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Resumen: Introducción: Las complicaciones postquirúrgicas han sido causa importante de muerte. Por lo tanto, el uso de predictores sencillos de mortalidad con una nueva escala llamada SASA podría indicar un riesgo postoperatorio de mortalidad a los 30 días aplicado en una muestra en población mexicana. Material y métodos: Exploramos una asociación entre la clasificación de estado físico de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiólogos (ASA-PS), el Apgar quirúrgico (sAs) y la puntuación de SASA con un análisis univariado en 371 pacientes estimando la relación de probabilidades (OR) y graficando las curvas de operación característica del receptor (receiver-operating-characteristic [ROC]) para cada escala. Resultados: Obtuvimos los valores de dos; [sensibilidad; 81.82% (IC del 95%: 48.2-97.72), especificidad; 40.56% (IC del 95%: 35.44-45.83)], 6; [sensibilidad; 81.82% (IC del 95 %: 48.2-97.72), especificidad; 77.5% (IC del 95%: 72.83-81.71)] y 10; [sensibilidad; 81.82% (IC del 95%: 48.2-97.72), especificidad; 83.6% (IC del 95%: 78.77-86.78)] como los mejores puntos de corte para el ASA-PS, sAs y SASA respectivamente. Conclusiones: el cálculo de SASA obtuvo la misma sensibilidad, pero mejor especificidad y área bajo la curva cuando se comparó con el ASA-PS y el sAs.

Abstract: Introduction: Post-surgical complications have been a significant cause of death. Therefore, the use of easy preoperative mortality predictors is recommended. A new SASA score could indicate a perioperative risk more globally at 30-days of the postoperative period applied in a Mexican sample. Material and methods: 371 patients were analyzed. We explore an association between the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA-PS), the surgical Apgar score (sAs), and the new SASA score to assess 30-days mortality after surgery using univariate analysis to estimate the odds ratio (OR). Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted for each scale. Results: We obtained values of two; [sensitivity; 81.82% (95% CI: 48.2-97.72), specificity; 40.56% (95% CI: 35.44-45.83)] 6; [sensitivity; 81.82% (95% CI: 48.2-97.72), specificity; 77.5% (95% CI: 72.83-81.71)] and 10; [sensitivity; 81.82% (95% CI: 48.2-97.72), specificity; 83.6% (95% CI: 78.77-86.78)] as the best cut-off points for ASA-PS, sAs and SASA respectively. Conclusions: To predict postoperative 30-days mortality, SASA calculation as a new score obtained the same sensitivity but better specificity and area under the curve (AUC) for the ROC compared with the ASA-PS and the sAs.

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Resumen Introducción: La pandemia de coronavirus, iniciada en Wuhan el año 2019, ha trastocado al mundo y afectado profundamente a la actividad quirúrgica al restringir el número de intervenciones en forma dramática, después de los reportes iniciales de mortalidad posoperatoria sobre el 20% en pacientes operados portadores de COVID. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar las cifras de mortalidad quirúrgica, en pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Materiales y Método: Cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes operados entre el 15 de marzo de 2020 y el 31 de julio de 2020 en un centro universitario. Se evaluó variables clínicas asociadas a la intervención quirúrgica y coinfección por SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: Se analizaron 344 pacientes quienes presentaron una mortalidad global de 6,1%. Se realizó examen de PCR para COVID a 153 pacientes. Presentaron un riesgo de mortalidad significativo los pacientes: PCR COVID(+) (22,7%), p = 0,01, portadores de hipertensión arterial (11,6%) p = 0,03 y mayores de 60 años (12,4%) p < 0,001. No fueron factores estadísticamente significativos de mayor riesgo de mortalidad, las siguientes variables: género, obesidad, diabetes mellitus, patología oncológica, cirugía de urgencia y clasificación de ASA. Al analizar dos subgrupos se observó que los pacientes menores de 60 años COVID negativo presentaron una cifra de mortalidad de 1,26% versus 36,3% en los mayores de 60 años, COVID positivos (p = 0,01). Discusión: Los resultados del presente estudio sugieren que se deben realizar los mayores esfuerzos para descartar la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en la evaluación preoperatoria para disminuir los riesgos de mortalidad posoperatoria.

Background: The coronavirus pandemic, started in the city of Wuhan in 2019, has disrupted the world and deeply affected surgical activity. Restricting the number of interventions dramatically, after initial reports of postoperative mortality over 20% in patients with COVID. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the figures for surgical mortality, during the coronavirus pandemic. Materials and Method: Retrospective cohort of patients operated between March 15, 2020 and July 31, 2020 at a university center. Clinical variables associated with surgical intervention and coinfection by SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated. Results: 344 patients with an overall mortality of 6.1% were analyzed. PCR testing for COVID was performed on 153 patients. Only from the ninth week of the pandemic did routine preoperative testing begin. Patients who presented a higher risk of mortality were: PCR COVID(+) (22.7%), arterial hypertension (11.6%) and age over 60 years (12.4%). In the present series, the following variables were not statistically significant risk factors for mortality: gender, obesity, diabetes mellitus, oncological pathology, emergency surgery and ASA classification. When analyzing two subgroups, we observed that COVID negative patients under 60 had a mortality rate of 1.26%, versus 36.36% in those over 60 years of age, COVID positive. Discussion: The results of the present study lead us to make every effort to rule out COVID infection preoperatively to reduce the risks of postoperative mortality. Although this is a series of cases and the extrapolation of its results should be cautious, having national figures can be a useful element to make decisions in this stage of reactivation of surgical activity.

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BACKGROUND: The development of feasible preoperative risk tools is desirable, especially for low-middle income countries with limited resources and complex surgical settings. This study aimed to derive and validate a preoperative risk model (Ex-Care model) for postoperative mortality and compare its performance with current risk tools. METHODS: A multivariable logistic regression model predicting in-hospital mortality was developed using a large Brazilian surgical cohort. Patient and perioperative predictors were considered. Its performance was compared with the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI), and the Surgical Outcome Risk Tool (SORT). RESULTS: The derivation cohort included 16 618 patients. In-hospital death occurred in 465 patients (2.8%). Age, with adjusted splines, degree of procedure (major vs non-major), ASA physical status, and urgency were entered in a final model. It showed high discrimination with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.926 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91-0.93). It had superior accuracy to the RCRI (AUROC, 0.90 vs 0.76; P<0.01) and similar to the CCI (0.90 vs 0.82; P=0.06) and SORT models (0.90 vs 0.92; P=0.2) in the temporal validation cohort of 1173 patients. Calibration was adequate in both development (Hosmer-Lemeshow, 9.26; P=0.41) and temporal validation cohorts (Hosmer-Lemeshow 5.29; P=0.71). CONCLUSIONS: The Ex-Care risk model proved very efficient at identifying high-risk surgical patients. Although multicentre studies are needed, it should have particular value in low resource settings to better inform perioperative health policy and clinical decision-making.

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Resumen Introducción: La duodeno pancreatectomía cefálica es una operación compleja cuyos resultados a corto plazo son multifactoriales. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la curva de aprendizaje en los resultados a corto plazo de la duodenopancreatectomía cefálica en un hospital de nivel II. Materiales y Método: Se analizaron los datos obtenidos a partir de una base de datos mantenida prospectivamente desde 2005. Se definieron dos periodos de tiempo: de 2005 a 2011 y de 2012 a 2017. Se compararon la morbilidad, mortalidad y estancia postoperatoria de ambos períodos. Resultados: Durante el período de tiempo estudiado se hicieron 126 duodenopancreatectomías cefálicas, 61 durante la primera etapa y 65 durante la segunda. La tasa de transfusión intraoperatoria se redujo de 33% a 15% (p = 0,011). La tasa de transfusión postoperatoria se redujo de 39 a 23% (p = 0,021). No hubo diferencias significativas con respecto a la incidencia global de complicaciones postoperatorias (59% y 52,3%). La incidencia de abscesos intraabdominales fue significativamente menor en el segundo período (18% y 4,6%, respectivamente; p = 0,038). La tasa de reintervenciones se redujo significativamente, de 22% a 9% (p = 0,049). También se redujo significativamente la tasa de mortalidad, de 6,56% a 0% (p = 0,032). La estancia media postoperatoria disminuyó significativamente en el segundo período, pasando de 19,6 a 15,8 días (p = 0,001), con una mayor proporción de pacientes dados de alta en los 8 primeros días de postoperatorio (11,5% y 38,5%, respectivamente; p = 0,001). Conclusión: La curva de aprendizaje es un factor que permite mejorar los resultados de la duodenopancreatectomía cefálica, en un hospital de nivel II, hasta alcanzar valores similares a los de un hospital de nivel III.

Introduction: The duodenum pancreatectomy cephalic is a complex operation whose short-term results are multifactorial. Aim: To assess the impact of the learning curve on the short-term outcomes of cephalic duodenopancreatectomy at a level II hospital. Materials Method: We analyze the data obtained from a database maintained prospectively since 2005. Two time periods were defined: from 2005 to 2011 and from 2012 to 2017. The morbidity, mortality and postoperative stay of both periods were compared. Results: 126 cephalic duodenopancreatectomies were performed, 61 during the first period and 65 during the second. The intraoperative transfusion rate was reduced from 33% to 15% (p = 0.011). The postoperative transfusion rate was reduced from 39 to 23% (p = 0.021). There were no significant differences with respect to the overall incidence of postoperative complications (59% and 52.3%, respectively). However, the incidence of intra-abdominal abscesses was significantly lower in the second period (18% and 4.6%, respectively, p = 0.038). The rate of reoperations was significantly reduced, from 22% to 9% (p = 0.049). The mortality rate was also significantly reduced, from 6.56% to 0% (p = 0.032). The mean postoperative stay decreased significantly in the second period, from 19.6 to 15.8 days (p = 0.001), with a higher proportion of patients discharged in the first 8 postoperative days (11.5% and 38.5%, respectively, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The learning curve is a factor allows improving the results of cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy, in a level II hospital, until reaching values similar to those of a level III hospital.

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RESUMEN Introducción: El cáncer gástrico ocupa hoy el cuarto lugar de incidencia mundial de cáncer y es la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer en el mundo. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes operados con adenocarcinoma gástrico en el Hospital "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay". 2009-2016. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo a los pacientes operados con adenocarcinoma gástrico en un periodo de 8 años. Resultados: Prevalecieron los pacientes geriátricos del sexo masculino. La forma más frecuente de presentación fue la úlcera gástrica en 54,7%. Predominaron los tumores del antro en 72,0%, moderadamente diferenciados en 61,3% de pacientes. La mayoría de los tumores se encontraban en estadio IIIA. De los procedimientos quirúrgicos predominó la gastrectomía distal en 56,0% y los procederes exeréticos en 68,0% de pacientes. La mortalidad operatoria fue de 6,0%, con prevalencia del shock hipovolémico. Conclusiones: Predominaron los pacientes geriátricos del sexo masculino cuya técnica quirúrgica fue la gastrectomía distal. Como forma clínica sobresalió la úlcera gástrica, así como los tumores del antro en estadio IIIA, moderadamente diferenciados. El estadio avanzado y los procedimientos paliativos se relacionaron de manera significativa con la mortalidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer at present and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Objective: The aim of this study is to characterize the patients with gastric adenocarcinoma operated on at "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Hospital during the period between 2009 and 2016. Material and Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was conducted in patients operated on for gastric adenocarcinoma in an eight-year period. Results: Male geriatric patients prevailed in the study. Gastric ulcer was the most frequent form of presentation in 54,7 %. Tumors of the antrum predominated in 72,0 %, with moderate degree of differentiation in 61,3 % of patients. The majority of tumors were in stage IIIA. The most used surgical methods were distal gastrectomy which was performed in 56,0 % of patients and exeretic procedures that were carried out in 68,0 % of patients. Operative mortality was 6,0 % with prevalence of hypovolemic shock. Conclusion: There was a predominance of male geriatric patients who underwent the surgical technique of distal gastrectomy. Gastric ulceration was the most common clinical form of presentation as well as tumors of the antrum in stage IIIA, in which there was a moderate degree of differentiation. Advanced stage tumors and palliative procedures were significantly related to mortality.

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Abstract Background: Mortality after surgery is frequent and severity of disease scoring systems are used for prediction. Our aim was to evaluate predictors for mortality after non-cardiac surgery. Methods: Adult patients admitted at our surgical intensive care unit between January 2006 and July 2013 was included. Univariate analysis was carried using Mann-Whitney, Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Logistic regression was performed to assess independent factors with calculation of odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: 4398 patients were included. Mortality was 1.4% in surgical intensive care unit and 7.4% during hospital stay. Independent predictors of mortality in surgical intensive care unit were APACHE II (OR = 1.24); emergent surgery (OR = 4.10), serum sodium (OR = 1.06) and FiO2 at admission (OR = 14.31). Serum bicarbonate at admission (OR = 0.89) was considered a protective factor. Independent predictors of hospital mortality were age (OR = 1.02), APACHE II (OR = 1.09), emergency surgery (OR = 1.82), high-risk surgery (OR = 1.61), FiO2 at admission (OR = 1.02), postoperative acute renal failure (OR = 1.96), heart rate (OR = 1.01) and serum sodium (OR = 1.04). Dying patients had higher scores in severity of disease scoring systems and longer surgical intensive care unit stay. Conclusion: Some factors influenced both surgical intensive care unit and hospital mortality.

Resumo Justificativa: A mortalidade após cirurgia é frequente e os sistemas de classificação da gravidade da doença são usados para a previsão. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os preditivos de mortalidade após cirurgia não cardíaca. Métodos: Os pacientes adultos admitidos em nossa unidade de terapia intensiva cirúrgica entre janeiro de 2006 e julho de 2013 foram incluídos. Análise univariada foi feita com o teste de Mann-Whitney, qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. Regressão logística foi feita para avaliar fatores independentes com cálculo de razão de chances (odds ratio - OR) e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: No total, 4.398 pacientes foram incluídos. A mortalidade foi de 1,4% na unidade de terapia intensiva cirúrgica e de 7,4% durante a internação hospitalar. Os preditivos independentes de mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva cirúrgica foram APACHE II (OR = 1,24); cirurgia de emergência (OR = 4,10), sódio sérico (OR = 1,06) e FiO2 na admissão (OR = 14,31). Bicarbonato sérico na admissão (OR = 0,89) foi considerado um fator protetor. Os preditivos independentes de mortalidade hospitalar foram idade (OR = 1,02), APACHE II (OR = 1,09), cirurgia de emergência (OR = 1,82), cirurgia de alto risco (OR = 1,61), FiO2 na admissão (OR = 1,02), insuficiência renal aguda no pós-operatório (OR = 1,96), frequência cardíaca (OR = 1,01) e sódio sérico (OR = 1,04). Os pacientes moribundos apresentaram escores mais altos de gravidade da doença nos sistemas de classificação e mais tempo de permanência em unidade de terapia intensiva cirúrgica. Conclusão: Alguns fatores tiveram influencia sobre a mortalidade tanto hospitalar quanto na unidade de terapia intensiva cirúrgica.

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BACKGROUND: Mortality after surgery is frequent and severity of disease scoring systems are used for prediction. Our aim was to evaluate predictors for mortality after non-cardiac surgery. METHODS: Adult patients admitted at our surgical intensive care unit between January 2006 and July 2013 was included. Univariate analysis was carried using Mann-Whitney, Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Logistic regression was performed to assess independent factors with calculation of odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: 4398 patients were included. Mortality was 1.4% in surgical intensive care unit and 7.4% during hospital stay. Independent predictors of mortality in surgical intensive care unit were APACHE II (OR=1.24); emergent surgery (OR=4.10), serum sodium (OR=1.06) and FiO2 at admission (OR=14.31). Serum bicarbonate at admission (OR=0.89) was considered a protective factor. Independent predictors of hospital mortality were age (OR=1.02), APACHE II (OR=1.09), emergency surgery (OR=1.82), high-risk surgery (OR=1.61), FiO2 at admission (OR=1.02), postoperative acute renal failure (OR=1.96), heart rate (OR=1.01) and serum sodium (OR=1.04). Dying patients had higher scores in severity of disease scoring systems and longer surgical intensive care unit stay. CONCLUSION: Some factors influenced both surgical intensive care unit and hospital mortality.

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Introducción: La peritonitis postoperatoria es una de las complicaciones más frecuentes que se presenta tras procederes laparoscópicos. Objetivo: Caracterizar la evolución de los pacientes complicados con peritonitis después de un proceder laparoscópico. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de los pacientes con peritonitis ingresados en la terapia intensiva, del Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso, desde septiembre de 2010 hasta diciembre de 2015. Se analizaron algunas variables demográficas, procederes laparoscópicos que se complicaron con este diagnóstico, complicaciones clínicas, antibioticoterapia utilizada, tipo de nutrición y la escala de evaluación fisiológica APACHE II como predictor de pronóstico. La información se obtuvo de las historias clínicas. Las variables cualitativas se resumieron utilizando frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes. Para las cuantitativas se utilizó la media y la desviación estándar. Resultados: Se complicaron con peritonitis 26 de 298 pacientes ingresados en el período (8,7 ), la edad media fue de 60 años, predominó el sexo femenino (57,7 por ciento). Se complicaron más con este diagnóstico los pacientes perforados postcolonoscopia (50 por ciento). El disbalance hidroelectrolítico (73,1 por ciento) fue la complicación asociada más frecuente. Se usó precozmente la nutrición enteral en 57,7 por ciento y los antibióticos más utilizados fueron ceftriaxone, amikacina y metronidazol. Predominó la evolución favorable a pesar que el score APACHE II se mantuvo en valores elevados. Conclusiones: Las perforaciones intestinales después de una colonoscopía tienen un alto riesgo de sufrir peritonitis secundaria, pero si se realiza un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz su evolución es favorable(AU)

Introduction: Endoscopic dilatation is the first therapeutic option to eliminate benign esophageal stenosis and improve the symptoms and the quality of life of those patients who suffer from it. Objective:To describe the results of endoscopic dilatation in patients with benign esophageal stenosis treated in the National Center for Endoscopic Surgery from January 2015 to December 2016. Material and Methods:A case series longitudinal observational study was conducted in 59 patients with benign esophageal stenosis. Dilatations were done with Savary-Gilliard bougie and balloons. Results:The mean age was 52,5 years, and the condition predominated in 37 male patients (62,7 percent). Post-surgical, peptic, and caustic were the most frequent etiologies with 25, 14, and 6 cases, respectively. Short stenosis predominated in 51 cases. Bougies were used in 48 patients for a total of 149 dilatations, corresponding to a mean of 3,1 dilatations/ patients. Correction of the stenosis was made in 1-3 sessions in 47 percent of patients; 11 cases were dilated with balloon, corresponding to a mean of 1- 3 dilatations/ patients. Four patients from the group that were dilated with Savary-Gilliard bougies showed refractoriness. A perforation, and two bleedings occurred. After the dilatations, dysphagia improved or disappeared in 93,2 percent of patients. Conclusions:Endoscopic therapy through dilatation of benign esophageal stenosis indicated to be a good alternative method in achieving corrections in a few dilatation sessions, with a low number of complications, and an improvement of the dysphagia(AU)

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AbstractBackground:Patients undergoing arterial vascular surgery are considered at increased risk for post-operative complications.Objective:To assess the incidence and predictors of complications and death, as well as the performance of two models of risk stratification, in vascular surgery.Methods:This study determined the incidence of cardiovascular complications and deaths within 30 days from surgery in adults. Univariate comparison and logistic regression assessed the risk factors associated with the outcomes, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve assessed the discriminatory capacity of the revised cardiac risk index (RCRI) and vascular study group of New England cardiac risk index (VSG-CRI).Results:141 patients (mean age, 66 years; 65% men) underwent the following surgeries: carotid (15); lower limbs (65); abdominal aorta (56); and others (5). Cardiovascular complications and death occurred within 30 days in 28 (19.9%) and 20 (14.2%) patients, respectively. The risk predictors were: age, obesity, stroke, poor functional capacity, altered scintigraphy, surgery of the aorta, and troponin change. The scores RCRI and VSG-CRI had area under the curve of 0.635 and 0.639 for early cardiovascular complications, and 0.562 and 0.610 for death in 30 days.Conclusion:In this small and selected group of patients undergoing arterial vascular surgery, the incidence of adverse events was elevated. The risk assessment indices RCRI and VSG-CRI did not perform well for complications within 30 days.

ResumoFundamento:Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia vascular arterial são considerados de risco aumentado para complicações no pós-operatório.Objetivo:Avaliar incidência e preditores de complicações e óbito, assim como o desempenho de dois modelos de estratificação de risco, em cirurgia vascular.Métodos:Em pacientes adultos, determinou-se a incidência de complicações cardiovasculares e óbitos em 30 dias. Comparações univariadas e regressão logística avaliaram os fatores de risco associados com os desfechos, e a curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic) examinou a capacidade discriminatória do índice de risco cardíaco revisado (RCRI) e do índice de risco cardíaco do grupo de cirurgia vascular da New England (VSG-CRI).Resultados:141 pacientes (idade média 66 anos, 65% homens) realizaram cirurgias de: carótida (15), membros inferiores (65), aorta abdominal (56) e outras (5). Complicações cardiovasculares e óbito em até 30 dias ocorreram em 28 (19,9%) e em 20 (14,2%) pacientes, respectivamente. Os preditores de risco foram: idade, obesidade, acidente vascular cerebral, capacidade funcional ruim, cintilografia alterada, cirurgia de aorta e alteração de troponina. Os escores RCRI e VSG-CRI apresentaram AUC (area under the curve) de 0,635 e 0,639 para complicações cardiovasculares precoces e 0,562 e 0,610 para óbito em 30 dias.Conclusões:Nesse grupo pequeno e selecionado submetido à cirurgia vascular arterial, a incidência de eventos adversos foi elevada. Para complicações em até 30 dias, os índices de avaliação de risco RCRI e VSG-CRI não apresentaram boa performance.

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Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo de 34 pacientes con peritonitis difusa secundaria, extendida a los 4 cuadrantes de la cavidad peritoneal, intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el Hospital General de Luanda durante el período comprendido desde agosto del 2008 hasta julio del 2009. Las afecciones causales más frecuentes fueron las perforaciones tíficas (en las cuales se utilizó la enterorrafia) y la apendicitis aguda, en tanto la complicación posoperatoria más común resultó ser la dehiscencia de sutura. En la casuística, 6 de sus integrantes experimentaron reintervenciones y 5 fallecieron. La perforación intestinal es una complicación grave de la fiebre tifoidea, cuya frecuencia se incrementa en áreas endémicas y puede ser la primera causa de peritonitis generalizada o difusa aguda

A descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study of 34 patients with secondary diffuse peritonitis, extended to the 4 quadrants of the peritoneal cavity, surgically treated in the General Hospital of Luanda was carried out from August, 2008 to July, 2009. The most frequent causal affections were the typhic perforations (in which enterorrhaphy was used) and the acute appendicitis, the most common postoperative complication turned out to be the suture dehiscence. In the case material, 6 of its members experienced reinterventions and 5 died. The intestinal perforation is a serious complication of the typhoid fever whose frequency is increased in endemic areas and it can be the first cause of acute diffuse or sistemic peritonitis

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