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BACKGROUND: Colombia has a long history of an armed conflict that has severely affected communities with forced internal displacement and violence. Victims of violence and armed conflicts have higher rates of mental health disorders, and children and adolescents are particularly affected. However, the mental health needs of this population are often overlooked, especially in low- and middle-Income countries, where scarcity of resources exacerbates the problem that has been further compounded by the global COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, special attention should be paid to the development of interventions that target this population. OBJECTIVE: Our research aims to adapt an existing patient-centered digital intervention called DIALOG+ from a clinical setting to an educational setting using stakeholders' (teachers' and students') perspectives. We aim to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and estimated effect of implementing this intervention as a tool for the identification and mobilization of personal and social resources to mitigate the impact of social difficulties and to promote mental well-being. METHODS: We will conduct an exploratory mixed methods study in public schools of postconflict areas in Tolima, Colombia. The study consists of 3 phases: adaptation, exploration, and consolidation of the DIALOG+ tool. The adaptation phase will identify possible changes that the intervention requires on the basis of data from focus groups with teachers and students. The exploration phase will be an exploratory cluster randomized trial with teachers and school counselors to assess the acceptability, feasibility, and estimated effect of DIALOG+ for adolescents in school settings. Adolescents' data about mental health symptoms and wellness will be collected before and after DIALOG+ implementation. During this phase, teachers or counselors who were part of the intervention group will share their opinions through the think-aloud method. Lastly, the consolidation phase will consist of 2 focus groups with teachers and students to discuss their experiences and to understand acceptability. RESULTS: Study recruitment was completed in March 2022, and follow-up is anticipated to last through November 2022. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study will evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, and estimated effect of DIALOG+ for adolescents in postconflict school settings in Colombia. The use of this technology-supported tool aims to support interactions between teachers or counselors and students and to provide an effective student-centered communication guide. This is an innovative approach in both the school and the postconflict contexts that could help improve the mental health and wellness of adolescents in vulnerable zones in Colombia. Subsequent studies will be needed to evaluate the effectiveness of DIALOG+ in an educational context as a viable option to reduce the gap and inequities of mental health care access. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN14396374; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14396374?q=ISRCTN14396374. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/40286.

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BACKGROUND: Older adults in Colombia have seen a number of stressful life events - including the Colombian armed conflict, forced misplacement and recently COVID-19. These events likely have had and are having a substantial impact on people's mental health and well-being, whilst mental health care provision in Colombia is not sufficient and often access is limited and unaffordable. Therefore, the aim of this study is to understand the impact of stressful life events on the mental health of older adults living in Colombia, and co-produce, pilot, and evaluate a community-based mental health intervention in Turbo. METHODS: This 3-year international mixed-methods study comprises of three phases: Phase I will explore the impact of stressful life events on the mental health of older adults living in Colombia, and their mental health needs, via quantitative needs assessments and qualitative interviews and focus groups; Phase II will involve synthesising the findings from Phase I as well as conducting a systematic review and qualitative interviews with experts into implementing mental health interventions in LMICs to co-produce a community-based mental health intervention with older adults and local community group leaders and care providers; Phase III will involve the piloting and evaluation of the mental health intervention via quantitative and qualitative assessments. Co-production and public involvement underpin each element of this project. DISCUSSION: Appropriate mental health care is as important as physical health care, but this study also looks at how we might integrate these findings into community-level public health initiatives for application both within Colombia and more widely in both LMICs and more developed countries. This study protocol will act as a guide for the development and adaptation of psychosocial mental health interventions in different cultures and contexts.

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With the Peace Agreement between Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), Colombia promised healthcare to 13,000 'reincorporating' FARC ex-combatants. Shortages of healthcare workers in reincorporation camps means this promise is in danger of going unfulfilled. More information is needed to determine incentives, disincentives, and recruitment of healthcare providers to address this shortage. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with healthcare providers across FARC reincorporation camps, and a multidisciplinary team conducted analysis in NVivo12 using a team-based coding method. Twenty-four healthcare professionals from 15 camps participated, of which 75% were female. Incentives to work with FARC included improved clinical skills, professional advancement, increased comfort with FARC, and contributing to the peace process. Disincentives included poor living conditions, lack of support, biases, familial commitments, and sacrificing career opportunities. Three-fourths of the sample recommended working with FARC, and 92% reported a shortage of healthcare workers. Recruitment strategies included improved resources and specialised career development for healthcare workers, facilitating interactions between FARC and healthcare professionals outside clinical scenarios, and integrating medicine for vulnerable populations into health education. This study shows the impact that working with FARC ex-combatants can have on healthcare providers and tangible suggestions for increasing provider participation to address the healthcare worker shortage.

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Strong group identities arise in intergroup conflict scenarios and perpetuate sectarian violence even in post-conflict scenarios. In particular, out-group negative implicit associations are predictors of decreased intergroup forgiveness, as well as increased distrust and aggression against the out-group. Thus, the presence of implicit intergroup (i.e., ex-combatants and victims) biases seems to be a relevant factor in post-conflict scenarios. Here, we aimed to explore whether negative biases toward the out-group are boosted by (a) previous exposure to conflict violence or (b) identification with an armed violent group. One hundred and twenty-eight participants, 65 ex-combatants from Colombian guerrillas and 63 victims of the armed conflict, were assessed with a modified version of the implicit association test (IAT). Our results revealed that the victim group showed a significant negative bias against ex-combatants. However, no bias toward the out-group (i.e., victims) or in-group favoritism was observed in the ex-combatant group. Similarly, we found that IAT scores were not associated with sociodemographical variables (i.e., sex, years of education, or type of dwelling), the levels of combat exposure, victimization armed-conflict-related experiences, or child abuse antecedents. Our results showed an unexpected lack of in-group bias in ex-combatants, potentially triggered by the effect of current demobilization and reintegration processes. Thus, negative associations with the out-group will persist in the framework of societal condemnation of the out-group. In contrast, these negative biases will tend to be abolished when entering in conflict with larger societal reintegration processes. The results reinforce the idea that reintegration may benefit from interventions at the societal level, including all actors of the conflict. In addition, our findings highlight the importance of implementing victim interventions aimed at reducing stigma and revengeful actions in spaces of collective disarmament.

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RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar las prácticas de gestión humana que contribuyen a la construcción de la paz en Colombia. Metodología: Se realiza una selección de dos casos de estudio donde se aplica una metodología con enfoque cualitativo en la que se realizan entrevistas semiestructuradas al personal de cada caso. Resultado: Se identifica que las categorías: planeación y organización, incorporación y adaptación, compensación y bienestar; y desarrollo de personal, tienen prácticas de contribuyen a la construcción de la paz, mientras que las relaciones con los empleados no. En el caso de incorporación y adaptación de personal, se identifica que se utiliza un tercero para el diseño y ejecución de estas prácticas. Conclusiones: Se evidencia que la gestión humana tiene un aporte fundamental en la permanencia de los empleados que son víctimas o excombatientes. Las áreas de gestión humana deben consolidar flexibilizar y normalizar estos procesos para garantizar su contribución a la paz y evitar la repetición del conflicto. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL J24, D74

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the human management practices that contribute to the construction of peace in Colombia. Methodology: A selection of two case studies is made where a methodology with a qualitative approach is applied in which semi-structured interviews are carried out with the personnel of each case. Result: It is identified that the categories: planning and organization, incorporation and adaptation, compensation and well-being, and personnel development, have practices that contribute to the construction of peace, while relations with employees do not. In the case of incorporation and adaptation of personnel, it is identified that a third party is used for the design and execution of these practices. Conclusions: It is evident that human management has a fundamental contribution to the permanence of employees who are victims or ex-combatants. Human management areas must consolidate, make more flexible and normalize these processes to guarantee their contribution to peace and avoid the repetition of the conflict. JEL CLASSIFICATION J24, D74

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar as práticas de gestão humana que contribuem para a construção da paz na Colômbia. Metodologia: É feita uma seleção de dois estudos de caso onde é aplicada uma metodologia com abordagem qualitativa em que são realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com o pessoal de cada caso. Resultado: Identifica-se que as categorias: planejamento e organização, incorporação e adaptação, remuneração e bem-estar e desenvolvimento de pessoas possuem práticas que contribuem para a construção da paz, enquanto as relações com os empregados não. No caso de incorporação e adaptação de pessoal, identifica-se que é contratado um terceiro para a concepção e execução dessas práticas. Conclusões: É evidente que a gestão humana tem uma contribuição fundamental para a permanência de funcionários vítimas ou ex-combatentes. As áreas de gestão humana devem se consolidar, flexibilizar e normalizar esses processos para garantir sua contribuição para a paz e evitar a repetição do conflito. CLASSIFICÃO JEL J24, D74

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Resumen El presente artículo tiene como finalidad comprender las relaciones e interrelaciones que se tejen en la configuración de la subjetividad política desde los procesos formativos con asiento en el Proyecto Educativo Institucional (PEI), para un escenario futuro de posconflicto. Los resultados y conclusiones se resumen en que: 1) Se necesita una escuela que sea hospitalaria y de acogida, para que propicie el cuidado de sí y del alter en la formación de la subjetividad política; 2) Es necesario que la escuela reflexione sobre la violencia que ha padecido Colombia, para que los estudiantes tengan cuidado de sí y cuidado del otro; 3) El maestro utilizando el consejo como herramienta pedagógica forma la subjetividad, al mostrar posibles caminos que orienten proyectos de vida; 4) la escuela que forme la subjetividad política desde una pedagogía de la conflanza y seguridad debe alejarse del disciplinamiento.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to understand the relationships and interrelationships, which are woven into the configuration of political subjectivity from the training processes with a seat in the Institutional Educational Project (PEI), for a future post-conflict scenario. The results and conclusions are based on that: 1) A school that is hospitable and host is needed to promote the care of itself and the alternative in the formation of political subjectivity; 2) It is necessary for the school to reflect on the violence that Colombia has gone through, so that students take care of themselves and take care for each other; 3) The teacher, by using advice as a pedagogical tool, forms subjectivity, by showing possible paths, which guide life projects; 4) The school, which forms political subjectivity from a pedagogy of trust and security should move away from disciplining.

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Resumen Esta es una reflexión derivada de investigación abordada desde la teoría fundamentada, que busca reconocer las posibles reconfiguraciones familiares presentes en excombatientes de grupos armados ilegales en procesos de reintegración y en desmovilización voluntaria. Para ello se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada validada por expertos, con la cual se exploraron las Transformaciones Familiares de acuerdo con tres momentos: antes (estructura), durante (curso) y después (trayectorias), y en función de las categorías: tipos de familia, dinámicas familiares, relaciones externas, influencias insurgentes previas, conflictos intrafamiliares, y conflictos social-comunitarios. Los resultados revelan que existen procesos de familiarización más que de conformación de familias durante la estancia en el grupo insurgente, al tiempo que proto-configuraciones familiares que dan pie, ya en el posconflicto y por fuera del grupo armado, a reconfiguraciones de lo familiar y de nuevas familias.

Abstract This is a reflection derived from research approached from the informed theory, which seeks to recognize the possible family reconfigurations present in ex-combatants of illegal armed groups in reintegration processes, and voluntary demobilization. To this end, a semi-structured interview validated by experts was applied, with which family transformations were explored according to three moments: before (structure), during (course), and after (trajectories), and according to the categories: family types, family dynamics, external relations, previous insurgent influences, intrafamily conflicts, and social-community conflicts. The results reveal that there are processes of familiarization without family formation during the stay in the insurgent group, while proto-family configurations that give rise, already in the post-conflict and outside the armed group, to reconfigurations of the family and new families.

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Resumen Objetivo: Conocer la dimensionalidad, la validez nomológica y la consistencia interna de la escala breve de Davidson para estrés postraumático en estudiantes de media vocacional de Santa Marta, Colombia. Metodología: En el segundo semestre de 2018, un total de 1462 estudiantes de décimo y undécimo grado, entre 13 y 17 años (M = 16,0; de = 0,8), 60,3 % de sexo femenino, diligenció la escala breve de Davidson para estrés postraumático. Se realizaron análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Se calculó la consistencia interna de la dimensión, con los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald. Resultados: En el análisis factorial exploratorio, la escala breve de Davidson para estrés postraumático mostró Kaiser-Meier-Olkin = 0,714, chi cuadrado de Barttlet = 783,3 (gl= 6; p= 0,001), y valor propio de 1,99, que explicó el 49,7 % de la varianza. En el análisis factorial confirmatorio, chi cuadrado = 5,921; gl= 2; p= 0,052; raíz del cuadrado medio del error de aproximación = 0,037 (ic 90 % 0,000-0,072); índice comparativo de ajuste = 0,995; índice de Tucker-Lewis = 0,985 residual cuadrada media estandarizada = 0,011. El alfa de Cronbach fue 0,66, y la omega de McDonald, 0,69. Conclusiones: La escala breve de Davidson para estrés postraumático es unidimensional, con aceptable consistencia interna.

Abstract Objective: To determine the dimensionality, nomological validity and internal consistency of the brief Davidson scale for post-traumatic stress in average vocational students from Santa Marta, Colombia. Methodology: In the second semester of 2018, a total of 1,462 tenth and eleventh grade students aged between 13 and 17 years old (M = 16.0; DE = 0.8), 60.3% female, filled out the brief Davidson scale for post-traumatic stress. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed. The internal consistency of the dimension was calculated with Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients. Results: In the exploratory factor analysis, the brief Davidson scale for post-traumatic stress showed Kaiser-Meier-Olkin = 0.714, Barttlet's chi square = 783.3 (gl = 6; p = 0.001), and an eigenvalue of 1.99, which explained 49.7% of the variance. In the confirmatory factor analysis, chi square = 5.921; gl = 2; p = 0.052; root of the mean square of the error of approximation = 0.037 (CI 90% 0.000-0.072); comparative adjustment index = 0.955; Tucker-Lewis index = 0.985 standardized mean square residual = 0.011. Cronbach's alpha was 0.66, and McDonald's omega was 0.69. Conclusions: The brief Davidson scale for post-traumatic stress is one-dimensional, with acceptable internal consistency.

Resumo Objetivo: Conhecer a dimensionalidade, a validade nomológica e a consistência interna da escala abreviada de Davidson para estresse pós-traumático em estudantes dos últimos dois anos do ensino médio de Santa Marta, Colômbia. Metodologia: No segundo semestre de 2018, um total de 1462 alunos dos anos 10º e 11º, entre 13 e 17 anos (M = 16,0; DE = 0,8), 60,3 % de gênero feminino, preencheram a escala abreviada de Davidson para estresse pós-traumático. Análises fatorial exploratória e confirmatória foram realizadas. A consistência interna da dimensão foi calculada, com os coeficientes alfa de Cronbach e ômega de McDonald. Resultados: Na análise fatorial exploratória, a escala abreviada de Davidson para estresse pós-traumático mostrou Kaiser-Meier-Olkin = 0,714, chi quadrado de Barttlet = 783,3 (gl = 6; p = 0,001), e valor próprio de 1,99, que explicou 49,7 % da variância. Na análise fatorial confirmatória, o chi quadrado = 5,921; gl = 2; p = 0,052; raiz do quadrado médio do erro de aproximação = 0,037 (IC 90 % 0,000-0,072); Índice comparativo de ajuste = 0,995; Índice Tucker- Lewis = 0,985 residual quadrada média estandardizada = 0,011. O alfa de Cronbach foi 0,66, e o ômega do McDonald foi 0,69. Conclusões: A escala abreviada de Davidson para estresse pós-traumático é unidimensional, com consistência interna aceitável.

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Resumen Objetivo analizar la evidencia científica sobre posconflicto en Iberoamérica. Revisión documental de publicaciones científicas entre 2013 y 2018. Descriptores: "conflicto", "posconflicto", "construcción de paz", "desmovilización", "reintegración", "reconciliación", "excombatientes", "democracia", "deliberación", "América Latina" y "Latinoamérica" y sus correspondientes en inglés. Los artículos fueron analizados a partir del título, resumen, año de publicación, idioma, país y fuente de publicación. Las categorías: "posconflicto", "democracia", "cultura", "educación", "estado", "territorio", "economía" y "salud". Se analizaron 66 artículos. Conclusión, la evidencia científica muestra que el posconflicto es la primera fase de consolidación de paz, los países y actores involucrados deben generar estrategias viables para su cimentación.

Abstract The objective is to analyze the scientific evidence about the post-conflict in Ibero-America; document review of scientific publications between 2013 and 2018. Descriptors "conflict," "post-conflict," "peacebuilding," "demobilization," "reintegration," "reconciliation," "ex-combatants," "democracy," "deliberation," "Latin America," and their corresponding in English. The articles were analyzed based on the title, abstract, year of publication, language, country, and source of publication. The categories "post-conflict," "democracy," "culture," "education," "state," "territory," "economy," and "health." Sixty-six articles were analyzed. As a conclusion, scientific evidence shows that post-conflict is the first phase of peacebuilding, the countries and actors involved must generate viable strategies for its foundation.

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In the context of the 2016 Peace Agreement signed between the Colombian government and the FARC-EP (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ejército del Pueblo), several challenges for society and academia have emerged: (1) overcoming the gap between the rural and urban settings, which has been one of the roots of the Colombian armed conflict, and (2) training psychologists and transforming traditional educational practices, which have not been designed to fulfill community needs in a post-conflict setting. One of the strategies from academia to overcome these difficulties is to create alliances with rural communities where students learn key competences to foster a horizontal approach while actively working with the community. In the region of Caquetá, Colombia, two Territorial Spaces for Training and Reincorporation (ETCR) were created in order to provide a space for former guerrilla members' reintegration to civil society. In the ETCR Héctor Ramírez, 27 students and two faculty participated in a service-learning project (2 weeks in December 2018 and two in June 2019) where they engaged in local daily practices and social projects based on the community's prioritized needs. The aim of this study was to analyze the learning process of undergraduate psychology students in this community psychology service-learning project in the context of peacebuilding in Colombia. This study is grounded in a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach and data collected include reflective narratives and video diaries by students before and during the course, and two focus groups after the experience. Findings suggest that students who participated in the experience are in the process of developing cultural humility, through affective understandings and the consolidation of communities of practice that include the former guerrilla members and their knowledges. Preparing psychologists to lead peacebuilding and reconciliation processes is of importance to the field because the professional competencies gained in this context surpass the professional practice as they become part of the students' abilities as citizens. The social impact is twofold: the students learn to create partnerships where purposes are co-constructed and trust-based, while the community takes the lead of their processes creating alliances with an academia that recognizes their knowledge and practices.

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Addressing mental health needs is a central focus of the Colombian Government's framework for socio-political reconstruction following over 60 years of conflict. Informed by WHO standards, country efforts utilise biopsychosocial models that prioritise individual psychological and psychiatric conditions. However, increasing scrutiny of the deployment of Western approaches to mental health and recovery in the global south suggests a need to explore the best route to improving mental health outcomes. Our research contributes to these debates through a qualitative study of local understandings of mental health recovery related concepts among internally displaced persons in Colombia. Analysis of focus groups with 40 internally displaced men and women established definitions for emotional distress and recovery as parallel processes linked to the fracture and rebuilding of social worlds and family life. Definitions were shaped heavily by cultural, political, economic and legal contexts of everyday survival, often linked to experiences of structural and symbolic forms of violence. We conclude that a locally informed mental health recovery model that stretches beyond individual experiences of mental ill-health to promote ideas of collective social change would be best suited to addressing mental health needs of internally displaced groups in Colombia. Implications for practice are discussed.

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Resumen Los expertos como los empresarios no perciben de manera optimista la innovación y la competitividad, en tanto las condiciones actuales no permitirán al empresariado responder a las expectativas nacionales del desarrollo en el contexto del postconflicto. De esta manera, no es suficiente con una baja absorción tecnológica y uso de computadores, es preocupante la baja percepción que se tiene de la ética del gobierno y de las firmas y la propiedad intelectual, así como la calidad de los puertos y aeropuertos, es baja la percepción del comercio exterior, así como de la sofisticación del mercado financiero, la protección al inversionista y la regulación de intercambios. Puede decirse que en este panorama las pymes colombianas no podrán responder a los desafíos del postconflicto como se propone a partir de la política pública y de los programas gubernamentales. Clasificación JEL: D41, O32, O14, D74

Abstract Experts such as entrepreneurs do not optimistically perceive innovation and competitiveness, while the current conditions will not allow entrepreneurs to respond to national development expectations in the post-conflict context. In this way, it is not enough with a low technological absorption and use of computers. It is worrying the low perception of the ethics of government and signatures, and the intellectual property, as well as the quality of ports and airports, the perception foreign trade is low, as well as the financial market sophistication, investor protection, and trade regulation. It can be said that in this Colombian context, SMEs will not be able to respond to the challenges of post-conflict as it is proposed, based on public policy and government programs. JEL Classification Codes: D41, O32, O14, D74

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This paper describes the relationship between the landscape and the socio-economic and political characteristics of a highly biodiverse Andean region of Colombia, which is now recovering from the socio-ecological impact of protracted armed conflict. We quantify the current spatial relationship between nature and society, and we include legacy effects from the most recent period of armed conflict and its consequences of forced displacement and land use disruption. The procedure followed provides a quantitative model where a minimum number of socio-economic and political variables explain the variation in land cover. The results represent the relationship between land use intensity and the main socio-economic and political indicators, highlighting a close interaction between landscape configuration, socio-economic structure of local populations, coercive conservation and armed conflict. A simulated post-conflict landscape shows a clear transition gradient towards agrarian expansion and intensification, also in systems where naturalness is a relevant feature. The peace process in Colombia offers opportunities for new schemes of land planning and management, including natural resource governance and policy reforms to improve welfare and resilience of local communities. The results allow to define options for future planning given the possible consequences of socio-political legacy effects yet to fully play out across Colombia.

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Resumen La reforma tributaria del 2016 y la inclusión de rubros que contribuyan al logro de financiación de procesos que se deben atender para consolidar la paz, es una necesidad que bien administrada puede dar resultados favorables para llegar a la reconciliación, la paz, la democracia y la estabilidad política después del conflicto armado de más de 60 años en el país.

Abstract The 2016 tax reform and the inclusion of items, which contribute to the achievement of financial processes must be addressed in order to consolidate peace, is a need that, if well managed, can bear favorable results to reach reconciliation, peace, democracy, and political stability after the armed conflict, which has lasted more than 60 years in the country.

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Collective violence in the context of armed conflict impacts the economy, health systems, and social stability of affected countries. This is considered a complex phenomenon with interwoven biological, psychological, social, cultural, and political factors. However, most of the research on this topic still lacks suitable established integrative approaches to assess multilevel perspectives. Social, cognitive and affective mental processes (SCAMP) are critical factors that should be considered in multilevel approaches. In this article, we critically discuss some of the classically isolated approaches used in violence research, the absence of successful interventions for ex-combatants reintegration, and the specific neglect of SCAMP in these interventions. We present the case of post-conflict Colombia as a unique opportunity to study the different roots of collective violence, and we call for a more robust and situated approach to understanding of and intervention in this multifaceted phenomenon. In addition, we suggest a two-stage approach for addressing ex-combatants' reintegration programs, which considers the situated nature of post-conflict scenarios and the urgent need for evidence-based interventions. This approach focuses on the comprehensive scientific assessment of specific factors involved in violence exposure and the subsequent design of successful interventions. The implementation of this approach will contribute to the effective reintegration of individuals who have been exposed to extreme violence for more than 50 years.

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Environmental objectives tend to receive a push to the background in post-conflict scenarios. On the other hand, the processes displacement and refugee's relocation in post-conflict countries have been associated with different environmental impacts. Currently, Colombia faces a post-conflict scenario, which brings about relevant socio-environmental challenges: it is a mega-biodiverse country, it has millions of displaced people and is one of the most inequitable country in the world. Since there is a gap in post-conflict studies regarding the exploration of victims' involvement in environmental strategies, this paper aims to analyze victims' willingness to participate (WP) in Land Recovery Strategies (LRS) in post-conflict Colombia. This research (1) describes the socio-economic characteristics of forced-displacement victims from a Caribbean municipality of Colombia; (2) analyzes the victims' WP in hypothetical LRS and their preferred type of participation in the project, (3) identifies the way of grouping victims according their WP. Finally, (4) it analyzes the kind of benefits victims would prefer to receive in exchange for their participation in the LRS. Our results made evident that the majority of the consulted victims are willing to participate in LRS by giving up manual work time or in exchange of local ecological knowledge. We also found that the victims' participation in LRS associates to the age of the respondents, and whether they have benefited from government programs previously. Victims would prefer monetary retribution in exchange for their involvement in LRS, which may be explained by their vulnerable socioeconomic conditions. This research also demonstrates that victims with positive WP in LRS are a heterogeneous group. We highlight the need of actively involving women in LRS and other post-conflict projects in order to ensure their wellbeing. The results of this research are valuable, because they put forward the population of victims as an active performer within environmental sustainability.

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RESUMEN El presente artículo se propone dar cuenta, con un enfoque de carácter histórico, cualitativo y cuantitativo, de los diferentes períodos de violencia política y las instancias de construcción de paz en los que se han visto involucrados procesos políticos de negociaciones tanto entre las facciones armadas del bipartidismo como entre el Estado y la insurgencia en los diferentes períodos de posconflictos en Colombia, y de la posibilidad que representa el actual acuerdo de paz de La Habana, ya en su etapa compleja de implementación, de contener elementos suficientes que nos permitan caracterizar si lo acordado conducirá a una etapa de democratización (transición democrática) que se diferenciaría de la tradicional estrategia de recurrir a los pactos desde arriba, que ha sido la costumbre histórica entre élites en Colombia (pactos consociacionales) para contener; negociar o terminar periodos álgidos de violencia política y social. Esta posibilidad de romper con los recurrentes ciclos de periodos de violencia y posteriores periodos de posconflicto a través de pactos de élites, está presente en la pugna actual entre quienes luchan por la implementación de lo pactado y entre quienes temen un proceso de liberalización y profundización democrática desde abajo.

ABSTRACT The present article points out, with a historical, qualitative and quantitative approach, the different periods of political violence and pea-cebuilding instances in which political negotiation processes have been involved both among the armed factions of the bipartisanship as between the State and the insurgency in the different post-conflict periods in Colombia, and the possibility represented by the current Havana Peace Agreement, already in its complex stage of implementation, of containing sufficient elements that allow us to characterize whether agreed will lead to a stage of democratization (democratic transition) that would differ from the traditional strategy of resorting to pacts from above, which has been the historical custom among elites in Colombia, (consociational pacts) to contain, negotiate or end periods of high political and social violence. This possibility of breaking with the recurrent cycles of periods of violence and subsequent post-conflict periods through elite pacts is present in the current struggle between those who fight for the implementation of the agreement and among those who fear a process of liberalization and democratic deepening from below.

RESUMO O presente artigo propõe dar conta, com uma abordagem histórica, qualitativa e quantitativa, dos diferentes períodos de violência política e instâncias de construção da paz nas quais os processos de negociação política estiveram envolvidos tanto entre as facções armadas da bipartidarismo como entre o estado e a insurgência nos diferentes períodos de pós-conflito na Colômbia, ea possibilidade de que representa o acordo de paz em curso em Havana, já em seu complexo fase de implementação, para conter informações suficientes para permitir-nos para caracterizar se ele concordou em levar a uma fase de democratização (transição democrática) que diferem da estratégia tradicional de usar compactos de cima, que tem sido a prática histórica entre as elites em Colombia (pactos consociativas) para possuir, negociar ou encerrar os períodos de pico de violência político e social. Esta capacidade de quebrar os ciclos recorrentes de períodos de violência e períodos subsequentes pós-conflito através de pactos elites, está presente na luta atual entre aqueles que lutam para a implementação do acordo e aqueles que temem um processo de liberalização e aprofundamento da democracia desde abaixo.

RESUMO

El objetivo de esta investigación fue establecer un perfil psicológico y neuropsicológico de los empresarios de la ciudad de Medellín en relación al posconflicto. La metodología utilizada fue cuantitativa, por medio de un estudio de caso; se aplicaron subpruebas de la batería neuropsicológica de Wechsler para adultos (WAIS IV), (Wechsler 2012) la cual va en su cuarta edición, y el cuestionario factorial de personalidad (16 PF) Cattell (2011), y un cuestionario de preguntas cerradas que pretendían medir el nivel de conocimiento que la población tiene en temas asociados al posconflicto, como son la justicia transicional, la ley de víctimas, reconciliación, política de reintegración y acuerdo de paz, encontrándose que no existe relación entre su manera de ser en el mundo y sus capacidades cognoscitivas con la posición que estos asumen en el posconflicto, llegando a la conclusión que su perspectiva está más relacionada con la información que estos tienen referente a temas concernientes con el posconflicto y sus preferencias políticas.

This research is objective was to settle a psychological and neuropsychological profile of the businessmen in Medellín in relation to post conflict. The methodology was quantitative by a case study. It was applied Wechsler adult intelligence scale which it's in its fourth edition, and Cattell's personality factor questionnaire, and a multiple choice question test that sought to evaluate the knowledge level that the population has in topies associated with post conflict: transitional justice, victims law, reconciliation, reintegration policy and peace agreement. It was found that there is no relation between ther way they are and their cognitive skills whit the bras they assume, it was concluded that their perspective has more relation whit the information they have about post conflict and their political preferences.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El artículo de reflexión analiza la violencia en el seno de la familia, si se quiere lograr una paz real en Colombia en el postconflicto. La violencia en Colombia tiene un fuerte acervo cultural en el modelo patriarcal, donde el hombre posee el poder absoluto; él es dueño de la mujer y de los niños. Este acervo cultural es fuente de violencia en la familia y la ejerce el hombre hacia los demás miembros de la familia. La familia perdura en el tiempo, se configura de diversas maneras, pero se encuentra permeada por la violencia. Así, el espacio familiar es el más peligroso para mujeres y niños. Y por los altos índices de violencia en el seno de la familia, esta se convierte en un problema de salud pública. Los altos costos de la violencia en familia empobrece al pueblo colombiano. Aunque se han hecho proyectos para disminuir la violencia en familia, el hombre se adapta a las nuevas exigencias y situaciones sociales y presenta resistencia al cambio, él mantiene el poder sobre la mujer y los niños. En este contexto de violencia en el seno de la familia, el Estado debe garantizar la formación familiar, para recuperar a cada miembro de la familia, su interioridad, sus valores morales, el buen vivir, el bien actuar, la ética de la virtud, la prudencia. Es la posibilidad de ir progresivamente transformando la cultura, de una violenta hacia una de paz y felicidad en familia.

The article of reflection analyzes the violence within the family if we want to achieve a real peace in Colombia in the post-conflict. Violence in Colombia has a strong cultural heritage in the patriarchal model where man possesses absolute power, he is owner of the woman and the children. This cultural heritage is a source of violence in the family and it is exercised by the man towards the other members of the family. The family lasts over time, it is configured in different ways, but it is permeated by violence. Thus, the family space is the most dangerous for women and children. And because of the high rates of violence within the family, this becomes a public health problem. The high costs of family violence impoverish the Colombian people. Although projects have been made to reduce family violence, the man adapts to new demands and social situations and he is resistant to change, he maintains power over woman and children. In this context of violence within the family, the State must guarantee family formation, to recover each member of the family, their interiority, their moral values, good living, good acting, virtue ethics, and prudence. It is the possibility to be transforming progressively the culture, from a violent towards one of peace and happiness as a family.

O artigo de reflexão analisa a violência dentro da família se quisermos alcançar uma paz real na Colômbia no pós-conflito. A violência na Colômbia tem uma forte herança cultural no modelo patriarcal onde o homem tem poder absoluto, ele é o dono de mulheres e crianças. Esta herança cultural é uma fonte de violência na família e é exercida pelos homens em relação aos outros membros da família. A família dura com o tempo, se configura de maneiras diferentes, mas é permeada pela violência. Assim, o espaço familiar é o mais perigoso para mulheres e crianças. E por causa das altas taxas de violência dentro da família, isso se torna um problema de saúde pública. Os altos custos da violência familiar empobrecem o povo colombiano. Embora projetos tenham sido feitos para reduzir a violência familiar, o homem se adapta a novas demandas e situações sociais e é resistente à mudança, ele mantém o poder sobre as mulheres e crianças. Neste contexto de violência dentro da família, o Estado deve garantir a formação da família, recuperar cada membro da família, sua interioridade, seus valores morais, boa vivência, boa atuação, ética da virtude, prudência É a possibilidade de transformar progressivamente a cultura, de violenta para a paz e a felicidade como família.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumen Para aportar en la construcción de una paz duradera se necesita darle continuidad a los procesos gubernamentales representados por los propios actores que han de conformar los nuevos territorios y democráticamente establecer desde el gobierno nacional las reglas claras en la ocupación de los mismos. Es así que, se proyectan posibles actuaciones como escenarios desde la incorporación de los entre otros, lo que supone un reto en la articulación urbano - rural que se realiza a través de las Unidades de Planificación y Gestión Territorial (UPGT)

Abstract In order to contribute to the construction of a lasting peace, it is necessary to give continuity to governmental processes represented by the real players themselves, who have to constitute the new territories, and democratically, from the national government, to establish clear rules in their occupation. So that possible actions as scenarios are projected as the result of the incorporation of Instruments and Tools for Land Planning and Management, among others, which becomes a challenge in the urban-rural articulation, which takes place through the Units of Planning and Territorial Management (UPGT)