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The Blood pressure control diet is well described; however, it has not been implemented in clinical care, possibly due to the impracticability of the diet assessment in these contexts. In order to facilitate the dietary assessment, we developed and assessed the validity and reproducibility of two food group-based food frequency questionnaires (FG-FFQs), with a one-week (7-day FG-FFQ) and a one-month (30-day FG-FFQ) period of coverage for patients with pre-hypertension or hypertension. In 2010, 155 men and women, 30-70 years old, were invited to participate in a prospective study in two outpatient clinics in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. The participants responded to two 30-day, two 7-day FG-FFQ, four 24-h dietary recalls, and underwent demographic, anthropometric, and blood pressure assessments. The validity and reproducibility were assessed using partial correlation coefficients adjusted for sex and age, and the internal validity was tested using the intra-class correlation coefficient. The participants were aged 61 (±10) years and 60% were women. The validity correlation coefficient was higher than r = 0.80 in the 30-day FG-FFQ for whole bread (r = 0.81) and the 7-day FG-FFQ for diet/light/zero soda and industrialized juices (r = 0.84) in comparison to the 24-h dietary recalls. The global internal validity was α = 0.59, but it increased to α = 0.76 when 19 redundant food groups were excluded. The reproducibility was higher than r = 0.80 for pasta, potatoes and manioc, bakery goods, sugar and cocoa, and beans for both versions. The 30-day had a slightly higher validity, both had good internal validity, and the 7-day FG-FFQ had a higher reproducibility.

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Resumo Fundamento O interesse pela hipertensão em crianças e adolescentes aumentou desde a atualização do sistema de classificação da pressão arterial para comparar com o sistema de classificação dos adultos, alterando a terminologia de "normal alta" para "pré-hipertensão". Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação da modulação autonômica cardíaca com os níveis pressóricos dos adolescentes. Métodos 203 adolescentes foram agrupados de acordo com a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD). Um grupo foi caracterizado como pré-hipertensão, e o outro como normotenso. Foram coletadas características antropométricas, cardiovasculares e de qualidade do sono. Inicialmente, os dados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnov . As variáveis quantitativas contínuas foram analisadas por meio do teste T de Student não pareado. Para análise das variáveis categóricas, foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado. Um modelo de regressão logística foi realizado. O nível de significância estabelecido foi p<0,05. Os dados foram expressos como média ± desvio padrão e intervalo de confiança. O software R foi utilizado para análise dos dados. O tamanho do efeito foi calculado com a fórmula de Cohen. Resultados O grupo pré-hipertensão apresentou aumento da entropia de Shannon e diminuição da variância total. Além disso, no modelo de regressão logística, os adolescentes deste grupo tiveram 1,03 mais chances de ter a entropia de Shannon afetada quando a PAS foi ajustada ao gênero, maturação sexual, tempo escolar, idade, circunferência da cintura e qualidade do sono. Conclusão Nossos dados mostram que a modulação autonômica pode desempenhar um papel importante no desenvolvimento da pressão arterial elevada em adolescentes ao controlar fatores como tempo escolar e qualidade do sono.

Abstract Background The interest regarding hypertension among children and adolescents has increased since the blood pressure rating system was updated to be compared with the adult rating system, changing the terminology from "normal high" to "prehypertension". Objective This study aimed to analyze the association between cardiac autonomic modulation and pressure levels of adolescents. Methods 203 adolescents were grouped according to systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). One group was characterized as prehypertension, and the other as normotensive. Anthropometric, cardiovascular and sleep quality characteristics were collected. Initially, the data were submitted to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test. Continuous quantitative variables were analyzed using the unpaired Student t-test. For the analysis of categorical variables, a chi-square test was used. A logistic regression model was performed. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. The data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and confidence interval. The R software was used for data analysis. The effect size was calculated using the Cohen's formula. Results The prehypertension group showed an increase in Shannon entropy and a decrease in total variance. Also, in the logistic regression model, adolescents in this group were 1.03 times more likely to have Shannon entropy's affected when SBP was adjusted for gender, sexual maturation, school time, age, waist circumference, and sleep quality. Conclusion Our data show that autonomic modulation may play an important role in the development of elevated blood pressure in adolescents, when controlling for other factors, such as school time and sleep quality.

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Background: The long-term impact of elevated blood pressure on mortality outcomes has been recently revisited due to proposed changes in cut-offs for hypertension. This study aimed at assessing the association between high blood pressure levels and 10-year mortality using the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-7) and the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) 2017 blood pressure guidelines. Methods: Data analysis of the PERU MIGRANT Study, a prospective ongoing cohort, was used. The outcome of interest was 10-year all-cause mortality, and exposures were blood pressure categories according to the JNC-7 and ACC/AHA 2017 guidelines. Log-rank test, Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models were used to assess the associations of interest controlling for confounders. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated. Results: A total of 976 records, mean age of 60.4 (SD: 11.4), 513 (52.6%) women, were analyzed. Hypertension prevalence at baseline almost doubled from 16.0% (95% CI 13.7%-18.4%) to 31.3% (95% CI 28.4%-34.3%), using the JNC-7 and ACC/AHA 2017 definitions, respectively. Sixty-three (6.4%) participants died during the 10-year follow-up, equating to a mortality rate of 3.6 (95% CI 2.4-4.7) per 1000 person-years. Using JNC-7, and compared to those with normal blood pressure, those with pre-hypertension and hypertension had 2.1-fold and 5.1-fold increased risk of death, respectively. Similar mortality effect sizes were estimated using ACC/AHA 2017 for stage-1 and stage-2 hypertension. Conclusions: Blood pressure levels under two different definitions increased the risk of 10-year all-cause mortality. Hypertension prevalence doubled using ACC/AHA 2017 compared to JNC-7. The choice of blood pressure cut-offs to classify hypertension categories need to be balanced against the patients benefit and the capacities of the health system to adequately handle a large proportion of new patients.

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Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Functional foods containing bioactive peptides have been proposed as a strategy to decrease blood pressure (BP) in subjects under no pharmacological treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of low-sodium, low-fat (LSLF) cheese and LSLF cheese containing Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CRL 581 (LSLF581) on BP in pre-hypertensive and stage 1 hypertensive subjects. Sixty-one pre-hypertensive and stage 1 hypertensive subjects assigned to one of twos (LSLF, n= 29 and LSLF581, n= 32) participated in this 12-month prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Twenty-four h ambulatory BP monitoring was performed at the beginning and at the end of each four-week study period. Systolic and diastolic BP decreased in both study groups, but differences between groups were not significant (systolic, -1.78 and -0.2 mmHg; diastolic, -1.54 and -0.42 mmHg in LSLF581 and LSLF, respectively). Although our results could not support a BP lowering effect of LSLF581, small BP reductions could favorably prevent cardiovascular disease development.

La hipertensión arterial es uno de los principales factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular. Los alimentos funcionales que contienen biopéptidos constituyen una estrategia útil para disminuir la presión arterial (PA) en personas que no están bajo tratamiento farmacológico. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el efecto de un queso bajo en sodio y bajo en grasas (BSBG) y el mismo queso con Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CRL 581 (BSBG581) sobre la PA en personas con prehipertensión y estadio 1 de hipertensión arterial. Realizamos un estudio prospectivo, randomizado, cruzado y doble ciego durante 12 meses en 61 personas con prehipertensión y estadio 1 de hipertensión arterial, asignadas a dos grupos: BSBG (n= 29) y BSBG581 (n= 32). Se realizó monitoreo ambulatorio de la PA (MAPA) durante 24 h al comienzo y al final de cada etapa del estudio (cuatro semanas). La PA sistólica y diastólica disminuyó en ambos grupos, aunque las diferencias entre grupos no fueron significativas (sistólica, -1.78 y -0.2 mmHg; diastólica -1.54 y -0.42 mmHg en BSBG581 y BSBG respectivamente). Aunque nuestros resultados no pueden confirmar el efecto hipotensor del queso BSBG581, las reducciones moderadas de la PA podrían prevenir el desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to simplify the diagnostic criteria of pre-hypertension (pre-HTN) and hypertension (HTN) in the pediatric age group, and to determine the accuracy of these simple indexes in a nationally-representative sample of Iranian children and adolescents. METHOD: The diagnostic accuracy of the indexes of systolic blood pressure-to-height ratio (SBPHR) and diastolic BPHR (DBPHR) to define pre-HTN and HTN was determined by the area under the curve of the receiver operator characteristic curves. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 5,738 Iranian students (2,875 females) with mean (SD) age of 14.7 (2.4) years. The prevalences of pre-HTN and HTN were 6.9% and 5.6%. The optimal thresholds for defining pre-HTN were 0.73 in males and 0.71 in females for SBPHR, and 0.47 in males and 0.45 in females for DBPHR, respectively. The corresponding figures for HTNwere 0.73, 0.71, 0.48, and 0.46, respectively. In both genders, the accuracies of SBPHR and DBPHR in diagnosing pre-HTN and HTN were approximately 80%. CONCLUSIONS: BPHR is a valid, simple, inexpensive, and accurate tool to diagnose pre-HTN and HTN in adolescents. The optimal thresholds of SBPHR and DBPHR were consistent with the corresponding figures in other populations of children and adolescents with different racial and ethnic backgrounds. Thus, it is suggested that the use of these indexes can be generalized in programs aiming to screen elevated blood pressure in the pediatric age group. .

OBJETIVO: Este estudo visa simplificar os critérios de diagnóstico da pré-hipertensão (pré-HTA) e hipertensão (HTA) na faixa etária pediátrica e determinar a precisão desses índices simple sem uma amostra nacionalmente representativa de crianças e adolescentes iranianos. MÉTODO: A precisão diagnóstica dos índices de relação pressão arterial sistólica/altura (RPASA) e RPAA diastólica (RPADA) para definir a pré-HTA e HTA foi determinada pela área sob as curvas de características de operação do receptor. RESULTADOS: A população estudada contou com 5738 alunos iranianos (2875 meninas) com idade média (DP) de 14,7 (2,4) anos. A prevalência de pré-HTA e HTA foi 6,9% e 5,6%. Os limites ideais para a definição de pré-HTA foram 0,73 em meninos e 0,71 em meninas com relação à RPASA e 0,47 em meninos e 0,45 em meninas com relação à RPADA, respectivamente. Os valores correspondentes com relação à HTA foram 0,73, 0,71, 0,48 e 0,46, respectivamente. Em ambos os gêneros, a precisão de RPASA e RPADA no diagnóstico de pré-HTA e HTA foi de aproximadamente 80%. CONCLUSÕES: A RPAA é uma ferramenta válida, simples, barata e precisa no diagnóstico da pré-HTA e HTA em adolescentes. Os limites ideais de RPASA e RPADA foram compatíveis comos números correspondentes em outra população de crianças e adolescentes com diferentes históricos raciais e étnicos, assim, sugerimos que a utilização desses índices possa ser generalizada em programas de triagem com relação à PA elevada na faixa etária pediátrica. .

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to simplify the diagnostic criteria of pre-hypertension (pre-HTN) and hypertension (HTN) in the pediatric age group, and to determine the accuracy of these simple indexes in a nationally-representative sample of Iranian children and adolescents. METHOD: The diagnostic accuracy of the indexes of systolic blood pressure-to-height ratio (SBPHR) and diastolic BPHR (DBPHR) to define pre-HTN and HTN was determined by the area under the curve of the receiver operator characteristic curves. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 5,738 Iranian students (2,875 females) with mean (SD) age of 14.7 (2.4) years. The prevalences of pre-HTN and HTN were 6.9% and 5.6%. The optimal thresholds for defining pre-HTN were 0.73 in males and 0.71 in females for SBPHR, and 0.47 in males and 0.45 in females for DBPHR, respectively. The corresponding figures for HTN were 0.73, 0.71, 0.48, and 0.46, respectively. In both genders, the accuracies of SBPHR and DBPHR in diagnosing pre-HTN and HTN were approximately 80%. CONCLUSIONS: BPHR is a valid, simple, inexpensive, and accurate tool to diagnose pre-HTN and HTN in adolescents. The optimal thresholds of SBPHR and DBPHR were consistent with the corresponding figures in other populations of children and adolescents with different racial and ethnic backgrounds. Thus, it is suggested that the use of these indexes can be generalized in programs aiming to screen elevated blood pressure in the pediatric age group.

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Introducción: la prehipertensión es la categoría de la tensión arterial definida como una tensión arterial sistólica entre 120 y 139 mm Hg y diastólica entre 85 y 89 mm Hg. La prehipertensión es parte de la evolución natural de la hipertensión, que está surgiendo en los momentos actuales como un factor de riesgo importante para la enfermedad cardiovascular y cerebrovascular. Método: se realizó una búsqueda en las principales web internacionales acerca de prehipertensión y síndrome metabólico hasta comienzos del 2014. Desarrollo: la definición del síndrome cardio-metabólico es un grupo de factores de riesgo vasculares como son: la obesidad abdominal, prehipertensión o hipertensión, dislipidemia y prediabetes o diabetes. En los momentos actuales se recomienda la prevención basada en la intervención en el estilo de vida y también el tratamiento farmacológico de los componentes individuales que así lo ameriten, dado que la mayoría de los pacientes categorizados como síndrome metabólico están en la categoría de alto riesgo. Hay varios estudios basados en cambios dietéticos que mostraron que cambios ayudaron detener la progresión de hipertensión y también mejoraron las condiciones metabólicas. Varios ensayos clínicos están en marcha para estudiar varias drogas antihipertensivas para retardar el desarrollo de hipertensión. Conclusiones: la enfermedad cardiovascular y cerebro vascular precoz ha sido identificada en individuos asintomáticos, lo que sugiere crear guías de terapia preventiva individualizada acorde a la valoración de los factores de riesgo tradicionales.

Background: pre-hypertension is the arterial tension category defined as a systolic arterial tension between 120 and 139 mm Hg and a diastolic one between 85 and 89 mm Hg. Pre-hypertension is part of the hypertension natural evolution, currently emerging as an important risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Method: we carried out a search in the main international webs on pre-hypertension and metabolic syndrome up to the beginning of 2014. Development: by definition, the cardio-metabolic syndrome is a group of cardiovascular risk factors such as: abdominal obesity, pre-hypertension or hypertension, dyslipemia and pre-diabetes or diabetes. At the current times, it is recommended prevention based in life style intervention and also the pharmacologic treatment of the individual components deserving it, because most of the patients categorized as metabolic syndrome are in the high risk category. There are several studies based in dietetic changes that showed what changes helped stopping hypertension progression and also improved metabolic conditions. Several clinical trials are in progress for studying some antihypertensive drugs to delay hypertension development. Conclusions: the precocious cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease has been identified in asymptomatic individuals, suggesting the elaboration of preventive therapy guidelines, individualized according to the traditional risk factors evaluation.

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BACKGROUND: The epidemiological transition has seen a trend from communicable to non-communicable diseases in developing countries. At the pinnacle of these chronic diseases is hypertension, pre-hypertension, diabetes and obesity. This leads to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition, environmental and behavioural changes such as lifestyle habits represent modifiable risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. The Caribbean is not immune to this trend. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted between June and September 2009 and involved individuals 15 - 74 years of age. Age-gender was weighted to get as close a representative sample of the general population living in the British Virgin Islands (BVI) for more than two years to a total of 301 (n = 301, M: 144, F: 157; CI 95% ± error 5%). The study was carried out using a handout questionnaire that included variables on age, gender, socio-economic status (SES), income level, cigarette smoking, physical activity, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and cholesterol. RESULTS: This study shows a prevalence of hypertension of 16.6%, pre-hypertension - 29.9%, diabetes mellitus - 10.0% [M: 5.6%, F: 14%, p < 0.01], impaired fasting glucose (IFG) - 16.9% [M: 13.9%, F: 19.7%, p < 0.01], overweight - 25.6% (M: 19.4%, F: 31.2%, p < 0.001), obesity (body mass index > 30) - 23.6% (M: 17.4%, F: 29.3%, p < 0.001) [all significantly higher in women], smoking habits - 16.6% and alcohol - 51.2% [significantly higher in men: 22.5% and 56.7%, respectively]. Of the respondents, 43.2% had a low/inactive physical activity level. Clustering of greater than one risk factor was more pronounced for women than for men 29.6% (M: 27.1%, F: 31.8%, p < 0.05). Sedentary lifestyle (low/inactive physical activity) and obesity were the only risk factors that had a positive correlation with all four chronic diseases (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The above results indicate that a national strategy needs to be implemented to control cardiovascular diseases, educate the population and promote healthy lifestyle habits with particular attention to low physical inactivity and obesity.

ANTECEDENTES: La transición epidemiológica ha visto una tendencia a pasar de enfermedades comunicables a enfermedades no comunicables en los países en vías de desarrollo. En la cima de estas enfermedades crónicas se hallan la hipertensión, la pre-hipertensión, la diabetes y la obesidad. Esto conduce al aumento de la morbilidad y la mortalidad cardiovasculares a nivel mundial. Además, los cambios medioambientales y conductuales tales como los hábitos de estilo de vida, representan factores de riesgo modificables para el desarrollo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. El Caribe no es ajeno a esta tendencia. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio transversal llevado a cabo entre junio y septiembre de 2009, el cual incluyó individuos de 15 - 74 años de edad. Se ponderó la edad-género con el propósito de obtener una muestra tan representativa como fuera posible de la población general que vive en las Islas Vírgenes Británicas (IVB) por más de dos años para un total de 301 (n = 301, M: 144, F: 157; CI 95% error ± 5%). El estudio fue llevado a cabo usando hojas informativas con un cuestionario que incluían las variables: edad, género, estatus socioeconómico (ESE), nivel de ingresos, hábito de fumar, actividad física, peso, altura, índice de masa corporal (IMC), presión sanguínea, y prueba de colesterol y de glucosa en sangre en ayunas. RESULTADOS: Este estudio muestra una prevalencia de hipertensión de 16.6%, pre-hipertensión 29.9%, diabetes mellitus 10.0% [M: 5.6%, F: 14%, p < 0.01], glucosa en ayunas alterada (GAA) 16.9% [M: 13.9%, F: 19.7%, p < 0.01], sobrepeso 25.6% (M: 19.4%, F: 31.2%, p < 0.001), obesidad (índice de masa corporal > 30) 23.6% (M: 17.4%, F: 29.3%, p < 0.001) [todos significativamente más altos en las mujeres], hábito de fumar 16.6% y consumo de alcohol 51.2% [significativamente más altos en los hombres 22.5% y 56.7%, respectivamente]. De los encuestados, el 43.2% tenían un nivel de actividad física inactivo/bajo. La existencia de más de un factor de riesgo fue más pronunciada en las mujeres que en los hombres 29.6% (M: 27.1%, F: 31.8%, p < 0.05). El estilo de vida sedentario (actividad física inactiva/baja) y la obesidad fueron los únicos factores de riesgo que tuvieron una correlación positiva con las cuatro enfermedades crónicas (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados enumerados indican que es necesario implementar una estrategia nacional a fin de controlar las enfermedades cardiovasculares, educar, y promover hábitos de estilo de vida saludables con atención particular a la actividad física baja y la obesidad.

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Introducción: Existen gran cantidad de factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de hipertensión arterial. En pleno siglo XXI se imponen formas más inteligentes de investigar, teniendo en cuenta lo que debe constituir un objetivo prioritario, es decir, evitar la conversión de un adolescente en riesgo cardiovascular a un adulto hipertenso. Objetivo: Diseñar un modelo de predicción, para pronosticar la conversión de un adolescente prehipertenso en un adulto hipertenso. Métodos: Se estudió una muestra representativa de 125 adolescentes pertenecientes al proyecto "Pesquisaje Escolar en la Adolescencia de Hipertensión Arterial" (PESESCAD-HTA), con diagnóstico de prehipertensión en el año 2001, que fueron seguidos por ocho años (96 meses), hasta enero de 2009. Resultados: Se obtuvo un modelo predictivo, basado en la regresión logística con un índice de exactitud de 70.4%. Conclusiones: La conversión de un adolescente prehipertenso en un adulto hipertenso, se puede vaticinar con una exactitud adecuada.

Introduction: There are many risk factors for developing hypertension. In the XXI century, smarter ways to investigate are needed, so preventing the turning of an adolescent into a hypertensive adult must be a priority. Objective: The aim of this paper is to predict the risk of hypertension onset in adulthood, from cardiovascular tension and risk stratification since adolescence. Methods: A representative sample of 125 adolescents from the project "Pesquisaje Escolar en la Adolescencia de Hipertensión Arterial" (PESESCAD-HTA) was studied. They were diagnosed with prehypertension in 2001, and were followed for eight years (96 months) until January 2009. Results: Two predictive indexes were obtained. The first, based on the total cardiovascular risk and the second from the multiplication of these risks with an accuracy index for each of 61.6% and 70.4%, respectively. Conclusions: The index based on the multiplication of cardiovascular risk can predict, with adequate accuracy, the turning of a prehypertensive adolescent into hypertensive once he/ she reaches adulthood.

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Verificar a prevalência de pressão arterial elevada em crianças e adolescentes e sua associação com indicadores antropométricos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de estudantes de três instituições de ensino em Botucatu (SP). As variáveis avaliadas foram: pressão arterial (PA) (obtida em três ocasiões diferentes), peso, estatura, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência braquial, circunferência abdominal (CA), dobras cutâneas tricipital e subescapular. A PA foi aferida por método auscultatório e classificada em pré-hipertensão (PH) e hipertensão arterial (HAS), para os valores entre os percentis 90 e 95 e maior que o percentil 95, respectivamente. Os dados antropométricos foram comparados, segundo o sexo, pelo teste t de Student. A correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para verificar a variação das PA sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) segundo dados antropométricos. A variação do escore Z da PA segundo percentil de IMC foi avaliada pela análise de variância seguida do teste de Tukey. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 903 crianças (51,7 por cento meninos), com idade de 9,3±2,5 anos para ambos os sexos. A prevalência de PH foi de 9,1 por cento e de HAS foi de 2,9 por cento. Houve correlação positiva significativa entre os níveis de PAS e PAD elevados e as variáveis antropométricas, com valores maiores para peso (r=0,53 e r=0,45, p<0,05, respectivamente) e CA (r=0,50 e r=0,38, p<0,05, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de níveis pressóricos elevados nesta casuística foi compatível com outros estudos brasileiros e internacionais, correlacionando-se positivamente com indicadores antropométricos elevados, o que sinaliza a influência do excesso de peso na PA já na infância.

To assess the prevalence of elevated blood pressure in schoolchildren and adolescents and the association of blood pressure with anthropometric measures. METHODS: This cross-sectional study, conducted in three schools in Botucatu, Brazil, collected blood pressure (BP) measurements taken at three different time points and anthropometric data: weight, height, body mass index (BMI), arm circumference, waist circumference, triceps and subscapular skinfolds. Blood pressure was measured using the auscultation method, and children were classified into two groups: pre-hypertension or hypertension for values between the 90th and 95th percentiles or above the 95th percentile. Data were compared according to sex using the Student's t test. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the association between blood pressure and anthropometric data. To evaluate blood pressure, the Z score according to BMI percentile categories, one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey post hoc test were used. RESULTS: This study evaluated 903 children and adolescents (51.7 percent boys) whose mean age was 9.3±2.5 years. The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension was 9.1 percent and 2.9 percent. There was a positive correlation between both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and anthropometric variables, especially for weight (r=0.53 and r=0.45, p<0.05) and waist circumference (r=0.50 and r=0.38, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of elevated blood pressure in this study was similar to what has been reported in international and national studies. A positive correlation with abnormal anthropometric measures was found. These results suggest that overweight affects blood pressure already in childhood.

Verificar la prevalencia de presión arterial elevada en niños y adolescentes y su asociación con indicadores antropométricos. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal incluyendo a estudiantes de tres instituciones de enseñanza de Botucatu (São Paulo, Brasil). Las variables evaluadas fueron: presión arterial (PA) (obtenida en tres ocasiones distintas), peso, estatura, índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia braquial, circunferencia abdominal (CA), pliegues cutáneos tricipital y subescapular. La PA fue verificada por método auscultatorio, siendo posteriormente clasificada como pre-hipertensión (PH) e hipertensión arterial (HAS) para los valores entre los percentiles 90 y 95 y superior al percentil 95, respectivamente. Los datos antropométricos fueron comparados, conforme al sexo, por la prueba t de Student. La correlación de Pearson fue utilizada para verificar la variación de las PA sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD) según datos antropométricos. La variación del escore Z de la PA según percentil de IMC fue evaluada por el análisis de variancia seguida por la prueba de Tukey. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 903 niños (51,7 por ciento niños), con edad de 9,3±2,5 años para ambos sexos. La prevalencia de PH fue de 9,1 por ciento y de HAS fue de 2,9 por ciento. Hubo correlación positiva significativa entre los niveles presóricos elevados (PAS/PAD > percentil 90) y las variables antropométricas, con valores mayores para peso (r=0,53 y r=0,45, p<0,05, respectivamente) y CA (r=0,50 y r=0,38, p<0,05, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de niveles presóricos elevados en esta casuística fue compatible con otros estudios brasileños e internacionales, correlacionándose positivamente con indicadores antropométricos elevados, lo que señaliza la influencia del exceso de peso en la PA ya en la infancia.

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