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The use of hyperoxemia during cardiac surgery remains controversial. We hypothesized that intraoperative hyperoxemia during cardiac surgery is associated with an increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: We analyzed intraoperative data from five hospitals within the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2019. We assessed intraoperative oxygenation of adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Hyperoxemia pre and post CPB was quantified as the area under the curve (AUC) of Fio2 above 0.21 in minutes when the corresponding peripheral oxygen saturation was greater than 92% measured by pulse oximetry. We quantified hyperoxemia during CPB as the AUC of Pao2 greater than 200 mm Hg measured by arterial blood gas. We analyzed the association of hyperoxemia during all phases of cardiac surgery with the frequency of postoperative pulmonary complications within 30 days, including acute respiratory insufficiency or failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, need for reintubation, and pneumonia. PATIENTS: Twenty-one thousand six hundred thirty-two cardiac surgical patients. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: During 21,632 distinct cardiac surgery cases, 96.4% of patients spent at least 1 minute in hyperoxemia (99.1% pre-CPB, 98.5% intra-CPB, and 96.4% post-CPB). Increasing exposure to hyperoxemia was associated with an increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications throughout three distinct surgical periods. During CPB, increasing exposure to hyperoxemia was associated with an increased odds of developing postoperative pulmonary complications (p < 0.001) in a linear manner. Hyperoxemia before CPB (p < 0.001) and after CPB (p = 0.02) were associated with increased odds of developing postoperative pulmonary complications in a U-shaped relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperoxemia occurs almost universally during cardiac surgery. Exposure to hyperoxemia assessed continuously as an AUC during the intraoperative period, but particularly during CPB, was associated with an increased incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications.

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Las complicaciones respiratorias durante el posoperatorio inmediato justifica el interés del anestesiólogo por el conocimiento actualizado con el fin de disminuir la morbimortalidad. Con el objetivo de caracterizar las complicaciones respiratorias más frecuentes que se presentan en el posoperatorio inmediato de cirugía de hemiabdomen superior se realizó estudioobservacional, descriptivo de serie de casos, en 146 pacientes sometidos a cirugía de hemiabdomen superior atendidos en la unidad de cuidados posanestésicos del Hospital Provincial Clínico Quirúrgico Docente "Saturnino Lora", de Santiago de Cuba, duranteenero a diciembre de 2020; los datos se obtuvieron a partir de la historia clínica hospitalaria y examen clínico general realizado, los que fueron plasmados en una planilla confeccionada para el efecto. Fueron utilizados el test del Xi-cuadrado (X2), y la prueba de diferencias de proporciones, con un valor de p = 0,05durante el procesamiento estadístico. Los pacientes con edades mayores de 60 años, del sexo masculino y que presentaban como hábitos tóxicos el tabaquismo, la hipertensión arterial seguida de las neuropatías son las más frecuentes; mientras que los diagnósticos operatorios fueron la colecistitis aguda convencional y el trauma hepático. La intervención quirúrgica urgente, los pacientes ASA II, y los procedimientos que duraron más de 2 horas fueron los más frecuentes. Las complicaciones respiratorias más frecuentes encontradas fue la hipoxia; seguida de la ventilación mecánica prolongada y la atelectasia. Las complicaciones respiratorias encontradas en el posoperatorio inmediato de cirugía de hemiabdomen superior se asociaron desde el punto de vista estadístico con la clasificación ASA.

Respiratory complications during the immediate postoperative period justify the anesthesiologist's interest in updated knowledge in order to reduce morbidity and mortality. In order to characterize the most frequent respiratory complications that occur in the immediate postoperative period of upper hemiabdomen surgery, an observational, descriptive case series study was conducted in 146 patients undergoing upper hemiabdomen surgery attended at the post-anesthetic care unit of the "Saturnino Lora" Teaching Clinical Surgical Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba. during January to December 2020; The data were obtained from the hospital clinical history and general clinical examination performed, which were reflected in a form prepared for this purpose. The Xi-square test (X2) and the proportions differences test were used, with a p value = 0.05 during statistical processing. Patients over 60 years of age, male and who presented smoking as toxic habits, hypertension followed by neuropathies are the most frequent; while the operative diagnoses were conventional acute cholecystitis and liver trauma. Urgent surgery, ASA II patients, and procedures lasting more than 2 hours were the most frequent. The most frequent respiratory complications found were hypoxia; followed by prolonged mechanical ventilation and atelectasis. The respiratory complications found in the immediate postoperative period of upper hemiabdomen surgery were statistically associated with the ASA classification.

As complicações respiratórias no pós-operatório imediato justificam o interesse do anestesiologista em atualizar o conhecimento para reduzir a morbimortalidade. Com o objetivo de caracterizar as complicações respiratórias mais frequentes que ocorrem no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia de hemiabdome alto, foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo de série de casos em 146 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de hemiabdome superior atendidos na unidade de recuperação pós-anestésica do Hospital Provincial Clínico Cirúrgico Universitário "Saturnino Lora" em Santiago de Cuba de janeiro a dezembro de 2020; Os dados foram obtidos da história clínica hospitalar e do exame clínico geral realizados, os quais foram refletidos em um formulário elaborado para esse fim.Utilizou-se o teste do xi-quadrado (X2) e o teste de diferenças de proporções, com valor de p = 0,05 durante o processamento estatístico. Pacientes acima de 60 anos, do sexo masculino e que apresentavam o tabagismo como hábitos tóxicos, sendo a hipertensão arterial seguida de neuropatias os mais frequentes; enquanto os diagnósticos operatórios foram colecistite aguda convencional e trauma hepático. Cirurgias de urgência, pacientes ASA II e procedimentos com duração superior a 2 horas foram os mais frequentes. As complicações respiratórias mais frequentes encontradas foram hipóxia; seguido de ventilação mecânica prolongada e atelectasia. As complicações respiratórias encontradas no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia de hemiabdome alto foram estatisticamente associadas à classificação ASA.

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BACKGROUND: High intraoperative PEEP with recruitment manoeuvres may improve perioperative outcomes. We re-examined this question by conducting a patient-level meta-analysis of three clinical trials in adult patients at increased risk for postoperative pulmonary complications who underwent non-cardiothoracic and non-neurological surgery. METHODS: The three trials enrolled patients at 128 hospitals in 24 countries from February 2011 to February 2018. All patients received volume-controlled ventilation with low tidal volume. Analyses were performed using one-stage, two-level, mixed modelling (site as a random effect; trial as a fixed effect). The primary outcome was a composite of postoperative pulmonary complications within the first week, analysed using mixed-effect logistic regression. Pre-specified subgroup analyses of nine patient characteristics and seven procedure and care-delivery characteristics were also performed. RESULTS: Complete datasets were available for 1913 participants ventilated with high PEEP and recruitment manoeuvres, compared with 1924 participants who received low PEEP. The primary outcome occurred in 562/1913 (29.4%) participants randomised to high PEEP, compared with 620/1924 (32.2%) participants randomised to low PEEP (unadjusted odds ratio [OR]=0.87; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.75-1.01; P=0.06). Higher PEEP resulted in 87/1913 (4.5%) participants requiring interventions for desaturation, compared with 216/1924 (11.2%) participants randomised to low PEEP (OR=0.34; 95% CI, 0.26-0.45). Intraoperative hypotension was associated more frequently (784/1913 [41.0%]) with high PEEP, compared with low PEEP (579/1924 [30.1%]; OR=1.87; 95% CI, 1.60-2.17). CONCLUSIONS: High PEEP combined with recruitment manoeuvres during low tidal volume ventilation in patients undergoing major surgery did not reduce postoperative pulmonary complications. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03937375 (Clinicaltrials.gov).

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INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a procedure associated with a decline in pulmonary function. Among the main causes is the presence of the drain that is usually positioned in the intercostal or subxiphoid region. OBJECTIVE: To measure the interference of drains positioning on pulmonary function in patients undergoing CABG. METHODS: Observational study that assessed preoperative pulmonary function through vital capacity (VC), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), and peak expiratory flow (PEF). These variables were evaluated in three different moments: in the presence of two drains, when removing one, and after removing all drains. RESULTS: We evaluated 45 patients with a mean age of 62 ± 7 years with male prevalence of 29 (64%) individuals. The insertion of drains caused a decline in pulmonary function after surgery by reducing MIP by 48%, MEP by 11%, VC by 39%, and PEF by 6%. CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated that drains positioning after CABG surgery may produce weakness of the respiratory muscles, change ventilatory mechanics, and impair normal pulmonary function postoperatively.

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BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated preoperative respiratory muscle strength as a risk factor for postoperative morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of preoperative inspiratory muscle weakness (IMW) and preoperative expiratory muscle weakness (EMW) with duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs), and mortality in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective observational study. Patients admitted for elective cardiac surgery were recruited. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure were measured before surgery. A multivariate regression model was used to adjust for possible confounding variables and test the association of IMW and EMW with the duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay in the ICU, PPCs, and hospital mortality. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-five patients were included in this study. The presence of IMW was associated with an increase in the duration of mechanical ventilation (P = .012). The presence of EMW was associated with a reduction in the incidence of PPCs (P = .005). IMW had no significant association with length of stay in the ICU, PPCs, or hospital mortality. EMW had no significant association with the duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay in the ICU, or hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery, preoperative IMW is associated with the duration of mechanical ventilation while preoperative EMW is associated with a decrease in PPCs.

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INTRODUCTION: Robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) has emerged as an alternative minimally invasive surgical option. Despite its growing applicability, the frequent need for pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position could significantly affect respiratory mechanics during RAS. AVATaR is an international multicenter observational study aiming to assess the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC), to characterise current practices of mechanical ventilation (MV) and to evaluate a possible association between ventilatory parameters and PPC in patients undergoing RAS. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: AVATaR is an observational study of surgical patients undergoing MV for general anaesthesia for RAS. The primary outcome is the incidence of PPC during the first five postoperative days. Secondary outcomes include practice of MV, effect of surgical positioning on MV, effect of MV on clinical outcome and intraoperative complications. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. The study results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02989415; Pre-results.

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INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos recentes sugerem que o uso da estratégia protetora de ventilação mecânica no intra-operatório pode reduzir a incidência de complicações pulmonares pós-operatórias (CPP). O objetivo desta meta-análise de dados individuais de pacientes é avaliar o efeito independente do volume corrente e da pressão positiva ao final da expiração (PEEP) na ocorrência de CPP. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados que compararam a estratégia protetora de ventilação mecânica com a estratégia convencional em pacientes submetidos à anestesia para cirurgia. O desfecho primário foi o desenvolvimento de CPP. Diversos fatores prognósticos pré-definidos foram testados por meio da regressão logística multivariada. RESULTADOS: Quatorze ensaios clínicos randomizados foram incluídos (2.095 pacientes). Houve 97 casos de CPP em 1.102 pacientes (8,8%) ventilados com a estratégia protetora e 148 casos em 993 pacientes (14,9%) ventilados com a estratégia convencional (risco ajustado relativo [RR], 0,64; 95% intervalo de confiança [IC], 0,46 - 0,88, p < 0,01). Houve 85 casos de CPP em 957 pacientes (8,9%) ventilados com volume corrente baixo e PEEP alto e 63 casos em 525 pacientes (12%) ventilados com volume corrente baixo e PEEP baixo (RR, 0,93; 95% CI, 0,64 - 1,37, p = 0,72). Foi encontrada uma relação de dose-resposta entre o aparecimento de CPP e o volume corrente (R2 por meio termo quadrático = 0,390), mas não entre o aparecimento de CPP e o nível de PEEP (R2 = 0,082). A manutenção de uma driving pressure inferior a 13 cmH2O durante a cirurgia está associado a menor incidência de síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA). CONCLUSÃO: Esta meta-análise de dados individuais suporta os efeitos benéficos da estratégia protetora de ventilação mecânica em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia e sugere que altos níveis de PEEP, na vigência de volume corrente baixo, não acrescentam benefícios...

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies show that intraoperative mechanical ventilation using low tidal volumes can prevent postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC). The aim of this individual patient data meta-analysis is to evaluate the individual associations between tidal volume size and PEEP level, and occurrence of PPC. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials comparing protective ventilation and conventional ventilation in patients undergoing general surgery were screened for inclusion. The primary outcome was development of PPC. Predefined prognostic factors were tested using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Fourteen randomized controlled trials were included (2095 patients). There were 97 cases of PPC in 1102 patients (8.8%) assigned to protective ventilation and 148 cases in 993 patients (14.9%) assigned to conventional ventilation (adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46 - 0.88; p < 0.01). There were 85 cases of PPC in 957 patients (8.9%) assigned to ventilation with low tidal volume and high PEEP levels and 63 cases in 525 patients (12%) assigned to ventilation with low tidal volume and low PEEP levels (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.64 - 1.37; p = 0.72). A dose-response relationship was found between the appearance of PPC and tidal volume size (R2 for mean quadratic term = 0.390), but not between the appearance of PPC and PEEP level (R2 = 0.082). The maintenance of a driving pressure below 13 cmH2O during surgery is associated with reduced incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome. CONCLUSION: This individual data meta-analysis supports the beneficial effects of protective ventilation settings in patients undergoing surgery and suggests no benefit from high PEEP levels with use of low tidal volume...

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Las complicaciones respiratorias post quirúrgicas (CRPq) son causa importante de morbimortalidad asociada a la cirugía general. Objetivos: 1-Estimar la frecuencia de CRPq en cirugía electiva general. 2- Identificar factores asociados con el riesgo de CRPq, simples y accesibles desde la perspectiva del neumonólogo. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y transversal. Pacientes y métodos: De una muestra de 233 evaluaciones prequirúrgicas respiratorias (EPR) consecutivas, en 156 pacientes operados en el Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, la edad, localización de la cirugía, tabaquismo, un score de riesgo respiratorio, espirometría, clasificación de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiólogos (ASA), los hallazgos clínicos, la prescripción de medicamentos y la preexistencia de enfermedad respiratoria (EPOC y SAOS) fueron evaluados para predecir riesgo de CRPq, con prueba de X² para los respectivos intervalos de confianza (CI). El análisis de regresión logística múltiple buscó identificar predictores independientes de riesgo. Resultados: Se presentaron 26 complicaciones respiratorias en 19 pacientes (12%). El examen respiratorio anormal, el patrón obstructivo, la clasificación de ASA, el score de riesgo respiratorio y la cirugía torácica o abdominal superior se asociaron a CRPq en el análisis individual. La localización de la cirugía, la obstrucción severa de la vía aérea y el score de riesgo respiratorio resultaron predictores independientes de complicaciones. Conclusiones: Se hallaron CRPq en 12% de las cirugías estudiadas. Los factores hallados como predictores independientes coinciden en general con la revisión bibliográfica realizada. En este trabajo, el patrón ventilatorio obstructivo severo resultó un predictor significativo de CRPq.

Postoperative Respiratory Complications (PRCs) are important causes of morbidity and mortality associated to general surgery. Objectives: 1-To estimate the frequency of PRCs in General Elective Surgery. 2- To identify risk factors associated to PRCs from the pulmonologist’s perspective. Design: Prospective, descriptive and transversal study. Methods: In a sample of 233 consecutive preoperative respiratory evaluations, 156 patients were studied for PPCs risk before undergoing elective surgery at the Buenos Aires University Hospital. Age, surgery site, smoking habit, respiratory risk score, spirometry, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classification, clinical respiratory findings, prescribed medication, and respiratory concomitant disease (COPD, Obstructive Sleep Apnea) were assessed to predict the risk of PRCs, through Chi Square analysis (X²) for the corresponding confidence intervals. Variables significantly associated to PPCs were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: In 19 patients, 26 PPCs were observed (12% of surgical interventions). Abnormal clinical findings, obstructive and severe obstructive pattern in spirometry, ASA classification, respiratory risk score, thoracic and upper abdominal surgery were associated to PPCs in the monovariate analysis. Surgery site, severe airway obstruction, and respiratory risk score were significantly associated to PPCs, in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: PPCs was found in 12 % of performed surgeries. Respiratory risk factors were similar to those reported in the literature. Additionally, the analysis indicated that severe airway obstruction was a significant predictor of PRCs in this study.

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Las complicaciones respiratorias post quirúrgicas (CRPq) son causa importante de morbimortalidad asociada a la cirugía general. Objetivos: 1-Estimar la frecuencia de CRPq en cirugía electiva general. 2- Identificar factores asociados con el riesgo de CRPq, simples y accesibles desde la perspectiva del neumonólogo. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y transversal. Pacientes y métodos: De una muestra de 233 evaluaciones prequirúrgicas respiratorias (EPR) consecutivas, en 156 pacientes operados en el Hospital de Clínicas ôJosé de San Martínö, la edad, localización de la cirugía, tabaquismo, un score de riesgo respiratorio, espirometría, clasificación de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiólogos (ASA), los hallazgos clínicos, la prescripción de medicamentos y la preexistencia de enfermedad respiratoria (EPOC y SAOS) fueron evaluados para predecir riesgo de CRPq, con prueba de X² para los respectivos intervalos de confianza (CI). El análisis de regresión logística múltiple buscó identificar predictores independientes de riesgo. Resultados: Se presentaron 26 complicaciones respiratorias en 19 pacientes (12%). El examen respiratorio anormal, el patrón obstructivo, la clasificación de ASA, el score de riesgo respiratorio y la cirugía torácica o abdominal superior se asociaron a CRPq en el análisis individual. La localización de la cirugía, la obstrucción severa de la vía aérea y el score de riesgo respiratorio resultaron predictores independientes de complicaciones. Conclusiones: Se hallaron CRPq en 12% de las cirugías estudiadas. Los factores hallados como predictores independientes coinciden en general con la revisión bibliográfica realizada. En este trabajo, el patrón ventilatorio obstructivo severo resultó un predictor significativo de CRPq. (AU)

Postoperative Respiratory Complications (PRCs) are important causes of morbidity and mortality associated to general surgery. Objectives: 1-To estimate the frequency of PRCs in General Elective Surgery. 2- To identify risk factors associated to PRCs from the pulmonologistÆs perspective. Design: Prospective, descriptive and transversal study. Methods: In a sample of 233 consecutive preoperative respiratory evaluations, 156 patients were studied for PPCs risk before undergoing elective surgery at the Buenos Aires University Hospital. Age, surgery site, smoking habit, respiratory risk score, spirometry, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classification, clinical respiratory findings, prescribed medication, and respiratory concomitant disease (COPD, Obstructive Sleep Apnea) were assessed to predict the risk of PRCs, through Chi Square analysis (X²) for the corresponding confidence intervals. Variables significantly associated to PPCs were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: In 19 patients, 26 PPCs were observed (12% of surgical interventions). Abnormal clinical findings, obstructive and severe obstructive pattern in spirometry, ASA classification, respiratory risk score, thoracic and upper abdominal surgery were associated to PPCs in the monovariate analysis. Surgery site, severe airway obstruction, and respiratory risk score were significantly associated to PPCs, in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: PPCs was found in 12 % of performed surgeries. Respiratory risk factors were similar to those reported in the literature. Additionally, the analysis indicated that severe airway obstruction was a significant predictor of PRCs in this study. (AU)

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