RESUMO

Objetivo: analisar, sob um olhar bioético, a vulnerabilidade social referente à saúde durante o contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: foram incluídas publicações de 1º de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2020, revisadas por pares, identificadas nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO e LILACS. Foram utilizados para realizar a busca na base Pubmed o termo MESH "COVID-19" conjugado com os termos: "vulnerable population", "population groups", "social determinants of health", "health equity". Os descritores DECS equivalentes em português e em espanhol dos termos MESH foram utilizados na busca nas outras duas bases. Resultados: de um total de 132 artigos, após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram identificados 21 artigos elegíveis. Os temas mais abordados na amostra foram: vulnerabilidades referentes a pessoas idosas, raça, minorias étnicas, condições socioeconômicas precárias, gênero feminino, pessoas com deficiência e condições crônicas de saúde. Observou-se artigos abordando mais de uma temática, integrando aspectos diversos de populações vulneráveis. Com base nos dados encontrados foram feitas análise e discussão com foco em vulnerabilidade como conceito bioético, além de conexões com discriminação e determinação social da saúde. Conclusão: os resultados apontam para a violação de direitos explicitados na Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos. Ao aumentar a disparidade da morbimortalidade por COVID-19 de grupos populacionais já impactados pela determinação social da saúde, constata-se uma violação do direito à saúde, indicando que governos e sociedades falham em respeitar a vulnerabilidade de grupos sociais no contexto pandêmico.

Objective: to analyze, from a bioethical perspective, social vulnerability in relation to health during the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study included peer-reviewed publications from January 1st until December 31st 2020, identified in Pubmed, SciELO and LILACS data basis. Mesh terms were utilized for research in Pubmed as follows: "COVID-19" conjugated with the terms: "vulnerable population", "population groups", "social determinants of health", "health equity". Portuguese and Spanish equivalents DECS terms were used for searching in the other two databases. Results: a total of 132 articles were found. After applied inclusion and exclusion criteria, were 21 eligible articles. The most recurrent themes were: racial, ethnic and social-economics, gender, age, disability and chronic health conditions. Articles addressing more than one theme were observed, integrating different aspects of vulnerable populations. A bioethical discussion with focus in vulnerability based in the data retrieved took place and connections with discrimination and social determinants of health were made. Conclusion: results point to the violation of rights explained in the Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights. By increasing the disparity in morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 of population groups already impacted by the social determination of health, there is a violation of the right to health, indicating that governments and societies fail to respect the vulnerability of social groups in the pandemic context.

Objetivo: analizar desde un punto de vista bioético, la vulnerabilidad social relacionada con la salud durante el contexto de la pandemia de la COVID-19. Metodología: se incluyeron publicaciones revisadas por pares del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2020, identificadas en las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO y LILACS. Se utilizó el término MESH "COVID-19" para buscar en la base de datos Pubmed junto con los términos: "población vulnerable", "grupos de población", "determinantes sociales de la salud", "equidad en salud". Los descriptores DECS equivalentes en portugués y español de los términos MESH fueron utilizados en la búsqueda en las otras bases.Resultados: de un total de 132 artículos, tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se identificaron 21 artículos. Los temas más discutidos fueron: vulnerabilidades relacionadas con los adultos mayores, raza (énfasis en personas negras), minorías étnicas, condiciones socioeconómicas precarias, género femenino, personas con discapacidad y condiciones crónicas de salud. Se observaron artículos que abordaban más de un tema, integrando diferentes aspectos de las poblaciones vulnerables. A partir de los datos encontrados, se realizó análisis y discusión con foco en la vulnerabilidad como concepto bioético, así como las conexiones con la discriminación y la determinación social de la salud. Conclusión: los resultados apuntan a la violación de los derechos explícitos en la Declaración Universal de Bioética y Derechos Humanos. Al aumentar la disparidad en la morbimortalidad por COVID-19 de grupos poblacionales ya impactados por la determinación social de la salud, se vulnera el derecho a la salud, indicando que los gobiernos y las sociedades no respetan la vulnerabilidad de los grupos sociales ante la pandemia.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumen: Las actividades recreativas son necesarias para mejorar la calidad de vida y el buen estado de salud de la población. Algunos estudios en países desarrollados han descrito que las personas con discapacidad participan menos en actividades recreativas. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la asociación entre la discapacidad y la participación en actividades de ocio activo en la población de 18 o más años de Chile, durante el año 2015. Se efectuó un estudio transversal analítico con los datos de la II Encuesta Nacional de la Discapacidad (ENDISC II) 2015 de Chile. La variable independiente fue la discapacidad y la variable dependiente fue la participación en actividades de ocio activo en los últimos seis meses. Se elaboraron modelos de regresión de Poisson y se estimaron razones de prevalencia (RP) con sus intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Se incluyeron a 12.236 participantes. Los chilenos con discapacidad moderada y severa tuvieron menos probabilidades de participar en actividades de ocio activo (RP = 0,96; IC95%: 0,93-0,99 y RP = 0,78; IC95%: 0,72-0,84, respectivamente), en comparación con los chilenos sin discapacidad. Cuando se estratificó por grupos de edad, esta asociación se mantuvo significativa solo en los mayores de 45 años. En conclusión, las personas con discapacidad de Chile participan menos en actividades de ocio activo en comparación con las personas sin discapacidad, aunque solo si son mayores de 45 años. Los programas sociales de recreación deberían priorizar la incorporación de personas mayores con discapacidad.

Abstract: Leisure activities are necessary to improve the quality of life and good health of the population. Some studies in developed countries have described that people with disabilities participate less in leisure activities. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between disability and participation in active leisure activities in the population aged 18 years or older in Chile, during 2015. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Chilean II National Survey on Disability (ENDISC II) 2015. The independent variable was disability, and the dependent variable was participation in active leisure activities in the last six months. Poisson regression models were developed and prevalence ratios (PR) and the 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. In total, 12,236 participants were included. Chileans with moderate and severe disability were less likely to participate in active leisure activities (PR = 0.96; 95%CI: 0.93-0.99 and PR = 0.78; 95%CI: 0.72-0.84, respectively), compared to Chileans without disability. When stratified by age group, this association remained significant only in those older than 45 years. In conclusion, people with disabilities in Chile participate less in active leisure activities compared to people without disabilities, although only if they are older than 45 years. Social recreation programs should prioritize the incorporation of older people with disabilities.

Resumo: Atividades recreativas são necessárias para melhorar a qualidade de vida e a saúde da população. Alguns estudos em países desenvolvidos relataram que as pessoas com deficiência participam menos de atividades recreativas. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a associação entre deficiência e participação em atividades de lazer ativas na população com 18 anos ou mais no Chile, em 2015. Foi realizado um estudo transversal analítico usando dados da II Pesquisa Nacional sobre Deficiência (ENDISC II), 2015, no Chile. A variável independente foi a deficiência e a variável dependente foi a participação em atividades de lazer ativas nos últimos seis meses. Foram criados modelos de regressão de Poisson e estimadas as razões de prevalência (RP) com seus intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Um total de 12.236 participantes foi incluído. Os chilenos com deficiência moderada e grave tinham menor probabilidade de participar de atividades de lazer ativas (RP = 0,96; IC95%: 0,93-0,99 e RP = 0,78; IC95%: 0,72-0,84, respectivamente) em comparação com os chilenos sem deficiência. Quando estratificada por faixa etária, essa associação permaneceu significativa apenas para aqueles com mais de 45 anos de idade. As pessoas com deficiência no Chile participam menos de atividades de lazer ativas em comparação com as pessoas sem deficiência, mas somente se tiverem mais de 45 anos. Os programas de recreação social devem priorizar a inclusão de pessoas mais velhas com deficiência.

RESUMO

This systematic review aimed to assess the available body of published peer-reviewed articles related to the effects of Olympic combat sports (OCS) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in the non-athlete population. The methodological quality and certainty of evidence were evaluated using PRISMA, TESTEX, RoB, and GRADE scales. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (code: CRD42023391433). From 4133 records, six randomized controlled trials were included, involving 855 non-athletes (mean age = 27.2 years old). The TESTEX scale reported all studies with a ≥ 60% (moderate-high quality) score. The GRADE scale indicated moderate to low certainty of evidence. It was only possible to perform a meta-analysis on direct methods to maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max). The main results indicated significant differences in favor of OCS compared to active/passive controls in VO2max (SMD = 4.61; 95%CI = 1.46 to 7.76; I2 = 99%; p = 0.004), while the individual results of the studies reported significant improvements in favor of the OCS on the indirect methods of the CRF. OCS improved CRF in a healthy non-athlete population of different ages, specifically showing a significant improvement in VO2max with direct tests, such as cardiopulmonary tests. However, moderate to low certainty of evidence is reported, so no definitive recommendations can be established.

RESUMO

Introduction: The D antigen variants are classified as weak, partial, and extremely weak (DEL) and can be differentiated using molecular tests. In Chile, the laboratories of local blood centers do not identify variants of the D antigen, referring them for study to the Reference Laboratory of the Public Health Institute of Chile. So, our aim was to talk about the results of the molecular analysis of variants of the D antigen in samples that had different results in the serological classification. Methods: In the D antigen classification of the Rh system, 479 samples with serological discrepant results were sent for molecular analysis. The Rh phenotype was performed with monoclonal anti-C, anti-c, anti-E, and anti-e antisera by direct agglutination. To find the D antigen, researchers used direct agglutination with monoclonal antisera and indirect antiglobulin testing with the column (gel) agglutination method. Molecular analysis was performed with a polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (SSP-PCR) and sequencing. Results and discussion: The presence of D antigen variants was confirmed in 332 samples (69.3%), with an initial discrepancy in serological classification. In this group of discrepant samples, the frequency of weak RhD variants was 66% (219/332), that of extremely weak RhD was 28% (93/332), and that of partial RhD was 6% (20/332). The weak variants type 2 (27.4%), type 3 (8.4%), type 48 (8.4%), and type 1 (8.1%) were the next most prevalent variants after RHD*DEL43 (28%). The ccEe (R2r) phenotype was the most frequently detected (38.4%) and is present in 87% of the RHD*DEL43 samples. The E antigen is associated with the presence of this variant. Our analyses give the first description of D antigen variants in Chile. The most common variants are DEL type (RHD*DEL43) and weak (weak type 2), which are linked to the ccDEe (R2r) phenotype. These findings allow us to characterize the variants of the D antigen in Chile and, according to the obtained data, to design strategies for the management of donors, patients, and pregnant women.

Assuntos

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Breast cancer molecular subtypes show significant differences in different ethnic groups in the United States, but no study has evaluated genetic ancestry in breast cancer in Brazilian women. METHODS: Breast cancer patients from distinct parts of Brazil were evaluated. Molecular subtypes were determined by immunohistochemistry. Genetic ancestry was evaluated using a panel of 46 AIMs (ancestry informative markers), which classified genetic ancestry as European, African, Asian, and Amerindian. PCR products were subjected to capillary electrophoresis and analyzed using GeneMapper 4.0 software. Ancestry was evaluated with Structure v.2.3.3 software. Ancestry was tested for correlations with geographic region and molecular subtype. The chi-square test and ANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment were applied. RESULTS: Genetic ancestry and clinical data were evaluated in 1127 patients. Higher rates of self-reported white ethnicity, European ancestry, and HER-2- luminal tumors were identified in the South region, which may influence age at diagnosis and result in a higher rate of early tumors. Conversely, higher rates of African ancestry in the North and Northeast regions, self-reported nonwhite ethnicity, HER-2+ tumors, and triple-negative tumors were noted. Triple-negative and HER-2+ tumors were associated with higher advanced and metastatic disease rates at diagnosis, with triple-negative tumors being more frequent in young women. CONCLUSION: Differences in genetic ancestry, self-reported ethnicity, and molecular subtype were found between Brazilian demographic regions. Knowledge of these features may contribute to a better understanding of age at diagnosis and the molecular distribution of breast cancer in Brazil.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: Despite the importance of social determinants of health, studies on the effects of socioeconomic, sanitary, and housing conditions on Indigenous child health are scarce worldwide. This study aims to identify patterns in housing, water & sanitation, and wealth (HSW) in the first Indigenous birth cohort in Brazil-The Guarani Birth Cohort. Methods: Cross-sectional study using baseline data from The Guarani Birth Cohort. We used Multiple Correspondence Analysis and Cluster Analysis. The clusters identified were ordered in increasing degrees of access to public policies and wealth, defining the patterns of HSW. Finally, we explored the association between the patterns and one of the health outcomes, hospitalization, in the birth cohort. Findings: Three patterns were identified for housing and water & sanitation, and four for wealth status, resulting in 36 combinations of patterns (3 × 3 × 4). More than 62% of children in the cohort were found with the lowest wealth patterns. The distribution of children across patterns in one dimension was not fully determined by the other two dimensions. Statistically significant associations were found between precarious households and extreme poverty, and hospitalization. Interpretation: We observed substantial heterogeneity in the distribution of children across the 36 combinations. These findings highlight that, should the dimensions of HSW be associated with health outcomes, as seen for hospitalization, they should be considered separately in multivariable models, in order to improve the estimation of their independent effects. Funding: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brazil (CNPq); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil (Fiocruz); Research Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (FAPERJ).

RESUMO

Resumo A hipertensão arterial é uma condição médica caracterizada pela elevação crônica e patológica da pressão arterial, afetando 1,13 bilhões de pessoas em todo o mundo e constituindo grave problema de saúde pública. Tem natureza multifatorial, sendo influenciada por fatores genéticos/epigenéticos, ambientais e sociais. No Brasil, a hipertensão acomete quase um quarto da população geral. No entanto, a literatura tem demonstrado que populações afrodescendentes, frequentemente às margens dos serviços básicos de saúde, são as mais acometidas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo levantar dados de prevalência e traçar um panorama nacional da doença nas comunidades quilombolas no século XXI, por meio de revisão da literatura. Foram selecionados 15 estudos publicados entre 2001 e 2021 que preencheram os critérios metodológicos de inclusão. Os estudos retratam 140 comunidades quilombolas localizadas em 11 estados brasileiros. A prevalência global média de hipertensão nas comunidades foi de 32,1% (13,8-52,5%). Esse panorama deixa explícito que a hipertensão é um problema de saúde recorrente e de suma importância para essas populações, demandando estratégias específicas para o seu manejo.

Abstract Hypertension is a chronic medical condition characterized by pathological elevation of blood pressure, affecting 1.13 billion individuals globally and presenting a significant public health concern. Its etiology is multifactorial, influenced by genetic/epigenetic, environmental, and social factors. In Brazil, nearly a quarter of the general population experiences hypertension; however, the literature underscores its disproportionate impact on Afro-descendant communities, often marginalized from basic healthcare services. This study aims to gather prevalence data and establish a nationwide overview of hypertension within 21st-century quilombola communities through a comprehensive literature review. Fifteen studies published between 2001 and 2021, meeting the specified methodological criteria, were selected. These studies collectively encompass 140 quilombola communities spanning 11 Brazilian states. The aggregate prevalence of hypertension across these communities averages at 32.1% (ranging from 13.8% to 52.5%). This panorama unequivocally highlights the recurring and paramount health challenge posed by hypertension within these populations, underscoring the need for tailored management strategies.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT. Studies on the prevalence of dementia in the indigenous population are still scarce worldwide. In the few available studies, prevalence evidence varies from low to very high, with early onset of the disease and high mortality rate after the initial diagnosis. Still, little is known about the rate of dementia in indigenous populations from low- and middle-income countries, where the dementia prevalence in the general population is estimated to increase significantly in the next decades. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment and associated factors in Brazilian indigenous people of the Mura ethnicity in Amazonas, Brazil. Methods: A total of 217 indigenous individuals aged 50 years and older from Amazonas, Brazil, were submitted to cognitive assessment. Attention, memory, verbal fluency, visuospatial performance, and mood state composed the cognitive impairment diagnosis. Results: The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 43.3% (95%CI 36.6-49.7) and varied according to age [OR=1.03 (95%CI 1.00-1.06)], education [OR=0.74 (95%CI 0.62-0.87)], body mass index [OR=0.91 (95%CI 0.83-0.98)], and income [OR=0.52 (95%CI 0.27-0.99)]. Conclusions: Cognitive impairment had an early onset in an indigenous community, and its prevalence was greater in older individuals with low education and low family income. These findings highlight the importance of implementing public indigenous health policies focusing on health professional training for early cognitive impairment detection.

RESUMO. No mundo, estudos sobre a prevalência de demência em idosos indígenas são insuficientes, porém nas evidências disponíveis, a prevalência varia de baixa a muito alta, com início precoce da doença e elevada taxa de mortalidade após o diagnóstico inicial. As evidências em países de baixa e média renda são escassas, e neles a prevalência de demência aumentará significativamente nas próximas décadas. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de déficit cognitivo e fatores associados em indígenas brasileiros da etnia Mura no Amazonas, Brasil. Métodos: Duzentos e dezessete indígenas com 50 anos ou mais do Amazonas, Brasil, foram submetidos a avaliação cognitiva. Atenção, memória, fluência verbal, desempenho visuoespacial e estado de humor compuseram o diagnóstico de déficit cognitivo. Resultados: A prevalência de déficit cognitivo foi de 43,3% (intervalo de confiança - IC95% 36,6-49,7) e variou de acordo com a idade [odds ratio - OR=1,03 (IC95% 1,00-1,06)], educação [OR=0,74 (IC95% 0,62-0,87)], índice de massa corporal [OR=0,91 (IC95% 0,83-0,98)] e renda [OR=0,52 (IC95% 0,27-0,99)]. Conclusões: O comprometimento cognitivo teve início precoce na comunidade indígena, sendo sua prevalência maior em idosos com baixa escolaridade e baixa renda familiar. Esses achados destacam a importância da implementação de políticas públicas de saúde indígena, com foco na formação de profissionais de saúde, para a detecção precoce do déficit cognitivo.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) occurs more frequently in young (<50 years) non-Hispanic black and Hispanic/Latina women. It is considered the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, although, recently, immune infiltrate has been associated with long-term survival, lower risk of death and recurrence, and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The aim of this review was to evaluate the clinical impact of the immune infiltrate in TNBC by discussing whether its prognostic value varies across different populations. A comprehensive systematic search in databases such as PubMed and Web of Science was conducted to include papers focused on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in TNBC in different population groups and that were published before January 2021. TNBC patients with higher levels of TILs had longer overall survival and disease-free survival times compared with TNBC patients with low TIL levels. Similar results were observed for CD4+, CD8+ TIL populations. On the other hand, patients with high TIL levels showed a higher rate of pathological complete response regardless of the population group (Asian, European, and American). These results altogether suggest that TIL subpopulations might have a prognostic role in TNBC, but the underlying mechanism needs to be elucidated. Although the prognosis value of TILs was not found different between the population groups analyzed in the revised literature, further studies including underrepresented populations with different genetic ancestries are still necessary to conclude in this regard.

RESUMO

Resumo Neste artigo busca-se caracterizar o respeito ao princípio da autonomia no atendimento a populações indígenas em território brasileiro, tendo por base relatos de experiência e uma revisão bibliográfica. Concluiu-se que esse princípio deve ser especialmente consolidado nas ações práticas de cuidado à saúde desenvolvidas com as populações de culturas diferenciadas, como é o caso das comunidades indígenas.

Abstract This article seeks to characterize the respect to the principle of autonomy in the care to indigenous peoples in the Brazilian territory, based on reports on experiences and a bibliographic review. It concluded that this principle must be specially consolidated in the practical actions of health care developed alongside peoples of different cultures, as is the case of indigenous communities.

Resumen Este artículo busca caracterizar el respeto en el principio de autonomía en la atención a las poblaciones indígenas en territorio brasileño a partir de informes de experiencia y revisión de la literatura. Se concluyó que este principio debe consolidarse especialmente en las acciones prácticas de asistencia sanitaria dirigidas a las poblaciones de diferentes culturas, como las comunidades indígenas.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El estado de la funcionalidad de la familia influye en la calidad nutricional de sus miembros. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir el estado nutricional de población pediátrica y la funcionalidad familiar en una unidad educativa pública en la provincia Cotopaxi, Ecuador, durante 2020. Se desarrolló una investigación descriptiva transversal, en la que participaron 179 familias de alumnos con edades entre 5 y 19 años, cuyos padres o tutores legales aportaron los datos de interés. La población pediátrica estuvo conformada por 91 niños/as de 5 a 9 años y 88 adolescentes de 10 a 19 años. El 54,7% correspondió al sexo femenino. En este contexto predominó el estado nutricional normal en los menores de edad y las familias funcionales (57%). La funcionalidad familiar se asoció significativamente con el grupo etario y el estado nutricional atendiendo a la talla/edad. Sin embargo, esa variable resultó independiente con respecto al estado nutricional según IMC/edad.

The state of family functionality influences the nutritional quality of its members. This study aimed to describe the nutritional status of the pediatric population and family functionality in a public educational unit in the Cotopaxi province, Ecuador, during 2020. A cross-sectional descriptive research was developed. The population was constituted by 179 families of students aged between 5 and 19 years old, whose parents or legal guardians provided the data of interest. The pediatric population consisted of 91 children from 5 to 9 years old and 88 adolescents from 10 to 19 years old. 54.7% corresponded to the female sex. In this context, normal nutritional status prevailed in minors and functional families (57%). Family functionality was significantly associated with age group and nutritional status according to height/age. However, this variable was independent with respect to nutritional status according to BMI/age

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumo Fundamento Aparentemente, a pior resposta a algumas classes de anti-hipertensivos, especialmente inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina, pela população negra, explicaria, pelo menos parcialmente, o pior controle da hipertensão entre esses indivíduos. Entretanto, a maioria das evidências vêm de estudos norte-americanos. Objetivos Este estudo tem o objetivo de investigar a associação entre raça/cor da pele autorrelatadas e controle de PA em participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) utilizando várias classes de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia. Métodos O estudo envolveu uma análise transversal, realizada com participantes da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil. O controle de pressão arterial foi a variável de resposta, participantes com valores de PA ≥140/90 mmHg foram considerados descontrolados em relação aos níveis de pressão arterial. A raça/cor da pele foi autorrelatada (branco, pardo, negro). Todos os participantes tiveram que responder perguntas sobre uso contínuo de medicamentos. A associação entre o controle de PA e raça/cor da pele foi estimada por regressão logística. O nível de significância adotado nesse estudo foi de 5%. Resultados Do total de 1.795 usuários de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia na linha de base, 55,5% se declararam brancos, 27,9%, pardos e 16,7%, negros. Mesmo depois de padronizar em relação a variáveis de confusão, negros em uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina (BRA), diuréticos tiazídicos (DIU tiazídicos) e betabloqueadores (BB) in monoterapia tinham controle de pressão arterial pior em comparação a brancos. Conclusões Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que, nesta amostra de brasileiros adultos utilizando anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia, as diferenças de controle de pressão arterial entre os vários grupos raciais não são explicadas pela possível eficácia mais baixa dos IECA e BRA em indivíduos negros.

Abstract Background It seems that the worst response to some classes of antihypertensive drugs, especially angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, on the part of the Black population, would at least partially explain the worse control of hypertension among these individuals. However, most of the evidence comes from American studies. Objectives This study aims to investigate the association between self-reported race/skin color and BP control in participants of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), using different classes of antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy. Methods The study involved a cross-sectional analysis, carried out with participants from the baseline of ELSA-Brasil. Blood pressure control was the response variable, participants with BP values ≥140/90 mmHg were considered out of control in relation to blood pressure levels. Race/skin color was self-reported (White, Brown, Black). All participants were asked about the continuous use of medication. Association between BP control and race/skin color was estimated through logistic regression. The level of significance adopted in this study was of 5%. Results Of the total of 1,795 users of antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy at baseline, 55.5% declared themselves White, 27.9% Brown, and 16.7% Black. Even after adjusting for confounding variables, Blacks using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), thiazide diuretics (thiazide DIU), and beta-blockers (BB) in monotherapy had worse blood pressure control compared to Whites. Conclusions Our results suggest that in this sample of Brazilian adults using antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy, the differences in blood pressure control between different racial groups are not explained by the possible lower effectiveness of ACEIs and ARBs in Black individuals.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Lifestyle, psychological well-being, and body mass index of indigenous women. Introduction. Obesity is more common in women and has also been found to be present in indigenous populations. During university studies, obesity-related lifestyles are in the process of consolidation, and although this is known, research is limited to addressing physical activity and diet, ignoring other lifestyle components, such as life appreciation. Additionally, there is a need to corroborate whether psychological well-being contributes to excess weight in indigenous women. Objective. To determine whether there is an association between lifestyle, psychological well-being, and body mass index (BMI) in indigenous women. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 110 female Zapotec university students in Juchitán, Oaxaca, Mexico. The Psychological Well-Being Scale, the Healthy Lifestyle Scale for University Students, and a questionnaire about personal data were used. Body weight and height were measured to calculate BMI. Results. There was a negative correlation between BMI, self-acceptance (r = -0.33; p < 0.01), and life appreciation (r = -0.22; p < 0.05). Positive correlations were found between lifestyle and psychological well-being dimensions, with the strongest correlations being observed between life appreciation and purpose in life (r = 0.55) and self-acceptance (r = 0.48). The multivariable models determined that life appreciation and self-acceptance are associated with BMI. Conclusion. Life appreciation and self-acceptance are predictors of BMI and are even more strongly associated than exercise and nutrition behaviors(AU)

La obesidad es más frecuente en mujeres, aún en poblaciones indígenas. Durante los estudios universitarios, los estilos de vida relacionados con la obesidad se encuentran en proceso de consolidación, y aunque esto es conocido, las investigaciones se limitan a abordar la actividad física y la dieta, ignorando otros componentes del estilo de vida, como la apreciación por la vida. Adicionalmente, es necesario corroborar si el bienestar psicológico contribuye al exceso de peso en mujeres indígenas. Objetivo. Determinar si existe asociación entre los estilos de vida, el bienestar psicológico y el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) en mujeres indígenas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 110 mujeres zapotecas estudiantes universitarias en Juchitán, Oaxaca, México. Se utilizó la escala de bienestar psicológico, la escala de estilos de vida saludables para estudiantes universitarias y un cuestionario sobre datos personales. Se midió el peso corporal y la estatura para calcular el IMC. Resultados. Hubo correlación negativa entre el IMC, la autoaceptación (r=-0,33; p<0,01) y la apreciación por la vida (r=-0,22; p<0,05). Se encontraron correlaciones entre las dimensiones de estilos de vida y las dimensiones de bienestar psicológico: las correlaciones más fuertes se observaron entre apreciación por la vida y propósito en la vida (r 0 0.55) y autoaceptación (r = 0.48). La apreciación por la vida y la autoaceptación son factores predictores del IMC. Conclusión. La apreciación por la vida y la autoaceptación son predictores del IMC, incluso más fuertemente asociados que el ejercicio físico y la alimentación(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to estimate a population-based cancer incidence among indigenous populations in the State of Acre, Brazilian Western Amazon, to provide knowledge about cancer epidemiological profiles contributing to healthcare policies and service planning. Although cancer epidemiology in Brazil is well described through incidence and mortality estimate in the general population, cancer estimates among indigenous peoples are still unknown. DESIGN: This is a descriptive study of cancer incidence among the indigenous population (2000-2012) in the State of Acre, Brazil. The sources used were population-based cancer registries of Goiânia, hospital-based cancer registry of Acre, São Paulo, and Porto Velho; Special Indigenous Health Districts databases of Acre, Goiânia, and São Paulo; Mortality Information System, and Rio Branco's public and private laboratories' reports. Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR) was calculated using cancer incidence rates of Goiânia as reference. RESULTS: From 137 cancer cases, 51.8% occurred in women and 32.1% in people aged 70 + . Among men, the most frequent cancer sites were stomach (25.8%), liver (15.1%), colorectal (7.6%), leukemia (7.6%), and prostate (6.1%). Among women, the most frequent were cervical (50.7%), stomach (8.5%), leukemia (5.6%), liver (4.3%), and breast (4.3%). Among men, there was an excess of cancer cases for stomach (SIR=1.75; 95%CI:1.67-1.83), liver (SIR=1.77; 95%CI:1.66-1.88), and leukemia (SIR=1.64; 95%CI:1.49-1.78). In women, an excess of cancer cases was observed for cervical (SIR=4.49; 95%CI:4.34-4.64) and liver (SIR=2.11; 95%CI:1.88-2.34). A lower cancer incidence for prostate (SIR=0.06; 95%CI:0.05-0.07) and female breast (SIR=0.12; 95%CI:0.11-0.14) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Cervical, stomach, and liver cancers corresponded to 52% of the cases and were highly incident among the Brazilian indigenous population of Western Amazon compared to non-indigenous counterparts. Despite the low frequency of breast and prostate cancer, the fact they were present among indigenous peoples suggests a complex epidemiological transition framework in these populations.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective: Although the development of prevention and treatment strategies for sexually transmitted infections in key groups has improved over the years, they still remain a challenge for health systems worldwide. In this context, the objective of this study is to assess the seroprevalence in the tested population, with an emphasis on key populations, aiming at identifying the participants' profile and consequently the development of testing strategies. Methods: The present study analyzed the seroprevalence of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C, and the epidemiological profiles of key and general populations tested at a reference public health facility for sexually transmitted infections testing and counseling in the city of Curitiba, Southern Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted to report data from 2010 to 2019. Results: A total of 67,448 samples were analyzed, 9,086 of these tested positive, 3,633 (56%) for HIV, 4,978 (77%) for syphilis, 340 (5%) for hepatitis C virus (HCV), and 135 (2%) for hepatitis B virus (HBV). Overall, most of the participants were men (79 to 87%), and predominantly white. For HIV and syphilis, the predominant age groups were 21-30 years old (48 and 50%), HBV 21-40 years old (31%), and HCV 41-60 years old (25%). A high seroprevalence of HIV and syphilis was observed in the investigated key populations with a higher frequency in sex workers, men who have sex with men, and transgender. Conclusion: The progressive increase in syphilis cases emphasizes the need for effective interventions to enhance adherence to the use of condoms, and to expand diagnosis and treatment for these key populations.

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Describir las estrategias de consolidación de los vínculos en el contexto de las intervenciones de salud orientadas a la salud intercultural en América Latina. METODOLOGÍA: Revisión sistemática cualitativa, utilizando el flujograma prisma para selección de artículos. Las bases de datos revisadas fueron: SciELO, PubMed (MEDLINE), Redalyc y Scopus. Los criterios de inclusión fueron artículos originales y/o revisión, con metodología cualitativa y cuantitativa descriptiva, que no tuvieran más de 10 años desde su publicación, basados en países pertenecientes a América Latina y cuyo idioma sea español, portugués y/o inglés. La calidad metodológica se evaluó mediante la guía de lectura crítica de CASPe. Se analizaron un total de 19 estudios publicados entre el periodo 2014-2021. RESULTADOS: La consolidación de vínculos se logra a través de la participación activa de integrantes de las comunidades en el diseño de las intervenciones en salud. La preparación de los profesionales es clave, considerando el desarrollo de la competencia intercultural como una piedra angular. Adicionalmente, las políticas públicas en salud permean en la ejecución de los programas e intervenciones en salud intercultural. CONCLUSIÓN: La construcción de vínculos y de relaciones sólidas y de confianza toman tiempo, y es necesario que haya suficiente co-diseño y un proceso participativo para establecer la relación entre equipo de salud y comunidades. Es necesario reconocer el contexto epistemológico y cosmológico que impulsa la salud y el bienestar en las comunidades nativas.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the strategies for consolidating links in the context of health programs/interventions aimed at intercultural health in Latin America. METHODOLOGY: Qualitative systematic review, using the prism flowchart for article selection. The databases reviewed were: SciELO, PubMed (MEDLINE), Redalyc,andScopus.The inclusion criteria were original articles and/or reviews, with descriptive qualitative and quantitative methodology, whichwere not more than 10 years old from their publication, based on countries belonging to Latin America and whose language is Spanish, Portuguese,and/or English. The methodological quality was evaluated using the CASPe critical reading guide. A total of 19 studies published between the 2014-2021 period were analyzed. RESULTS: The consolidation of links isachieved through the active participation of community members in the design of health disturbances. The preparation of professionals is key, considering the development of intercultural competence as a cornerstone. Additionally, public health policies permeate the execution of intercultural health programs and interventions.CONCLUSIONS: Building bonds and solid, trusting relationships take time, and there needs to be sufficient co-design and a participatory process to establish the relationship between the health team and the communities. It is necessary to recognize the epistemological and cosmological context that drives health and well-being in native communities

OBJETIVO: Descrever as estratégias de consolidação de vínculos no contexto das intervenções de saúde orientado à saúde intercultural na América Latina. METODOLOGIA: Revisão sistemática qualitativa, utilizando o fluxograma prisma para seleção dos artigos. Os bancosde dados usadas são:SciELO, PubMed (MEDLINE), Redalyc eScopus. Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos originais e/ou revisões, com metodologia qualitativa e quantitativa descritiva, com até 10 anos de sua publicação, baseados em países pertencentes à América Latina e cujo idioma seja espanhol, português e/ou inglês. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada por meio do guia de leitura crítica CASPe.Foram analisados 19 estudos publicados entre o período 2014-2021. RESULTADOS: A consolidação dos vínculos é alcançada por meio da participação ativa dos membros da comunidade no desenho das intervenções de saúde. A preparação dos profissionais é fundamental, tendo como pilar fundamental o desenvolvimento da competência intercultural. Além disso, as políticas públicas de saúde permeiam a execução de programas e intervenções de saúde intercultural. CONCLUSÃO: A construção de vínculos e relações sólidas e de confiança leva tempo, e é preciso haver co-design suficiente e um processo participativo para estabelecer a relação entre a equipe de saúde e as comunidades. É necessário reconhecer o contexto epistemológico e cosmológico que impulsiona a saúde e o bem-estar nas comunidades nativas

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objectives: to discuss the influence of urban poverty on the context of violence among adolescents from an intersectional perspective. Methods: the original research, of the action research type, analyzed data from 13 workshops. The participants were adolescents from both sexes, from 15 to 17 years old, from a public school in a peripheral neighborhood of São Paulo, SP. The methodological proposition of intersectional analysis guided the interpretation of the empirical material. Results: the intersection of class and gender may increase the (re)production of violence in some men. The intersection of race/color, social class, and territory contributes to the construction of narratives that naturalize inequality and, thus, justify discrimination. Final Considerations: there is necessity of new public policies that consider the social contexts and experiences of the subjects that stem from the articulation of social markers.

RESUMEN Objetivos: discutir la influencia de la pobreza urbana en el contexto de la violencia entre adolescentes bajo la perspectiva de la interseccionalidad. Métodos: la investigación original, de tipo investigación-acción, se analizó en 13 talleres. Participaron adolescentes de ambos los sexos, entre 15 y 17 años, de una escuela pública de un barrio de la periferia de São Paulo, SP. La propuesta metodológica de análisis interseccional dirigió la interpretación del material empírico. Resultados: la intersección de clase con género puede potencializar en algunos hombres la (re)producción de las violencias. La intersección de raza/color, clase social, género y territorio contribuye en la construcción de narrativas que naturalizan las desigualdades y, así, justifican las discriminaciones. Consideraciones Finales: son necesarias y oportunas políticas públicas que consideren los contextos sociales y experiencias de los sujetos resultantes de las articulaciones de los marcadores sociales.

RESUMO Objetivos: discutir a influência da pobreza urbana no contexto da violência entre adolescentes sob a perspectiva da interseccionalidade. Métodos: a pesquisa original, de tipo pesquisa-ação, analisou dados produzidos em 13 oficinas. Participaram adolescentes de ambos os sexos, entre 15 e 17 anos, de uma escola pública de um bairro de periferia de São Paulo, SP. A proposta metodológica de análise interseccional orientou a interpretação do material empírico. Resultados: a intersecção de classe com gênero pode potencializar em alguns homens a (re)produção das violências. A intersecção de raça/cor, classe social, gênero e território contribui na construção de narrativas que naturalizam as desigualdades e, assim, justificam as discriminações. Considerações Finais: são necessárias e oportunas políticas públicas que considerem os contextos sociais e experiências dos sujeitos resultantes das articulações dos marcadores sociais.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze riverside men's knowledge and ways of acting regarding condom use, based on the social representations about the device. Method a qualitative study anchored in the Theory of Social Representations and conducted with 21 riverside men from the São Carlos do Jamari community, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil. Data collection was performed between January and July 2019 by means of an interview with a semi-structured questionnaire. For data processing, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software was used, obtaining the participants' characterization through descriptive statistics, in addition to IRAMUTEq® for the lexical analysis of the speeches, by means of the Descending Hierarchical Classification, obtaining five thematic classes, among which Class 5 was deepened on in this study. Results the social representations were produced by adult participants, with complete High School, per capita family income of up to one minimum wage, and sexually active with irregular condom use. It was identified that the participants develop a cognitive dimension, which reveals their knowledge about condoms as a form of prevention; however, elements such as interference in pleasure, stable relationship and a negative evaluative dimension result in irregular use of the device and in risky behaviors in their sexual practices. Conclusion social representations are anchored in reified knowledge, in the discourse of the preventive functionality of condoms, and in masculinity stereotypes. Consequently, the riverside men's knowledge is not manifested in their behaviors. Therefore, this social group lacks health promotion actions that enable changes in their care behaviors and practices.

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar los conocimientos y las formas de actuar frente al uso de preservativos entre hombres ribereños, a partir de sus representaciones sociales sobre dichos dispositivos. Método estudio cualitativo sustentado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales y realizado con 21 hombres ribereños de la comunidad São Carlos do Jamari, en Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil. Los datos se recolectaron entre enero y julio de 2019 por medio de entrevistas guiadas por un cuestionario semiestructurado. Para el procesamiento de los dados se utilizaron los programas de software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, con el que se obtuvo la caracterización de los participantes por medio de estadística descriptiva, e IRAMUTEq® para el análisis lexical de los discursos, por medio de la Clasificación Jerárquica Descendente, donde se obtuvieron cinco clases temáticas, entre las cuales la Clase 5 se profundizó en este estudio. Resultados las representaciones sociales fueron elaboradas por participantes adultos, con Escuela Secundaria completa, ingresos familiares per capita de hasta un salario mínimo, sexualmente activos y con uso irregular de preservativos. Se identificó que los participantes elaboran una dimensión cognitiva que revela sus conocimientos sobre los preservativos como forma de prevención; sin embargo, ciertos elementos como interferencia en el placer, relaciones estables y una dimensión evaluativa negativa derivan en uso irregular del dispositivo y en comportamientos de riesgo en sus prácticas sexuales. Conclusión las representaciones sociales se fundamentan en el conocimiento reificado, en el discurso de la funcionalidad preventiva de los preservativos y en estereotipos de masculinidad. Debido a eso, el conocimiento de los hombres ribereños no se manifiesta en sus comportamientos. Por lo tanto, este grupo social carece de acciones de promoción de la salud que permitan implementar cambios en sus comportamientos y prácticas de cuidado.

RESUMO Objetivo analisar os saberes e modos de agir de homens ribeirinhos acerca o uso do preservativo, a partir de suas representações sociais sobre o dispositivo. Método estudo qualitativo ancorado na Teoria das Representações Sociais, realizado com 21 homens ribeirinhos da comunidade São Carlos do Jamari, em Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre janeiro e julho de 2019, por meio de entrevista com questionário semiestruturado. Para o processamento dos dados utilizou-se os softwares Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, obtendo-se a caracterização dos participantes por meio da estatística descritiva e o IRAMUTEq®, para análise lexical dos discursos, pela classificação hierárquica descente, obtendo-se cinco classes temáticas, dentre as quais, aprofundou-se neste estudo a classe cinco. Resultados as representações sociais foram produzidas por participantes adultos, com ensino médio completo, renda familiar per capita de até um salário-mínimo, sexualmente ativos com uso irregular do preservativo. Identificou-se que os participantes elaboram uma dimensão cognitiva, que revela seus saberes sobre o preservativo como forma de prevenção, contudo, elementos como interferência no prazer, relacionamento estável e uma dimensão avaliativa negativa resultam no uso irregular do dispositivo e num comportamento de risco, em suas práticas sexuais. Conclusão as representações sociais se ancoram no conhecimento reificado, no discurso da funcionalidade preventiva do preservativo e em estereótipos de masculinidade. Com isso, os homens ribeirinhos possuem um conhecimento que não se manifesta em seus comportamentos. Portanto, esse grupo social carece de ações de promoção da saúde que possibilitem mudanças em seus comportamentos e práticas de cuidados.

RESUMO

Abstract Objective: to interpret the perception of public health nurses when they provide the Embera Chami Indians with culturally competent care. Materials and Method: interpretative ethnography with participant observation and ethnographic interviews. The participants were three public health nurses who work in an intercultural Institution providing health services. The analysis followed Leininger's proposal with support from Atlas ti and Excel. Results: the category "happy nurses with their work, extending this feeling to the personal field by creating bonds of affection with the indigenous Embera Chami" emerged and it was sustained with three subcategories. Conclusion: the public health nurses enjoy the work activities specified by the intercultural Institutions providing health services, they also enjoy the daily life offered by the work environment and the municipal situation characterized by the presence, socialization and interrelation with the Embera Chami indigenous people.

Resumen Objetivo: Interpretar la percepción de la enfermera de salud pública cuando realiza un cuidado culturalmente competente a los indígenas Embera Chami. Materiales y Métodos: etnografía interpretativa con observación participante y entrevista etnográfica. Participaron tres enfermeras de salud pública que trabajan en una Institución prestadora de servicios de salud intercultural. El análisis, siguió la propuesta de Leininger con apoyo del programa Atlas ti y Excel. Resultados: Emergió una categoría "las enfermeras felices con su trabajo, prolongando dicho sentir al campo personal al crear lazos de afecto con el indígena Embera Chami" sustentada con tres subcategorías. Conclusión: Las enfermeras de salud pública disfrutan las actividades laborales precisadas por la Institución prestadora de servicios de salud intercultural, además disfrutan la cotidianidad ofrecida por el ambiente laboral y la situación municipal caracterizada por la presencia, socialización e interrelación con los indígenas Embera Chami.

Resumo Objetivo: Interpretar a percepção da Enfermeira de saúde pública quando realiza um cuidado culturalmente competente aos indígenas Embera Chami. Materiais e Métodos: etnografia interpretativa com observação participante e entrevista etnográfica. Participação três enfermeiras de saúde pública que trabalham em uma Instituição prestadora de serviços de saúde intercultural. A análise, seguiu a propostas de Leininger com apoio do programa Atlas ti e Excel. Resultados: Surgiu uma categoria "as enfermeiras felizes com seu trabalho, prolongando esse sentir ao campo pessoal ao criar laços de afeto com o indígena Embera Chami" sustentada com três subcategorias. Conclusão: As enfermeiras de saúde pública gostam das atividades laborais precisadas pelo Instituto Nacional Previdência Social de serviços de saúde intercultural, além desfrutam da cotidianidade oferecida pelo ambiente laboral e a situação municipal caracterizada pela presença, socialização e inter-relação com os indígenas Embera Chami.

RESUMO

Introduction. COVID-19 is a pathology caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported more than 225 million cases and 4.5 million deaths worldwide. Objective: To describe the seropositivity, spatial distribution, and clinical and sociodemographic variables of SARS-CoV-2 in a community of the Colombian Amazon region. Methods. In December 2020, a cross-sectional observational study was carried out in a population located in the Colombian Amazon in the municipality of Mitú. Sociodemographic and clinical data were taken. Besides, 589 blood samples were taken, and an antibody detection was carried out with an ELISA and a recombinant protein N antigen of SARS-CoV-2. Results. A seropositivity of 57.6% was observed. The highest proportion of the infection is located in inter-municipal transport zones. The bivariate analysis did not show differences in the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate concerning the variables sex, age range, and the presence of comorbidities (p > 0.05). The bivariate and multivariate analysis showed that being symptomatic and presenting neurological manifestations of the upper respiratory tract are clinical variables associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (p < 0.05). One of the causes of this virus's high spread in this community could be that 53.3% of the people were asymptomatic. Conclusions. Our data showed a high burden and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the indigenous community. This could be linked to cultural behaviors and the high infection rate in asymptomatic patients.