differences were found on the surface of the ulcer and in the amount of exudate; If a significant difference was found in the type of tissue existing in the ulcer bed, in Group A patients the presence of epithelial and granulation tissue was evidenced starting the third week of treatment, which, in Group A patients B, was observed starting the fourth week.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pressure ulcers are regions of trauma caused by a continuous pressure applied to soft tissues between a bony prominence and a hard surface. The manual monitoring of their healing evolution can be achieved by area assessment techniques that include the use of rulers and adhesive labels in direct contact with the injury, being highly inaccurate and subjective. In this paper we present a Support Vector Machine classifier in combination with a modified version of the GrabCut method for the automatic measurement of the area affected by pressure ulcers in digital images. METHODS: Three methods of region segmentation using the superpixel strategy were evaluated from which color and texture descriptors were extracted. After the superpixel classification, the GrabCut segmentation method was applied in order to delineate the region affected by the ulcer from the rest of the image. RESULTS: Experiments on a set of 105 pressure ulcer images from a public data set resulted in an average accuracy of 96%, sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 97% and precision of 94%. CONCLUSIONS: The association of support vector machines with superpixel segmentation outperformed current methods based on deep learning and may be extended to tissue classification.

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Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar, mediante un análisis cuantitativo, el uso y aplicación de la Escala de Braden por el personal de enfermería en pacientes de medicina interna del Hospital Santo Domingo, año 2018. Es un estudio cuantitativo, transversal y descriptivo; la población total fue de 1017 pacientes con una muestra de 30 (12 masculinos y 18 feminas), ingresados al área de medicina interna del Hospital General Santo Domingo, provincia Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, de julio a agosto del 2018. Se les realizó una revisión de su historia clínica para conocer el puntaje que determinaba el riesgo de desarrollar úlceras por presión (UPP), según la valoración que recibieron mediante la escala. Durante la aplicación de la Escala de Braden, se pronosticó riesgo bajo a 15 pacientes, riesgo medio a 10 y riesgo alto a 5, quienes presentaron alteraciones neurológicas o enfermedades crónicas como: accidente cerebrovascular, diabetes mellitus, cirrosis hepática. Se concluye que el personal de enfermería no realiza una aplicación adecuada de la Escala de Braden ni desde el ingreso del paciente ni durante su reevaluación en el servicio de medicina interna, lo que trae consigo que la atención no se realice con la calidad requerida. Factor favorable para complicaciones como las UPP.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate, through a quantitative analysis, the use and application of the Braden Scale by the nursing staff in internal medicine patients of the Santo Domingo Hospital, year 2018. It is a quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study; The total population was 1017 patients with a sample of 30 (12 males and 18 females), admitted to the internal medicine area of the Santo Domingo General Hospital, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas province, from July to August 2018. They underwent a review of their medical history to know the score that determined the risk of developing pressure ulcers (UPP), according to the assessment they received using the scale. During the application of the Braden Scale, low risk was predicted for 15 patients, medium risk for 10 and high risk for 5, who presented neurological disorders or chronic diseases such as: stroke, diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis. It is concluded that the nursing staff does not carry out an adequate application of the Braden Scale, neither since the patient's admission nor during his reevaluation in the internal medicine service, which means that the care is not performed with the required quality. Favorable factor for complications such as UPP.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio de uma análise quantitativa, o uso e a aplicação da Escala de Braden pela equipe de enfermagem em pacientes de medicina interna do Hospital Santo Domingo, ano de 2018. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo; A população total foi de 1017 pacientes, com uma amostra de 30 (12 homens e 18 mulheres), admitidos na área de medicina interna do Hospital Geral de Santo Domingo, província de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, de julho a agosto de 2018. Eles foram submetidos a uma revisão do histórico médico para conhecer o escore que determinou o risco de desenvolver úlceras por pressão (UPP), de acordo com a avaliação que receberam usando a escala. Durante a aplicação da Escala de Braden, foram previstos baixo risco para 15 pacientes, risco médio para 10 e alto risco para 5, que apresentavam distúrbios neurológicos ou doenças crônicas como: acidente vascular cerebral, diabetes mellitus, cirrose hepática. Conclui-se que a equipe de enfermagem não realiza uma aplicação adequada da Escala de Braden, nem desde a admissão do paciente nem durante sua reavaliação no serviço de medicina interna, o que significa que o cuidado não é realizado com a qualidade exigida. Fator favorável a complicações como UPP.

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Resumen Las escaras (también llamadas úlceras por presión y úlceras de decúbito) son lesiones en la piel y el tejido inferior, resultan de una presión prolongada sobre la misma. En la mayoría de los casos, se manifiestan en la piel que recubre las partes óseas del cuerpo, como talones, tobillos, caderas y coxis. Las personas que corren mayor riesgo de tener escaras tienen limitada su capacidad para cambiar de posición o pasan la mayor parte del tiempo en una cama o una silla de ruedas. Pueden desarrollarse en el transcurso de horas o días, la mayoría se curan con tratamiento, pero algunas nunca se curan completamente. El proceso enfermero es una herramienta metodológica a través del cual Enfermería puede apoyar al paciente y/o familiar en brindar cuidados y educación en la prevención y atención de las úlceras por presión. En México, dos estudios metacéntricos reportan que la prevalencia cruda de UPP es del 12,94% y del 17%, respectivamente. El presente caso se trata de una mujer adulto mayor, en edad extrema (81 años), atendida por su familiar, con regular adherencia a su tratamiento terapéutico y de cuidados, pasa la mayor parte del tiempo en cama, movilización regular aunque con buena higiene, con una escara de región sacra limpia en estadio ll, la paciente y familiar muestra disponibilidad y motivación para aprender acciones de cuidado y prevención adoptar cambios en los hábitos de vida, ser más saludable además mejorar la salud familiar.

Abstract Bedsores (also called pressure ulcers and pressure sores) are lesions on the skin and lower tissue, resulting from prolonged pressure on it. In most cases, they manifest on the skin that covers the bony parts of the body, such as heels, ankles, hips and coccyx. People who are most at risk for bedsores have limited ability to change position or spend most of their time in a bed or wheelchair. They can develop over the course of hours or days, most heal with treatment, but some are never completely cured. The nursing process is a methodological tool through which Nursing can support the patient and / or family in providing care and education in the prevention and care of pressure ulcers. In Mexico, two metacentric studies report that the crude prevalence of PU is 12.94% and 17%, respectively. The present case is about an elderly woman, (81 years), cared for by her relative, with regular adherence to her therapeutic and care treatment, spends most of the time in bed, regular mobilization although with good hygiene, with a clean sacral region eschar in stage II, the patient and family member show availability and motivation to learn care and prevention actions, adopt changes in life habits, be healthier and improve family health.

Resumo Escaras (também chamadas de úlceras de pressão e escaras) são lesões na pele e nos tecidos inferiores, resultantes de pressão prolongada sobre ela. Na maioria dos casos, eles se manifestam na pele que cobre as partes ósseas do corpo, como calcanhares, tornozelos, quadris e cóccix. Pessoas com maior risco de escaras têm capacidade limitada de mudar de posição ou de passar a maior parte do tempo em uma cama ou cadeira de rodas. Eles podem se desenvolver ao longo de horas ou dias, a maioria cura com tratamento, mas alguns nunca estão completamente curados. O processo de enfermagem é uma ferramenta metodológica por meio da qual a Enfermagem pode apoiar o paciente e / ou família na prestação de cuidados e educação na prevenção e cuidado das úlceras por pressão. No México, dois estudos metacêntricos relatam que a prevalência bruta de UP é de 12,94% e 17% 4, respectivamente. O presente caso se refere a uma idosa, em extrema idade (81 anos), cuidada por seu familiar, com adesão regular ao seu tratamento terapêutico e assistencial, passa a maior parte do tempo acamada, mobilização regular, porém, com boa higiene com uma escara limpa da região sacral em estágio II, o paciente e seu familiar demonstram disponibilidade e motivação para aprender ações de cuidado e prevenção, adotar mudanças de hábitos de vida, ter mais saúde e melhorar a saúde da família.

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OBJECTIVE: Identify, summarise and present key recommendations published in the literature to prevent skin damage in health professionals as a result of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the covid-19 pandemic. METHOD: A scoping review, based on the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, was carried out between December 2019 and May 2020. The studies included male and female health professionals, who wore PPE during the global pandemic, in any given scenario. Headings and abstracts were analysed. Two independent investigators reviewed the full text. RESULTS: Eight publications were included. All of them focused on preventing pressure ulcers (PU) caused by PPE. Hygiene, hydration and the use of skin barriers were highlighted as preventive measures. There were different views around the type of humectant/skin barrier recommended to avoid skin damage. CONCLUSION: More studies identifying the most suitable strategies to maintain health professionals' skin integrity during the covid-19 pandemic are needed.

OBJETIVO: Identificar, resumir y presentar las recomendaciones publicadas para prevenir lesiones cutáneas (cualquier alteración de la piel) por el uso de productos y equipos de protección personal (EPP) en profesionales de la salud durante la pandemia del COVID-19. MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión de alcance, basada en las sugerencias del Instituto Joanna Briggs, entre diciembre de 2019 y mayo de 2020. Se incluyeron estudios realizados con profesionales de la salud de ambos sexos, que utilizaron productos y EPP durante la pandemia, en cualquier escenario de la atención sanitaria. Se examinaron los títulos y resúmenes de los estudios. Dos revisores independientes evaluaron el texto completo, según los criterios de inclusión establecidos. RESULTADOS: Ocho publicaciones fueron seleccionadas. Todas se centraron en los cuidados relacionados con la prevención de lesiones por presión (LPP). Resaltaron la higiene e hidratación, y el uso de protectores cutáneos como medidas preventivas. CONCLUSIÓN: Es necesario llevar a cabo investigaciones en busca de mejores estrategias para mantener la integridad de la piel de los profesionales de la salud en el ejercicio de su profesión durante el COVID-19. CONFLICTO DE INTERÉS: Este artículo es parte de un proyecto apoyado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovaciones (MCTI) y el Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (CNPq) de Brasil.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: las actividades asistenciales relacionadas con la atención de pacientes en servicios clínicos tienen diferentes grados de riesgos para las personas que los reciben, el error en la atención sanitaria se denomina evento adverso y/o centinelas los que, según su gravedad, pueden llegar a causar la muerte de los usuarios. OBJETIVO: determinar los costos totales de úlceras por presión y caídas ocurridos en los usuarios de los servicios clínicos de cirugía y medicina en un establecimiento de alta complejidad durante el primer semestre del 2017 y primer semestre del 2018, en Chile. MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. La ocurrencia de eventos relacionados a úlceras por presión y caídas son notificados a través del sistema informático Phoenix y son recepcionados por el Departamento de Calidad y Seguridad del Paciente del establecimiento, los datos económicos fueron proporcionados por el departamento de Finanzas. Los datos fueron procesados por programa computacional Excel. RESULTADOS: los costos totales asociado a úlceras por presión y caídas:Servicio de Cirugía, primer semestre del 2017:-Ulceras por presión $44.086.872 (U$ 57.557 dólares)-Caídas $39.630.517 (U$51.739 dólares)-Costo total $ 83.717.389 (U$109.297 dólares)Servicio de Medicina, primer semestre del 2017:-Úlceras por presión $22.654.894 (U$29.803 dólares)-Caídas $32.023.185 (U$41.807 dólares)-Costo total $ 54.678.079 (U$71.385 dólares)Servicio de Cirugía, primer semestre del 2018:-Ulceras por presión $76.979.440 (U$100.500 dólares)-Caídas $18.522.927 (U$24.182 dólares)-Costo total $ 95.502.367 (U$124.683 dólares)Servicio de Medicina, primer semestre del 2018:-Ulceras por presión $14.981.255 (U$19.558 dólares)-Caídas $55.258.625 (U$72.142 dólares)-Costo total $ 70.239.880 (U$91.701 dólares) CONCLUSIÓN: se logró levantar información actual sobre los recursos financieros y clínicos que determinan el impacto económico que generan los eventos adversos en los pacientes atendidos en un centro asistencial público. Es por esto, que el presente estudio, permitió cuantificar y evidenciar el impacto económico de dos eventos ocurridos en los servicios clínicos de un hospital de alta complejidad de Chile.

INTRODUCTION: healthcare activities related to the care of patients in clinical services, have different degrees of risks for the people who receive them, the error in health care is called an adverse event and / or sentinels which, depending on their severity, can arrive to cause the death of users. OBJECTIVE: to determine the total costs of pressure ulcers and falls that occurred in users of clinical services of surgery and medicine in a highly complex establishment during the first half of 2017 and the first half of 2018, in Chile. METHOD: retrospective descriptive study. The occurrence of events related to pressure ulcers and falls are notified through the Phoenix computer system and are received by the Department of Quality and Patient Safety of the establishment, the economic data were provided by the Department of Finance. The data were processed by Excel computer program. RESULTS: the total costs associated with pressure ulcers and falls:Surgery Service, first semester of 2017: -Pressure ulcers $ 44,086,872 (U$ 57,557)-Falls $ 39,630,517 (U$ 51,739) -Total cost$ 83,717,389 (U$ 109,297)Medicine Service, first semester of 2017: -Pressure ulcers $ 22,654,894 (U$29,803 dollars) -Falls $ 32,023,185 (U$41,807 dollars) -Total cost $ 54,678,079 (U$71,385 dollars)Surgery Service, first semester of 2018: -Pressure ulcers $ 76,979,440 (U$100,500 dollars) -Falls $ 18,522,927 (U$24,182 dollars) -Total cost $ 95,502,367 (U$124,683 dollars)Medicine Service, first semester of 2018: -Pressure ulcers $ 14,981,255 (U$19,558 dollars) -Falls $ 55,258,625 (U$72,142dollars) -Total cost $ 70,239,880 (U$91,701 dollars) CONCLUSIONS: it was possible to collect current information on financial and clinical resources that determine the economic impact generated by adverse events in patients treated in a public healthcare center. This is why the present study made it possible to quantify and demonstrate the economic impact of two events that occurred in the clinical services of a highly complex hospital in Chile.

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Resumen Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de úlceras por presión (UPP) y los factores asociados a su presentación, en pacientes de un hospital nacional de Lima, Perú. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron los datos del número de UPP por semanas epidemiológicas de las salas de hospitalización obtenidos por la Oficina de Inteligencia Sanitaria del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati durante el año 2016. Se determinaron las frecuencias según servicio de hospitalización. Se utilizó Social Science Statistics, para determinar Chi Cuadrado. Resultados: Los servicios con mayor frecuencia de UPP fueron UCI (41,67%) y cirugía general (16,67%), medicina interna (9,52%) y obstetricia (6,94%) y existió una relación estadística entre la frecuencia de UPP y UCI, cirugía general, medicina interna y obstetricia (p<0,005). Conclusiones: Se encontró que la frecuencia de úlceras por presión se asoció con el servicio de hospitalización del paciente, siendo más frecuente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Más del 70% de los casos de UPP ocurrieron en la UCI, hospitalización de cirugía, medicina y obstetricia.

Summary Objective: To determine the frequency of pressure ulcers (PU) and factors associated with in patients of a national hospital in Lima, Peru. Methods: Data from the Oficina de Inteligencia Sanitaria del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati regarding PU per epidemiologic week during 2016 were gathered. Frequencies by hospitalization service were calculated using Social Science Statistics, Chi squared was used to compare proportions. Results: The services with the highest frequency of PU were the ICU (41.67%), general surgery (16.67%), internal medicine (9.52%) and obstetrics (6.4%); a statistical difference was found between the frequency of PU at ICU, general surgery, internal medicine vs. obstetrics (p<0.005). Conclusions: the frequency of PU correlated with the hospitalization service, being higher in the ICU, general surgery and internal medicine services compared to obstetric services. More than 70% of PUs occurred at no-obstetric services.

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Introducción: Las úlceras por presión constituyen un gran problema de salud: deterioran la calidad de vida de los pacientes, con una repercusión negativa en sus familias, incrementan el consumo de recursos y los costos en salud. Objetivo: Proponer una metodología para la protocolización de la actuación de enfermería en la prevención de úlceras por presión en pacientes hospitalizados. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación de desarrollo tecnológico, en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras", desde octubre de 2016 a enero de 2018. Participaron diez expertos seleccionados a través de criterios establecidos, todos con un alto nivel de competencia. Como métodos teóricos se aplicaron: análisis-síntesis; inducción-deducción; enfoque de sistema y modelación; como método empírico, el método Delphi. Se empleó el análisis de las fuentes documentales y el procesamiento de las opiniones de expertos propuesto en el método Delphi. Resultados: La metodología quedó estructurada en seis momentos (diagrama de flujo) con pasos debidamente delimitados en la prevención de úlceras por presión del paciente en el contexto hospitalario. Para la evaluación y control se establecieron indicadores de estructura, proceso y resultados. Conclusiones: La propuesta metodológica diseñada deviene en un referente de estructura y contenido para la protocolización de la actuación de enfermería en la prevención de úlceras por presión en pacientes hospitalizados. Los elementos propuestos se basaron en el consenso de expertos y en la mejor evidencia científica(AU)

Introduction: Pressure ulcers are a major health concern; they deteriorate the quality of life of patients, with a negative impact on their families, and increase the consumption of resources and health costs. Objective: To propose a methodology for the protocolization of nursing actions in the prevention of pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients. Methods: A technological development research was carried out at Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical-Surgical Hospital, from October 2016 to January 2018. Ten experts selected through established criteria participated, all with a high level of competence. Theoretical methods were applied, such as analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction, system approach, and modeling. The empirical method used was the Delphi method. The analysis of documentary sources and the processing of expert opinions proposed in the Delphi method were used. Results: The methodology was structured in six moments (flow chart) with duly defined steps in the prevention of pressure ulcers of patients in the hospital context. For evaluation and control, structure, process and results indicators were established. Conclusions: The methodological proposal designed becomes a reference of structure and content for the protocolization of nursing actions in the prevention of pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients. The proposed elements were based on expert consensus of the best scientific evidence(AU)

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Introduction: A spinal cord injury refers to the damage suffered in the spinal cord as a result of trauma, disease or degeneration. Every person with spinal cord injury is at risk of developing pressure ulcers, and almost everyone will develop at least one ulcer due to severe pressure during his or her life. Objective: To identify the studies that detected risk factors for the development and recurrence of pressure ulcers in patients with spinal cord injury; and, if possible, synthesize the evidence to determine whether an association exists between them. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in Medline, LILACS, SciELO and Cochrane until December 4, 2018. The following studies were included: observational studies, case-control studies, and prospective or retrospective cohort studies, which provided an adjusted analysis of the risk factors associated with the development and recurrence of pressure ulcers in patients with spinal cord injury. Results: 25 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included for analysis. A total of 30 risk factors were identified: 4 were demographic factors, 8 were related to the injury, 5 belonged to medical comorbidities, 3 to nutritional factors, 9 were psychological, cognitive, contextual and social factors and 1 was related to support surface. As regards the factors, 56.67 percent of them were classified as non-modifiable. Conclusion: 30 risk factors were identified for the development and recurrence of pressure ulcers in patients with spinal cord injury. However, we were not able to synthesize the evidence due to the heterogeneity of the articles included in this review.

Introducción: Una lesión medular hace referencia a los daños sufridos en la médula espinal a consecuencia de un traumatismo, enfermedad o degeneración. Todas las personas con lesión medular corren riesgo de desarrollar úlceras por presión y casi todas desarrollarán al menos una úlcera por presión grave durante su vida. Objetivo: Identificar los estudios que detectaron factores de riesgo para la aparición y/o recurrencia de úlceras por presión en sujetos con lesión medular. Y de ser posible, sintetizar la evidencia para detectar asociación entre los mismos. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en Medline, LILACS, SciELO y Cochrane hasta el 4 de diciembre del año 2018. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales, casos-controles y de cohorte, retrospectivos o prospectivos, que realizaron un análisis ajustado de los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo y/o recurrencia de úlceras por presión en sujetos con lesión medular. Resultados: 25 artículos cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad y fueron incluidos para el análisis. Se identificaron un total de 30 factores de riesgo, de los cuales 4 fueron factores demográficos, 8 relacionados con la lesión, 5 pertenecieron a comorbilidades médicas, 3 a factores nutricionales, 9 fueron factores psicológicos, cognitivos, contextuales y sociales y 1 estuvo relacionado con la superficie de apoyo. El 56,67% se clasificaron como no modificables. Conclusión: Se identificaron 30 factores de riesgo para la aparición y/o recurrencia de úlceras por presión en sujetos con lesión medular. No fue posible sintetizar la evidencia debido a la heterogeneidad presentada por los artículos incluidos en la presente revisión.

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RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar os pacientes com doença crítica crônica e identificar os preditores relacionados à evolução para doença crítica crônica. Métodos: Coleta prospectiva de dados por 1 ano realizada na unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital geral localizado na Região Sul do país. Construíram-se três modelos de regressão logística para identificar os fatores associados com doença crítica crônica. Resultados: Dentre os 574 pacientes admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva durante o período do estudo, 200 foram submetidos à ventilação mecânica. Destes, 85 (43,5%) pacientes desenvolveram doença crítica crônica, totalizando 14,8% de todos os pacientes admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva. O modelo de regressão que avaliou os fatores prévios à admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva associados com doença crítica crônica identificou insuficiência renal crônica submetida à diálise (OR 3,57; p = 0,04) e diagnóstico neurológico quando da admissão ao hospital (OR 2,25; p = 0,008) como fatores independentes. No modelo que avaliou a associação de doença crítica crônica com situações ocorridas durante a permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva, destacaram-se fraqueza muscular (OR 2,86; p = 0,01) e úlceras por pressão (OR 9,54; p < 0,001). Na análise multivariada global (fatores prévios e situações ocorridas durante a permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva), destacaram-se admissão ao hospital por doenças neurológicas (OR 2,61; p = 0,03) e desenvolvimento de úlceras por pressão (OR 9,08; p < 0,001). Conclusão: A incidência de doença crítica crônica foi similar à observada em outros estudos e teve associação mais forte com o diagnóstico de doenças neurológicas quando da admissão ao hospital e insuficiência renal crônica submetida à hemodiálise, assim como com complicações desenvolvidas durante a hospitalização, como úlceras por pressão e fraqueza muscular.

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize patients with chronic critical illness and identify predictors of development of chronic critical illness. Methods: Prospective data was collected for 1 year in the intensive care unit of a general hospital in Southern Brazil. Three logistic regression models were constructed to identify factors associated with chronic critical illness. Results: Among the 574 subjects admitted to the intensive care unit, 200 were submitted to mechanical ventilation. Of these patients, 85 (43.5%) developed chronic critical illness, composing 14.8% of all the patients admitted to the intensive care unit. The regression model that evaluated the association of chronic critical illness with conditions present prior to intensive care unit admission identified chronic renal failure in patients undergoing hemodialysis (OR 3.57; p = 0.04) and a neurological diagnosis at hospital admission (OR 2.25; p = 0.008) as independent factors. In the model that evaluated the association of chronic critical illness with situations that occurred during intensive care unit stay, muscle weakness (OR 2.86; p = 0.01) and pressure ulcers (OR 9.54; p < 0.001) had the strongest associations. In the global multivariate analysis (that assessed previous factors and situations that occurred in the intensive care unit), hospital admission due to neurological diseases (OR 2.61; p = 0.03) and the development of pressure ulcers (OR 9.08; p < 0.001) had the strongest associations. Conclusion: The incidence of chronic critical illness in this study was similar to that observed in other studies and had a strong association with the diagnosis of neurological diseases at hospital admission and chronic renal failure in patients undergoing hemodialysis, as well as complications developed during hospitalization, such as pressure ulcers and muscle weakness.

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Resumen Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de los diagnósticos enfermeros en pacientes adultos mayores hospitalizados con úlceras por presión e identificar los diagnósticos enfermeros reales, potenciales, de salud y síndrome por patrón funcional de salud. Material y métodos Estudio Transversal, descriptivo conformado por una muestra de pacientes adultos mayores hospitalizados en diferentes servicios de un Hospital de Acapulco, Guerrero, México. Para su evaluación, se diseñó un instrumento de acuerdo con los patrones funcionales de Marjory Gordon. Se utilizó la plataforma de mejores prácticas de enfermería E-cuidados® para el análisis. Resultados El presente estudio identificó 36 diagnósticos relevantes, de los cuales 23 (63.9 %) fueron diagnósticos centrados en el problema, 10 (27.8 %) diagnósticos de riesgo y 3 (8.3 %) de promoción a la salud. Los patrones funcionales más afectados son; Actividad-Ejercicio, Nutricional-Metabólico y Valores-Creencias. Conclusiones El presente estudio ayuda a enfatizar la importancia de adoptar estrategias preventivas y de atención integral, así como la mejora de la planificación de la atención para evitar el deterioro de las condiciones en los pacientes adultos mayores.

Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence of diverse nursing diagnostics in hospitalized older patients with pressure ulcers, identifying the real, potential, and health-related ones, as well as syndrome by health functional pattern. Methods and material This is a transversal and descriptive study with a sample of older patients in different services in a hospital of Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. An assessment instrument was designed following the Functional Patterns of Marjory Gordon. The E-cuidados® best nursing practices platform was used for the analysis. Results 36 relevant diagnostics were identified: 23 (63.9 %) were problem-centered; 10 (27.8 %) were risk related; and 3 (8.3 %) were health promoting. The most affected functional patterns were: Activity-Exercise; Nutrition-Metabolism; and Values-Beliefs. Conclusions This study supports the need to highlight the importance of adopting preventive and integral attention strategies, as well as improving the attention planning process in order to avoid the deterioration of health conditions of older patients.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar a prevalência dos diagnósticos enfermeiros em pacientes idosos hospitalizados com úlceras por pressão e identificar os diagnósticos enfermeiros reais, potenciais, de saúde e síndrome por padrão funcional de saúde. Material e métodos Estudo Transversal, descritivo conformado por uma amostra de pacientes idosos hospitalizados em diferentes serviços de um Hospital de Acapulco, Guerrero, México. Para sua avaliação, desenhou-se um instrumento conforme com os padrões funcionais de Marjory Gordon. Utilizou-se a plataforma de melhores práticas de enfermagem E-cuidados® para a análise. Resultados O presente estudo identificou 36 diagnósticos relevantes, dos quais 23 (63.9 %) foram diagnósticos centrados no problema, 10 (27.8 %) diagnósticos de risco e 3 (8.3 %) de promoção à saúde. Os padrões funcionais mais afetados são; Atividade-Exercício, Nutricional-Metabólico e Valores-Crenças. Conclusões O presente estudo ajuda a enfatizar a importância de adotar estratégias preventivas e de atenção integral, assim como a melhora da planificação da atenção para evitar a deterioração das condições nos pacientes idosos.

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Objetivo: As úlceras de pressão constituem uma condição evitável que se traduz numa diminuição da qualidade de vida do doente. Simultaneamente representam um acréscimo nos custos para os serviços de saúde, associados ao aumento do tempo de internamento. A investigação é fundamental para justificar a prevenção enquanto medida de sustentabilidade e melhoria dos cuidados de saúde. O estudo visa estimar o efeito individual das diferentes categorias das úlceras de pressão no incremento do tempo de internamento hospitalar e os ganhos em saúde que derivam da intervenções autónomas e independentes dos enfermeiros do domínio da prevenção das UP. Métodos: A determinação do impacto incremental das diferentes categorias das UP no tempo de internamento é obtida por uso de um modelo econométrico concebido para esse fim. Os ganhos em saúde são determinados com o uso da equação preconizada pela ordem profissional dos enfermeiros (OE). Resultados: O impacto incremental das diferentes categorias de UP no internamento hospitalar é por ordem crescente de severidade clínica da UP de 1,05 dias; 1,64 dias; 3,53 dias e 10,29 dias. Estima-se que tenha sido prevenido o incremento de 2977,61 dias de internamento hospitalar, em resultado da prevenção das úlceras de pressão. Conclusão: É possível incrementar os ganhos em saúde e contribuir na redução do impacto das UP no internamento hospitalar ao clinicamente indispensável através da maximização na efetividade diagnóstica.

Objective: Pressure ulcers are an avoidable condition that results in a decrease in the health related quality of life of the client. At the same time, they represent an increase in costs for health services associated with an increase in length of hospital stay. Research in this area is fundamental to justify prevention as a measure of sustainability and improvement of health care. The study aims to estimate the individual effect of the different categories of pressure ulcers on the increase of hospitalization time and the health gains derived from autonomous and independent interventions of nurses in the field of PU prevention. Methods: The determination of the incremental impact of the different UP categories in the length of stay is obtained by using an econometric model designed for this purpose. Health gains are determined using the equation recommended by the professional order of nurses (OE). Results: The incremental impact of the different categories of PU on hospital admission is in ascending order of clinical severity of PU of 1.05 days; 1.64 days; 3.53 days and 10.29 days. It is estimated that an increase of 2977.61 days of hospitalization was prevented, as a result of the prevention of pressure ulcers. Conclusion: It is possible to increase the health gains and contribute in reducing the impact of PUs in hospital admission to the clinically indispensable by maximizing the diagnostic effectiveness.

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Introducción. En los niños internados en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, más del 50% de las úlceras por presión (UPP) se relacionan con la presión sostenida de los equipos y dispositivos. las UPP son un indicador indirecto de la calidad de atención. Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto de la implementación de una intervención de mejora de la calidad de atención sobre el desarrollo de UPP en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Material y métodos. Estudio antes-después, no controlado. Preintervención: medición de UPP; posintervención: se aplicó un paquete de medidas (educación del personal, identificación de los pacientes de riesgo y disminución de la presión mediante el uso de colchones antiescaras y posicionadores de gel de polímero), con iguales mediciones. Resultados. Se incluyeron 152 pacientes, 74 preintervención y 78 posintervención. Se observó una disminución significativa de la incidencia de UPP (pre-: 50,60%; pos-: 23,08%; p = 0,001). Mayor puntaje de riesgo en el grupo posintervención (pre-: 12,4 ± 1,9; pos-: 13,7 ± 2,1; p= 0,001). Sin diferencias en el puntaje de riesgo al día de aparición de la UPP y la cantidad de UPP. El análisis estratificado por riesgo mantuvo la diferencia significativa en la incidencia de UPP (PIM2 < 5: 47,37%; 19,23%; p= 0,004; y PIM2 > 5:55,56%; 30,77%; p= 0,053). Conclusión. Hubo un menor desarrollo de UPP luego de la implementación de una intervención de mejora de la calidad. No se observaron cambios en la cantidad ni en su estadio de mayor gravedad.

Introduction. Among children hospitalized in the intensive care unit who have pressure ulcers (PUs), more than 50% are related to the sustained pressure from a device or equipment. PUs are an indirect indicator of the quality of health care. Objective. To assess the impact of a health care quality improvement intervention on the development of PUs at the pediatric intensive care unit. Materials and methods. Uncontrolled, before and after study. Pre-intervention: measurement of PUs; post-intervention: implementation of a bundle of measures (staff training, identification of patients at risk, and pressure relief by using antibedsore mattresses and polymer gel positioners) and the same measurements. Results. A total of 152 patients were included: 74 before the intervention and 78 after the intervention. A significant reduction was observed in the incidence of PUs (preintervention: 50.60%; post-intervention: 23.08%; p= 0.001). A higher risk score was seen in the post-intervention group (pre-intervention: 12.4 ± 1.9; post-intervention: 13.7 ± 2.1; p= 0.001). No differences were observed in the risk score on the day of PU onset and the number of PUs. The risk-stratified analysis maintained the significant difference in the incidence of PUs (PIM2 < 5: 47.37%; 19.23%; p= 0.004; and PIM2 > 5: 55.56%; 30.77%; p= 0.053). Conclusion. A lower incidence of PUs was observed after the implementation of the health care quality improvement intervention. No changes were detected in the number of PUs or the severity staging.

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INTRODUCTION: Among children hospitalized in the intensive care unit who have pressure ulcers (PUs), more than 50% are related to the sustained pressure from a device or equipment. PUs are an indirect indicator of the quality of health care. Objective. To assess the impact of a health care quality improvement intervention on the development of PUs at the pediatric intensive care unit. Materials and methods. Uncontrolled, before and after study. Pre-intervention: measurement of PUs; post-intervention: implementation of a bundle of measures (staff training, identification of patients at risk, and pressure relief by using antibedsore mattresses and polymer gel positioners) and the same measurements. RESULTS: A total of 152 patients were included: 74 before the intervention and 78 after the intervention. A significant reduction was observed in the incidence of PUs (preintervention: 50.60%; post-intervention: 23.08%; p= 0.001). A higher risk score was seen in the post-intervention group (pre-intervention: 12.4 ± 1.9; post-intervention: 13.7 ± 2.1; p= 0.001). No differences were observed in the risk score on the day of PU onset and the number of PUs. The risk-stratified analysis maintained the significant difference in the incidence of PUs (PIM2 < 5: 47.37%; 19.23%; p= 0.004; and PIM2 ≥ 5: 55.56%; 30.77%; p= 0.053). CONCLUSION: A lower incidence of PUs was observed after the implementation of the health care quality improvement intervention. No changes were detected in the number of PUs or the severity staging.

Introducción. En los niños internados en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, más del 50% de las úlceras por presión (UPP) se relacionan con la presión sostenida de los equipos y dispositivos. las UPP son un indicador indirecto de la calidad de atención. Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto de la implementación de una intervención de mejora de la calidad de atención sobre el desarrollo de UPP en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Material y métodos. Estudio antes-después, no controlado. Preintervención: medición de UPP; posintervención: se aplicó un paquete de medidas (educación del personal, identificación de los pacientes de riesgo y disminución de la presión mediante el uso de colchones antiescaras y posicionadores de gel de polímero), con iguales mediciones. Resultados. Se incluyeron 152 pacientes, 74 preintervención y 78 posintervención. Se observó una disminución significativa de la incidencia de UPP (pre-: 50,60%; pos-: 23,08%; p = 0,001). Mayor puntaje de riesgo en el grupo posintervención (pre-: 12,4 ± 1,9; pos-: 13,7 ± 2,1; p= 0,001). Sin diferencias en el puntaje de riesgo al día de aparición de la UPP y la cantidad de UPP. El análisis estratificado por riesgo mantuvo la diferencia significativa en la incidencia de UPP (PIM2 < 5: 47,37%; 19,23%; p= 0,004; y PIM2 ≥ 5:55,56%; 30,77%; p= 0,053). Conclusión. Hubo un menor desarrollo de UPP luego de la implementación de una intervención de mejora de la calidad. No se observaron cambios en la cantidad ni en su estadio de mayor gravedad.

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Las úlceras por presión han constituido un problema para la salud en general a través del tiempo. La realidad es que son una preocupación para el cuidado de la salud y todos los profesionales son responsables de su prevención y tratamiento. Se requieren múltiples estrategias de intervención para evitar el daño de la piel; una de ellas, el manejo de las cargas sobre los tejidos blandos. La correcta elección de las superficies de apoyo, la adecuada redistribución de la presión especialmente en las prominencias óseas y un progresivo programa de movilización constituyen las bases para evitar la producción de las úlceras por presión. (AU)

Pressure ulcers (PU) have been as a health problem throughout time. The reality is that PU are a global health care concern and all the professionals need to be responsible for the prevention and treatment of them. Multiple intervention strategies are needed to avoid the skin breakdown. Managing loads on the skin and associated soft tissue is one of these strategies. Properly chosen support surfaces, adequate periodic pressure redistribution, protection of specially vulnerable bony prominences and a progressive program of joint mobilization are the basis to avoid PU production. (AU)

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RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de conocimiento, actitud y barreras hacia las medidas de prevención de las úlceras por presión en el personal de enfermería que labora en servicios de hospitalización adultos. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo y transversal realizado en un hospital de Seguridad Social, en una muestra de 119 enfermeras y auxiliares de enfermería que laboran con pacientes adultos en riesgo de desarrollar úlceras por presión. Se aplicaron tres cuestionarios autocumplimentados: Valoración de conocimientos hacia la prevención de úlceras por presión (PUKAT); Actitud hacia la prevención de las úlceras por presión (APuP) y un apartado de Barreras de prevención e intervención. Se respetó el reglamento de la Ley General de Salud en Materia de Investigación de México. Resultados: Se identificó un 53,78% de respuestas correctas, lo que mostró un conocimiento bajo hacia las medidas de prevención. La actitud mostrada fue positiva con una media de 40,1 DE 3,5. Las barreras identificadas en prevención fueron "falta de personal" (81,51%), "pacientes que no cooperan" (67,22%) y "falta de tiempo" (64,70%); en intervención: "falta de ayudantes para la movilización" (91,59%), "falta de enfermeras" (80,67%) y "falta de tiempo" (72,26%). Conclusiones: Las enfermeras y auxiliares de enfermería mostraron un conocimiento bajo hacia las medidas de prevención de las úlceras por presión, con una actitud positiva. El personal de enfermería que labora en UCI y Medicina interna mostró tener una mejor actitud y las barreras más identificadas corresponden a falta de enfermeras, tiempo y personal que las asista en la movilización.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the level of knowledge, attitude and barriers in nursing staff working in adult in patient services towards prevention measures of pressure ulcers. Material and Methods: Quantitative, descriptive and transversal study conducted in a hospital of Social Security, in a sample of 119 nurses and nursing assistants who work with adult patients at risk of developing pressure ulcers. For data collection three self-filled questionnaires were applied: "Knowledge Rating of the pressure ulcers prevention"(PUKAT); "Attitude towards prevention of pressure ulcers" (APuP) and a section of barriers to prevention and intervention. The guidelines about informed consent and risks for research in Mexico were complied. Results: 56.63 % of correct answers were identified, which showed a low awareness towards prevention measures. Positive attitude was shown, with a mean of 40.10. The barriers identified in prevention were "lack of staff" (81.51%), "uncooperative patients" (67.22%), "lack of time" (64.70%); and in intervention: "lack of helpers for mobilization" (91.59%), "lack of nurses" (80.67%) and "lack of time" (72.26%). Conclusions: Nurses and nursing assistants showed low knowledge, but showed positive attitude, nursing staff working in ICU and internal medicine showed a better attitude, and the main identified barriers in the study are a lack of nurses, time and personnel that assist in the mobilization.

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