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The lack of economic resources has a negative effect on the maternal role of younger mothers. In Chile, the majority of adolescent pregnancies occur in socially and economically vulnerable contexts. The current study aimed to examine the relationship between demographic variables within the family context and parenting behaviors among Chilean adolescent mothers (including affection, responsiveness, encouragement, and teaching). These factors were correlated with communication, problem-solving abilities, and personal-social development in typically developing infants. The study included a sample of 79 Chilean adolescent mother-child dyads with children aged 10 to 24 months. Communication, problem-solving, and personal-social development were assessed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3, along with a demographic information questionnaire. The parenting behaviors mentioned above were observed using the Spanish version of Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes. The findings indicated that mothers in employment and those who had not dropped out of school had children with better problem-solving skills. Additionally, children residing with their fathers and female children performed better in communication, problem-solving, and personal-social development. Maternal responsiveness was associated with communication and problem-solving, while maternal encouragement was linked to improved problem-solving skills. Maternal teaching was connected to communication, problem-solving, and personal-social development. The study emphasized the significance of parenting and sociodemographic factors among adolescent mothers and their influence on their children's development.
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OBJECTIVES: To examine effects of the INSIGHT study responsive parenting (RP) intervention on reported and observed general parenting and child behavior during early and middle childhood. STUDY DESIGN: Primiparous mother-newborn dyads (n = 279) were randomized to RP intervention or a safety control, with intervention content delivered at research nurse home visits at infant ages 3-4, 16, 28, and 40 weeks and research center visits at 1 and 2 years. At age 3 (n = 220) and 6 years (n = 171) parenting and child behavior were observed during dyadic interactions and coded using the Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales. Mothers also reported on child behavior (age 3) and aspects of general parenting (age 6) via the Child Behavior Checklist and The Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire, respectively. RESULTS: RP group children had fewer mother-reported externalizing (F = 8.69, P = .004) and problem behaviors at age 3 (F = 4.53, P = .03), and higher observed prosocial (F = 4.73, P = .03) and lower antisocial (ie, externalizing; F = 4.79, P = .03) behavior at age 6 vs controls. There were no study group differences in observed maternal sensitivity at age 3 or 6 years. At age 6, RP group mothers reported higher use of structure defined by establishing consistent rules and routines (F = 5.45, P = .02) and organization of their child's environment (F = 7.12, P = .008) compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: The INSIGHT RP intervention increased parental organization of the child's environment to facilitate competence, and had beneficial impacts on child behavior at 3 and 6 years. No impacts were found on maternal sensitivity in childhood. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01167270.
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Mães , Poder Familiar , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Feminino , Gravidez , Humanos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comportamento Infantil , Inquéritos e Questionários , ParidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Exposure to community violence is common worldwide and is associated with emotional and behavioural problems in children. Little is known about sources of resilience. Building on our previous work on the contribution of callous-unemotional (CU) traits to child aggression in Colombia, we examined whether positive parenting is protective for children whose families are exposed to community violence. METHODS: Families were recruited from three demographically contrasting regions of Colombia. The sample comprised 235 children aged 3.5 years and their mothers, of whom 220 (93%) were followed up at age 5.0 years. Positive parenting was assessed as the average of maternal warmth and reciprocity, and as praise, and negative parenting as the average of negative affect and conflict seen in video recordings of standardized procedures. CU traits and oppositional defiant disorder were assessed by maternal report at ages 3.5 and 5.0 years, and mothers reported exposure to community violence over the 18 months between assessments. A range of potential confounds was included in adjusted analyses. RESULTS: In the families who were exposed to community violence, but not in the unexposed, maternal warmth and reciprocity were associated prospectively with lower CU traits (interaction, p = .007). In the exposed group maternal warmth and reciprocity explained 10% of the variance (ß = -.34, p = .001). Maternal praise was not associated with CU traits. Maternal negative parenting predicted higher CU traits as the main effect but not in interaction with community violence exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal warmth and reciprocity with young children may promote resilience in the face of community violence. Programmes to enhance these protective processes may be needed especially where prospects for reducing community violence are limited. The centrality of parents for these children highlights the plight of those exposed to community violence, and also either separated from parents or orphaned.
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Transtorno da Conduta , Exposição à Violência , Feminino , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Transtorno da Conduta/psicologia , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Relações Pais-FilhoRESUMO
Our previous findings in the UK and Colombia show that CU traits predict later aggression specifically among children who are already aggressive. We hypothesised that this effect would be reduced in the presence of maternal praise and positivity. In a sample of 220 mothers and children from Colombia, mother-child interactions were coded for maternal praise and positivity, and mothers reported on children's CU traits at age 3.5 and aggression at ages 3.5 and 5 years. The results show three-way interactions between CU traits, child aggression and observed parenting at age 3.5 years in the prediction of later child aggression, and two-way interactions indicating a protective effect of positive parenting in the high aggressive children. Based on our finding, it is plausible that positive parenting may modify the effect of CU traits in the highly vulnerable group of children who are already aggressive in early childhood.
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The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effect of perceptions of neighborhood danger on positive parenting and whether it is mediated by the mothers' perceived self-efficacy in managing negative emotions, comparing two countries: Colombia and Italy. Participants were 434 mothers and children between ages of 8 and 10 years old (108 dyads from Medellin, Colombia and 109 dyads from Rome, Italy). selected by convenience, non-probabilistically and proportionally to the social stratum of each city. Mothers and children answered the neighborhood violence perception scale, mothers also answered the emotional self-efficacy scale and children the Acceptance-Rejection/Control questionnaire. The multigroup analysis found that mothers' self-efficacy in managing negative emotions behaved differently in Colombia compared to Italy. In Colombia, mothers' perceived self-efficacy in managing negative emotions mediated the link between the effect of perceived neighborhood violence and the quality of mother-child relationship. In Italy, mothers' self-efficacy in managing negative emotions did not mediate this link. Perceived self-efficacy in managing negative emotions of Colombian mothers indirectly explains the adverse effect of perceived neighborhood danger on positive parenting. With mothers from Rome-Italy, there is no significant relationship between perceived self-efficacy for the management of negative emotions and positive parenting.
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Las capacidades prácticas de los padres para cuidar, proteger y educar a sus hijos, asegurándoles un desarrollo sano, son los aspectos centrales de las competencias parentales. La intervención del Programa de Prevención Focalizada en Chile (PPF) y de Triple P en su 4to nivel (grupal) -de origen Australiano- tiene entre sus propósitos, fortalecer las competencias parentales en personas que tengan a cargo un niño/a. La presente investigación de diseño cuasi experimental, de tipo pre-post con grupo control equivalente, comparó la eficacia de ambos programas en la intervención de competencias parentales, en una muestra de 15 padres y cuidadores de niños/as entre 2 y 12 años. Los resultados muestran que no hay diferencias significativas en las variables estilos de crianza, autoeficacia parental y dificultades de ajuste en la infancia entre las intervenciones realizadas a través del modelo Triple P versus PPF, así como tampoco en la evaluación de estas variables pre y post intervención en ninguna de las dos estrategias. Aunque los resultados resultan interesantes en términos de discusión sobre la efectividad de estas estrategias de intervención en las variables descritas, las dificultades asociadas a la adherencia de las familias a las citaciones y el bajo número de sujetos con el que contó la investigación deben tomarse en cuenta al analizar nuestros resultados. Se recomienda incluir análisis cualitativos e investigaciones con un N mayor que permitan comparar los resultados y mejorar la evidencia sobre la efectividad de estos programas de intervención.
The practical abilities of parents to care for, protect and educate their children, ensuring their healthy development, are the central aspects of parental competencies. The intervention of the Chilean Focused Prevention Programme (PPF) and Triple P in its 4th level (group) - of Australian origin - has, among its purposes, to strengthen parental competencies in people who are in charge of a child. The present research of quasi-experimental design, of pre-post type with an equivalent control group, compared the effectiveness of both programmes in parenting skills in a sample of 15 parents and caregivers of children between 2 and 12 years old. The results show no significant differences in the variables of parenting styles, parental self-efficacy, and adjustment difficulties in childhood between the interventions carried out through the Triple P model versus PPF, nor in assessing these variables pre and post intervention in either of the two strategies. Although the results are interesting as a discussion of the effectiveness of these intervention strategies on the variables described, the difficulties associated with families' adherence to the citations and the low number of subjects in the research should be considered when analysing our results. It is recommended to include qualitative analyses and research with a higher N to compare the results and improve the evidence on the effectiveness of these intervention programmes.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Pais/psicologia , Educação Infantil , Poder Familiar , Adaptação Psicológica , Chile , Inquéritos e Questionários , Resultado do Tratamento , AutoeficáciaRESUMO
Background. Parents' beliefs about and engagement in reading aloud to young children and other positive parenting practices have been associated with early childhood development (ECD) and later achievement. Aim. This exploratory study sought to assess parental attitudes and self-reported practices regarding ECD in a rural, low-income community in the Dominican Republic with many risk factors for ECD delays, including high rates of poverty, iron-deficiency anemia, and malnutrition. Methods. We used the Parent Reading Belief Inventory and open-ended questions to evaluate parental beliefs regarding reading, self-efficacy in promoting child development, current positive parenting practices, and parents' concerns about the development of their 0- to 5-year-old children in Consuelo, Dominican Republic. We explored associations between demographic factors and strength of positive parenting beliefs and practices. Results. Overall participants had positive attitudes toward reading and their own importance in promoting their children's development. Participants with at least some high school education had significantly higher Parent Reading Belief Inventory scores (P = .03) than those with less formal education. Participants reported frequently singing, talking, and playing with their children, but less frequently reading with them. Few participants had access to reading materials for young children. Parental interest in programs to support ECD was high. Parents raised concerns about their children's behavior, personal and educational attainment, and early literacy. Conclusion. Children whose parents have less formal education may benefit most from interventions to promote beliefs and practices likely to improve ECD. In this community, there is high interest in learning more about ECD.
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Resumen Antecedentes la parentalidad positiva se caracteriza por promover relaciones saludables en la familia basadas en el ejercicio de la responsabilidad parental, garantizar los derechos de los hijos y optimizar su potencial desarrollo y bienestar. Dada la importancia de esta temática para el buen desarrollo de los niños, es fundamental contar con instrumentos adecuados para su evaluación. Objetivo: adaptar y validar a la Argentina una versión breve de la Escala de Parentalidad Positiva (E2p) de Gómez y Muñoz (2014). Método: la escala fue administrada a una muestra de 546 padres y madres (edad: M = 38.54; DE = 6.37). Se estudió el funcionamiento de los ítems, se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios para establecer si la estructura factorial de la forma breve permanecía estable con respecto a la de la forma completa y se calculó la consistencia interna de la escala. Resultados: el modelo factorial propuesto fue puesto a prueba a través de un AFC con el método ULS que indicó un ajuste muy satisfactorio del modelo abreviado. La consistencia interna de la prueba fue adecuada para la escala total y por dimensiones. Conclusiones: Finalmente, se discuten los hallazgos, limitaciones y futuras líneas de investigación
Abstract Background Positive parenting is characterized by promoting healthy relationships in the family based on parental responsibility to ensure children's rights and optimize their potential development and well-being. Given the importance of this topic for the good development of children, it is essential to have adequate instruments for its evaluation. Objective: to adapt to and validate in the Argentine population a short version of the Positive Parenting Scale (E2p) by Gómez and Muñoz (2014). Method: the scale was administered to a sample of 546 fathers and mothers (age: M = 38.54; SD = 6.37). The functioning of the items was studied, confirmatory factor analyses were carried out to establish whether the factor structure of the short form remained stable with respect to the complete form, and the internal consistency of the test was analized. Results: the proposed factorial model was tested through a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with the unweighted least squares (ULS) method, which indicated a very satisfactory fit of the abbreviated model. The internal consistency of the test was adequate for the full scale and dimensions. Conclusions: finally, the findings, limitations and future lines of research are discussed.
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El ejercicio de una parentalidad positiva es un factor de protección en relación a alcanzar un desarrollo óptimo de los hijos. Por este motivo, conocer la calidad de las competencias parentales que evidencian padres con un hijo con discapacidad es relevante para guiar la implementación de futuros programas de intervención destinados a fomentar una parentalidad positiva. Objetivo: Describir las competencias parentales (CP) de padre, madre o ambos, de niños de 0-12 años con discapacidad neuromusculoesquelética, usuarios del Instituto Teletón de Puerto Montt. Pacientes y Método: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, de 52 padres y/o madres entre septiembre y noviembre de 2017. Cada padre y/o madre respondió la Escala de Parentalidad Positiva (E2P) de Gómez y Muñoz (2014). Resultados: Respecto de las competencias parentales totales, el 28,8% de los padres se ubican en un rango de riesgo, un 40,4% está en un rango de monitoreo y un 30,8% está en un nivel óptimo. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre mejor CP total y padres mayores de 34 años y mejores CP vinculares con el primer hijo con discapacidad. Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos son concordantes con los encontrados en la población general en los programas de prevención familiar del Servicio Nacional de Menores (SENAME). Conclusión: Se verifica que existe alrededor de un 70% de padres que requieren apoyo para el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de CP. Palabras clave: Discapacidad, parentalidad positiva, competencias parentales.
Parenting competencies in parents of children with mild to moderate neuromusculoskeletal disabilities Practicing positive parenting is a protective factor for children's optimal development. Therefore it is important to know the quality of parenting competencies of parents with children with disabilities, in order to implement future intervention programs aimed at promoting positive parenting. Objective: To describe parenting competencies (PC) of father, mother or both, of 0 to 12 year old children with neuromusculoskeletal disabilities, attending Instituto Teletón in Puerto Montt. Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study, with 52 fathers or mothers between September and November 2017. Each father and/or mother answered the questions of Gómez & Muñoz' Positive Parenting Scale (E2P) (2014). Results: Regarding total parenting competencies, 28.8% of parents are at risk range, 40.4% are at monitoring range, and 30.8% are at optimal range. Statistically significant associations were observed between total PC and parents' age, also between birth order of the child and related PC. Discussion: Results are consistent with the results observed in general population in prevention programs carried out by the National Service for Minors (SENAME). Conclusion: Approximately 70% of parents require support for developing and strengthening PCs. Key words: Disability, positive parenting, parenting competencies.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pais/educação , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas , Pessoas com Deficiência , Relações Pais-Filho , Pais/psicologia , Estudos Transversais , Cuidadores/educação , Atividade MotoraRESUMO
Neste trabalho avaliamos a eficácia do programa de educação parental Grupo Laços de Inclusão, implementado numa associação de arte inclusiva. Participaram no estudo 11 pais (três pais e oito mães) de crianças/jovens (nove com necessidades especiais e dois sem necessidades especiais) que frequentavam um grupo de dança inclusiva na Região Autónoma da Madeira (Portugal). Realizou-se uma avaliação pré-teste e pós-teste, cujos resultados parecem apontar para uma diminuição das perceções do stress global dos participantes, da exigência associada à interação com a criança e do nível de saúde dos pais que poderá interferir na relação com os filhos. Apesar de os resultados serem promissores nestas dimensões, são apresentadas algumas reflexões e limitações a ter em conta em futuras intervenções de educação parental.
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a parent training program, Grupo Laços de Inclusão (Bonds of Inclusion Group), implemented in an association of inclusive art. In this study participated 11 parents (three fathers and eight mothers) of children/youngsters (nine with special needs and two without disabilities) attending an inclusive dance group in Madeira Island (Portugal). It was carried out a pre-test and a post-test evaluation. The results show a decrease in the parents' perceptions of global stress, demand associated with the interaction with the child, and parents' health that could interfere with the relationship with the children. Despite the promising results, we present some reflections and limitations to take into consideration in future parent education interventions.
El trabajo evalúa la eficacia del programa de educación parental Grupo Laços de Inclusão (Grupo Lazos de Inclusión), aplicado en una asociación de arte inclusiva, de la Región Autónoma de Madeira. Han participado en el estudio 11 padres (ocho madres y tres padres) de nueve niños/jóvenes con necesidades especiales y de tres niños/jóvenes sin ninguna necesidad especial. Se ha realizado una evaluación pre-test y post-test y los resultados previos indican para una disminución de la percepción: del estrés global de los participantes; de exigencias de como relacionarse con el niño; del nivel de la salud de los padres, que pueden interferir na relación con el niño. Aunque los resultados parecen ser positivos, todavia se destacan algunas limitaciones y se sacan reflexiones para futuras intervenciones de educación parental.