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OBJECTIVE: Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at increased risk for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Immunization and antimicrobial prophylaxis may prevent this complication, and landmark clinical trials support discontinuation of antimicrobial prophylaxis at age 5 years. However, antimicrobial prophylaxis continues in some patients indefinitely. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of culture-positive IPD and other infections in the setting of penicillin prophylaxis in the pediatric SCD population. METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study of patients with SCD who continued antimicrobial prophylaxis with penicillin, compared with those whose antimicrobial prophylaxis was discontinued. Included patients were aged 5 to 18 years during the study period and had no history of IPD or surgical splenectomy. Patient charts were reviewed for demographics, immunizations, penicillin prescription history, and microbiologic culture data. RESULTS: Antimicrobial prophylaxis continued beyond age 5 years in 65% of patients, a higher percentage of whom had hemoglobin SS or S beta-zero disease. No patients whose antimicrobial prophylaxis was discontinued experienced IPD; 1 patient who continued antimicrobial prophylaxis died of S pneumoniae sepsis. Rates of other infections were comparable between groups (21% in prophylaxis versus 18% in no prophylaxis). CONCLUSIONS: These results support appropriate de-prescribing of antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients with SCD who are not at high risk for IPD. Further multicenter studies are needed to evaluate consequences of antimicrobial prophylaxis with alternative agents on antibiotic resistance, examine provider rationale for continuation of antimicrobial prophylaxis, and assess quality of life effects (e.g., medication adherence, adverse drug reactions) of antimicrobial prophylaxis.
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BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal diseases have a clinical and economic impact on the population. Until this year, a 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV10) used to be applied in Colombia, which does not contain serotypes 19A, 3, and 6A, the most prevalent in the country. Therefore, we aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of the shift to the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A decision model was used for newborns in Colombia between 2022-2025 and adults over 65 years. The time horizon was life expectancy. Outcomes are Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases (IPD), Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), Acute Otitis Media (AOM), their sequelae, Life Gained Years (LYGs), and herd effect in older adults. RESULTS: PCV10 covers 4.27% of serotypes in the country, while PCV13 covers 64.4%. PCV13 would avoid in children 796 cases of IPD, 19,365 of CAP, 1,399 deaths, and generate 44,204 additional LYGs, as well as 9,101 cases of AOM, 13 cases of neuromotor disability and 428 cochlear implants versus PCV10. In older adults, PCV13 would avoid 993 cases of IPD and 17,245 of CAP, versus PCV10. PCV13 saves $51.4 million. The decision model shows robustness in the sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION: PCV13 is a cost-saving strategy versus PCV10 to avoid pneumococcal diseases.
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Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas , Otite Média , Infecções Pneumocócicas , Pneumonia , Criança , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Idoso , Análise de Custo-Efetividade , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Vacinas Pneumocócicas , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Conjugadas , Otite Média/epidemiologia , Otite Média/prevenção & controle , Sorogrupo , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Introducción: En Paraguay y en otras partes del mundo el Streptococcus pneumoniae es el principal agente causante de neumonía bacteriana, otitis media, meningitis y septicemia. Objetivo: Describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas de pacientes con enfermedad invasiva por Streptococcus pneumoniae atendidos en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT) durante los años 2016 al 2019. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Se incluyeron a todos los pacientes con enfermedad invasiva por Streptococcus pneumoniae confirmada. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 34 pacientes, la edad promedio fue de 44años, 76% fueron varones, 61% diagnóstico de infección por VIH. El foco infeccioso predominante fue el pulmonar. De las muestras biológicas con cultivos positivos, el 73% fueron aislados en sangre, y los restantes distribuidos entre muestras de esputo, líquido ceflorraquideo y liquido pleural. El 24% de los pacientes presentaron complicaciones, entre falla orgánica (15%) y empiema (9%). El 59% de los pacientes recibió tratamiento con cefalosporinas. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria registrada fue del 18%.Conclusión: Los pacientes con enfermedad invasiva que acudieron al IMT durante los años 2016 al 2019 fueron en su mayoría adultos jóvenes, inmunosuprimidos, con neumonía.
Introduction: In Paraguay and in other parts of the world, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main causative agent of bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and septicemia. Objective: To describe the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of patients with invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae treated at the Institute of Tropical Medicine (IMT) during the years 2016 to 2019. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. All patients with confirmed invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae were included. Results: 34 patients were included, the average age was 44 years, 76% were male, 61% diagnosed with HIV infection. The predominant infectious focus was the lung. Of the biological samples with positive cultures, 73% were isolated from blood, and the rest distributed among samples of sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, and pleural fluid. 24% of the patients presented complications, between organic failure (15%) and empyema (9%). 59% of the patients received treatment with cephalosporins. The registered intrahospital mortality was 18%. Conclusion: The patients with invasive disease who attended the IMT during the years 2016 to 2019 were mostly young adults, immunosuppressed, with pneumonia.
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Introducción: Las enfermedades infecciosas del tracto respiratorio se encuentran entre las primeras causas de entidades respiratorias en edades extremas de la vida. Objetivo: Describir las bases inmunológicas de la enfermedad y el nuevo candidato vacunal conjugado antineumocócico PCV7-TT desarrollado en Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Medline, Pubmed, SciELO, LILACS, Cochrane Library y Web of Science, de documentos publicados entre mayo del 2018 y marzo del 2020. Se seleccionaron los 64 artículos de mayor relevancia y novedad. Resultados: Streptococcus pneumoniae es el agente etiológico de la enfermedad neumocócica; se le atribuye alrededor de un millón de defunciones anuales, principalmente en países en vías de desarrollo. Es un coco Gram-positivo, anaerobio facultativo y encapsulado que se encuentra dividido en 48 serogrupos y 97 serotipos tipificados. Presenta varios factores de virulencia que garantizan su mecanismo de patogenicidad; uno de los más importantes es el polisacárido capsular que constituye la diana de las vacunas antineumocócicas conjugadas y no conjugadas existentes. En el presente artículo se consideró la proteína de superficie C del neumococo como un posible candidato en la investigación y desarrollo de vacunas preventivas. Asimismo, las vesículas extracelulares podría ser un posible candidato para adyuvante vacunal con fines preventivos y terapéuticos. Conclusiones: El neumococo es un problema de salud a nivel global y el uso de vacunas conjugadas antineumocócicas constituye la herramienta más eficaz para su prevención. El candidato vacunal PCV7-TT desarrollado en Cuba es seguro, bien tolerado, inmunogénico y no inferior a las vacunas actualmente registradas(AU)
Introduction: Infectious diseases of the respiratory tract are among the leading causes of respiratory conditions in patients at extreme ages. Objective: Describe the immunological bases of the disease and the new conjugate pneumococcal vaccine candidate PCV7-TT developed in Cuba. Methods: A search was conducted in the databases Medline, Pubmed, SciELO, LILACS, Cochrane Library and Web of Science for documents published from May 2018 to March 2020. The 64 most relevant and novel papers were selected. Results: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the causative agent of pneumococcal disease, a condition causing about one million deaths a year worldwide, mainly in developing countries. It is a Gram-positive facultative anaerobic encapsulated coccus divided into 48 serogroups and 97 typified serotypes. Several virulence factors ensure its pathogenicity mechanism. One of the most important of these is the capsular polysaccharide constituting the target of the existing conjugate and non-conjugate pneumococcal vaccines. The study considered pneumococcal surface protein C as a possible candidate for the research and development of preventive vaccines. On the other hand, extracellular vesicles could be a possible vaccine adjuvant candidate for preventive and therapeutic use. Conclusions: Pneumococcus is a global health problem, and the use of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines is the most effective tool for its prevention. The vaccine candidate PCV7-TT developed in Cuba is safe, well-tolerated, immunogenic and not inferior to the vaccines so far registered(AU)
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Humanos , Polissacarídeos , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Doenças Transmissíveis , Vacinas Pneumocócicas , Fatores de Virulência , Vesículas Extracelulares , Proteínas de MembranaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is the leading cause of infectious death worldwide. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of IPD and the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-10 (PCV-10) over a 10-year period in Bogotá, Colombia. METHODS: This was a laboratory-based surveillance study of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from patients with IPD from 82 hospitals over 10 years in Bogotá, Colombia. Data were compared between two periods: 2007-2011 (before the introduction of PCV-10) and 2012-2017 (after the introduction of PCV-10). RESULTS: In total, 1670 patients with IPD were included in the study between 2007 and 2017. Between 2007 and 2011, the most common serotypes were 14, 1, 6B, 6A and 3. Between 2012 and 2017, the most common serotypes were 19A, 3, 14 and 1. A decrease in the incidence of IPD, particularly in children aged 0-4 years, was noted after the introduction of PCV-10. Importantly, this reduction in incidence was not observed in patients aged ≥50 years. CONCLUSIONS: The IPD burden in Bogotá remained stable between 2007 and 2017. The incidence of IPD decreased in children but not in older adults. The introduction of PCV-10 led to a change in the most prevalent serotypes to serotypes that are not included in PCV-10.
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Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Idoso , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sorogrupo , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologia , Vacinas ConjugadasRESUMO
RESUMEN Fundamento: el cálculo de la carga económica de la atención y tratamiento de las enfermedades neumocócicas en niños de edad preescolar en el nivel primario de salud en Cuba, contribuye a fundamentar la asignación de recursos y visualizar la necesidad de buscar vías de prevenir su padecimiento. Objetivo: estimar la carga económica de la enfermedad neumocócica en niños de edad preescolar en el Policlínico Docente Cecilio Ruiz de Zárate Castellón, de Cienfuegos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de costo de la enfermedad modelado, desde la perspectiva institucional; el horizonte temporal se definió como el tiempo entre el diagnóstico y alta médica. Resultados: el costo médico directo de los pacientes menores de cinco años de edad, con neumonía, atendidos solamente en el primer nivel de salud, tiene un valor medio de 237 CUP; en los pacientes con otitis media aguda fue de 120 CUP. Los atendidos en el nivel primario después de un egreso hospitalario tuvieron un costo médico directo medio de 106,96 CUP; en los casos con otitis media aguda fue de 89,83 CUP y para aquellos egresados luego de una meningitis o sepsis fue de 152,63 CUP con el mayor valor de costo medio, mínimo y máximo debido a la prolongación de la atención posterior al egreso. Dentro de los procesos, las visitas al hogar ocasionan el mayor gasto y, de las partidas, el salario. La enfermedad neumocócica representó una carga económica de más de 15 400 00 CUP. Conclusiones: la atención de la enfermedad neumocócica para el Policlínico Cecilio Ruiz de Zárate Castellón es costosa. Estas estimaciones deberán tenerse en cuenta por quienes toman decisiones de introducir la vacunación antineumocócica en la población infantil cubana.
ABSTRACT Foundation: calculating the economic burden of pneumococcal disease care and treatment in preschoolers in the primary health level in Cuba, helps to base the allocation of resources and visualize the need to find ways to prevent the disease. Objective: to estimate the economic burden of pneumococcal disease in preschoolers in the Cecilio Ruiz de Zárate Castellón Teaching Polyclinic, in Cienfuegos. Methods: a study of the modeled disease cost was carried out, from the institutional perspective; time horizon was defined as the time between diagnosis and medical discharge. Results: direct medical cost of patients under five years old, with pneumonia, treated only at the first level of health, has an average value of 237 Cuban pesos; in patients with acute otitis media it was 120 CUP. Those attended at the primary level after a hospital discharge had an average direct medical cost of between 106.96 CUP; in cases with acute otitis media, it was 89.83 CUP and for those who discharged after meningitis or sepsis, it was 152.63 CUP with the highest average, minimum and maximum cost value due to the extension of post-discharge care. Within the processes, home visits cause the greatest expense and, of the items, salary. Pneumococcal disease represented an economic burden of more than 15 400 00 CUP. Conclusions: Pneumococcal disease care for the Cecilio Ruiz de Zárate Castellón Polyclinic is expensive. These estimates should be taken into account by those who make decisions to introduce pneumococcal vaccination in the Cuban child population.
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Introduction: With the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines(PCV), the behavior of invasive pneumococcal disease(IPD) has changed relative to serotype distribution. The introduction of these vaccines in national immunization programs has reduced the incidence of IPD, with a marked decrease in the circulation of the serotypes included in the vaccine used in each country. However, the subsequent emergence of other serotypes not included in the vaccine, such 19A in case of PCV7 and PCV10, has been documented. Materials and methods: This was case series study (2008-2017) in pediatric patients admitted to 10 hospitals in Bogota who were diagnosed with IPD. It was conducted during the transitional period of implementing the PCV10 vaccine in Colombia in 2012. Cases of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis, primary bacteremia and osteoarticular infection were included. A descriptive analysis of the demographic, clinical and laboratory variables of patients with IPD by Spn19A, its trend over time, profiles of antimicrobial susceptibility and clinical outcomes was performed. Results: There were 463 cases of IPD, 315(68%) with known serotypes. The prevalence of IPD by Spn19A was 17.7%(56 cases), tending to increase over time. During 2008-2011, the prevalence was 4.4%, and during 2014-2017, it was 32.4%, The most frequent diagnosis was pneumonia(80.4%). In nonmeningeal isolates, 39.6% were not susceptible to penicillin. An increase in the resistance was observed over time. Conclusion: Spn19A is a prevalent cause of IPD in the pediatric population of the analyzed cohort, with an increasing trend of this serotype during the surveillance period after the introduction of PCV10, being the most common serotype identified in recent years.
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Infecções Pneumocócicas , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Criança , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas , Sorogrupo , SorotipagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Most of the available data on invasive pneumococcal disease in Latin America are derived from laboratory-based surveillance systems. There is a lack of epidemiological data on the disease severity and mortality from hospitalized patients with pneumococcal infection. METHODS: In this hospital-based retrospective historical series of hospitalized children with laboratory-confirmed IPD, we evaluated changes in disease episodes, in-hospital fatality rates, and need for intensive care unit admission after the inclusion of PCV10 in the Brazilian vaccination schedule. Invasive pneumococcal strains isolated by culture were serotyped. Changes over time were assessed, and pre-vaccination (2005-2009) to post-vaccination (2011-2015) disease rates and serotypes were compared. RESULTS: 260 patients with IPD and positive pneumococcal isolates were identified (198 during the pre-PCV10 period). When comparing both periods, hospitalizations were reduced from 20 cases to 5 cases per 10,000 pediatric admissions (p < 0.0001). Likewise, fatalities reduced from 6.6 to 2.0 cases per 10,000 pediatric admissions (p < 0.0001). Pneumonia was the most frequent clinical diagnosis (58%) - of which 49.6% had pleural effusion - followed by meningitis (22%) and bacteremia (15.9%). Overall 30% of cases were sent to ICU, with no percentual changes after PCV10. Additional PCV13 serotypes increased from 7% before vaccine introduction to 21% after PCV10 use. Similarly, serotypes not included in PCV13 increased from 11% to 29%. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant reduction in the hospitalizations rates, ICU admissions, and fatalities due to IPD after PCV10 introduction in Brazil. Cases due to PCV10 serotypes were reduced, while infections rates caused by non-PCV10 serotypes increased.
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Criança Hospitalizada , Infecções Pneumocócicas , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/administração & dosagem , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Humanos , Incidência , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Estudos Retrospectivos , Vacinas ConjugadasRESUMO
RESUMEN Fundamento: Desde hace más de una década, la dirección política del país, el sistema de salud y la industria biotecnológica, han otorgado máxima prioridad al proyecto cubano de desarrollo de un candidato vacunal conjugado heptavalente contra los neumococos. El Hospital Pediátrico de Cienfuegos es uno de los centros centinelas para la introducción de dicha vacuna. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y de laboratorio en los pacientes diagnosticados con enfermedad neumocócica invasiva. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, con los pacientes menores de cinco años egresados con diagnóstico de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva. Se analizó edad, sexo, forma de presentación, días previos al ingreso con síntomas, localización del lugar donde se realizó el aislamiento, hospitalización en unidad de cuidados intensivos, mes de ingreso y serotipo aislado. Resultados: predominaron los menores de sexo masculino (60 %). La forma de presentación predominante fue la neumonía, con el 77,7 % de los casos y 66 aislamientos por hemocultivos. El mayor número de casos se concentró en los meses de invierno, y la mayoría de los aislamientos se reportaron en los serotipos 14, 19A y 19F. Un total de 62 pacientes estuvieron ingresado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Conclusión: la enfermedad neumocócica invasiva presenta elevada incidencia en menores de cinco años, y es la neumonía la forma de presentación más frecuente con predominio del Serotipo 14.
ABSTRACT Foundation: For more than a decade, the political leadership of the country, the health system and the biotechnology industry have given top priority to the Cuban development project of a heptavalent conjugate vaccine candidate against pneumococci. The Pediatric Hospital of Cienfuegos is one of the sentinel centers for the introduction of this vaccine. Objective: to describe the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory characteristics in patients diagnosed with invasive pneumococcal disease. Methods: a descriptive study with patients younger than five years with a diagnosis of invasive pneumococcal disease. The variables analyzed were: Age, sex, form of presentation, days prior admission with symptoms, location of isolation, hospitalization in intensive care unit, month of admission and isolated serotype. Results: male infants predominated (60%). The predominant presentation was pneumonia, with 77.7% of the cases and 66 isolations by blood cultures. The largest number of cases was concentrated in the winter months, and most of the isolations were reported in serotypes 14, 19A and 19F. A total of 62 patients were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Conclusion: invasive pneumococcal disease has a high incidence in children younger than five years, and pneumonia is the most frequent presentation with predominance of Serotype 14.
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The objective of this study was to determine the serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) strains in children from Lima, Peru, before and after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), which was introduced in the national immunisation program on 2009. We conducted a prospective, multicentre, passive surveillance IPD study during 2006-2008 and 2009-2011, before and right after the introduction of PCV7 in Peru. The study was performed in 11 hospitals and five private laboratories in Lima, Peru, in patients <18 years old, with sterile site cultures yielding Streptococcus pneumoniae. In total 159 S. pneumoniae isolates were recovered. There was a decrease in the incidence of IPD in children <2 years old after the introduction of PCV7 (18.4/100 000 vs. 5.1/100 000, P = 0.004). Meningitis cases decreased significantly in the second period (P = 0.036) as well as the overall case fatality rate (P = 0.025), including a decreased case fatality rate of pneumonia (16.3% to 0%, P = 0.04). PCV7 serotypes showed a downward trend. Vaccine-preventable serotypes caused 78.9% of IPD cases, mainly 14, 6B, 5, 19F and 23F. A non-significant increase in erythromycin resistance was reported. Our findings suggest that the introduction of PCV7 led to a significant decrease of IPD in children under 2 years old and in the overall case fatality rate.
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Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Vacina Pneumocócica Conjugada Heptavalente/uso terapêutico , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Masculino , Peru/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Estudos Prospectivos , Sorogrupo , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genética , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologiaRESUMO
RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar um caso raro de uma criança com meningite associada a pericardite na doença pneumocócica invasiva. Descrição do caso: Este relato descreve uma evolução clínica desfavorável de um lactente feminino de 6 meses de idade, previamente hígido, que apresentou inicialmente sintomas respiratórios e febre. A radiografia de tórax revelou um aumento da área cardíaca sem alterações radiográficas nos pulmões. Após a identificação do derrame pericárdico, o paciente apresentou convulsões e entrou em coma. Pneumonia foi descartada durante a investigação clínica. Contudo, foi identificado Streptococcus pneumoniae nas culturas de líquor e sangue. O exame neurológico inicial foi compatível com morte encefálica, posteriormente confirmada pelo protocolo. Comentários: A pericardite purulenta tornou-se uma complicação rara da doença pneumocócica invasiva desde o advento da terapia antibiótica. Pacientes com pneumonia extensa são primariamente predispostos e, mesmo com tratamento adequado e precoce, estão sujeitos a altas taxas de mortalidade. A associação de meningite pneumocócica e pericardite é incomum e, portanto, de difícil diagnóstico. Por isso, uma alta suspeição diagnóstica é necessária para instituir o tratamento precoce e aumentar a sobrevida.
ABSTRACT Objective: To report a rare case of a child with invasive pneumococcal disease that presented meningitis associated with pericarditis. Case description: This report describes the unfavorable clinical course of a previously healthy 6-months-old female infant who initially presented symptoms of fever and respiratory problems. A chest X-ray revealed an increased cardiac area with no radiographic changes in the lungs. After identifying a pericardial effusion, the patient experienced seizures and went into coma. Pneumonia was excluded as a possibility during the clinical investigation. However, Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures. An initial neurological examination showed that the patient was brain dead, which was then later confirmed according to protocol. Comments: Purulent pericarditis has become a rare complication of invasive pneumococcal disease since the advent of antibiotic therapy. Patients with extensive pneumonia are primarily predisposed and, even with early and adequate treatment, are prone to high mortality rates. The association of pneumococcal meningitis and pericarditis is uncommon, and therefore difficult to diagnose. As such, diagnostic suspicion must be high in order to institute early treatment and increase survival.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Derrame Pericárdico/diagnóstico por imagem , Pericardite/diagnóstico , Pericardite/fisiopatologia , Pericardite/microbiologia , Pericardite/terapia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecções Pneumocócicas/fisiopatologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/terapia , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Radiografia Torácica/métodos , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/microbiologia , Evolução Fatal , Hemocultura/métodos , Meningite/diagnóstico , Meningite/fisiopatologia , Meningite/microbiologia , Meningite/terapia , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/classificação , Exame Neurológico/métodosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes isolated from an inpatient population at a tertiary care hospital, in order to determine the theoretical coverage of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 118 inpatients at the Hospital São Lucas, in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil, whose cultures of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or other sterile body fluid specimens, collected between January 2005 and December 2016, yielded pneumococcal isolates. The theoretical vaccine coverage was studied in relation to the serotypes identified in the sample and their relationship with those contained in the pneumococcal vaccines available in Brazil. Results: The majority of the population was male (n = 66; 55.9%), with a median age of 57 years (interquartile range: 33-72 years). The most common manifestation was pneumonia, and the pneumococcus was most commonly isolated from blood cultures. More than one fourth of the study population had some degree of immunosuppression (n = 34; 28.8%). Of the total sample, 39 patients (33.1%) died. There were no significant associations between mortality and comorbidity type, ICU admission, or need for mechanical ventilation. The theoretical vaccine coverage of PPV23 alone and PCV13 plus PPV23 was 31.4% and 50.8%, respectively. Conclusions: If the patients in this sample had been previously vaccinated with PCV13 plus PPV23, theoretically, 50.8% of the cases of invasive pneumococcal disease that required hospital admission could potentially have been prevented. Invasive pneumococcal disease should be prevented by vaccination not only of children and the elderly but also of adults in their economically productive years, so as to reduce the socioeconomic costs, morbidity, and mortality still associated with the disease, especially in underdeveloped countries.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os sorotipos de Streptococcus pneumoniae isolados de uma população internada em um hospital terciário para verificar a cobertura vacinal teórica das vacinas conjugada pneumocócica 13-valente (VCP13) e pneumocócica polissacarídica 23-valente (VPP23). Métodos: Estudo transversal envolvendo 118 pacientes internados no Hospital São Lucas, na cidade de Porto Alegre (RS), cujas amostras de cultura de sangue, líquor ou outro líquido estéril apresentaram isolados de pneumococos entre janeiro de 2005 e dezembro de 2016. A cobertura vacinal teórica foi estudada em relação aos sorotipos observados na amostra e sua relação com os contidos nas vacinas pneumocócicas disponíveis no Brasil. Resultados: A maioria da população era masculina (n = 66; 55,9%), com mediana de idade de 57 anos (intervalo interquartil: 33-72 anos). O agravo mais frequente foi pneumonia, e o pneumococo foi mais frequentemente isolado em hemocultura. Mais de um quarto da população estudada tinha algum grau de imunossupressão (n = 34; 28,8%). Na amostra geral, 39 pacientes (33,1%) foram a óbito. Não houve associações significativas do número de óbitos com o tipo de comorbidades, internação em UTI ou necessidade de ventilação mecânica. A cobertura vacinal teórica da VPP23 e da combinação VCP13 + VPP23 foi de 31,4% e 50,8%, respectivamente. Conclusões: Nesta amostra, se os pacientes tivessem sido previamente vacinados com a combinação VCP13 seguida de VPP23, teoricamente, 50,8% dos casos de doença pneumocócica invasiva que necessitaram de internação hospitalar poderiam ter sido prevenidos potencialmente. Essa doença deve ser prevenida com a vacinação não só de crianças e idosos, mas também de adultos em idade economicamente ativa, para reduzir o custo socioeconômico, a morbidade e a mortalidade ainda associados à doença, especialmente em países subdesenvolvidos.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/administração & dosagem , Infecções Pneumocócicas/mortalidade , Teoria da Probabilidade , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologia , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Pacientes InternadosRESUMO
Background: Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia (BPP) is a preventable disease with high morbimortality. Aim: To evaluate clinical aspects and mortality on BPP patients admitted to a Chilean regional hospital. Patients and Methods: We looked for adult patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from blood cultures between 2010 and 2014 years and reviewed clinical records of those who were admitted with pneumonia. Results: We identified 70 BPP patients: 58% were men, mean age was 56 years, 30% were > 65 years, 70% with basic public health insurance, 26% were alcoholics, 86% had comorbidities. Only two patients were vaccinated against S. pneumoniae. CURB-65 severity index for community acquired pneumonia was > 3 in 37% of patients. Twenty-four patients were admitted to ICU, twenty required mechanical ventilation and twenty-four died (34%). Mortality was associated with an age over 65 years, presence of comorbidities and complications of pneumonia. A total of 22 serotypes of S. pneumoniae were identified, five of them (1,3,7F,14 y 9V) were present in 57% of cases. Conclusions: Elevated mortality of our BNN patients was associated with comorbidities and possibly with socio economic factors, which conditioned a late access to medical care.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/mortalidade , Bacteriemia/mortalidade , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/microbiologia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Ceftriaxona/uso terapêutico , Comorbidade , Chile/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/microbiologia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/mortalidade , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/tratamento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the introduction of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in hospitalized children under 5 years of age in the southern area of Santiago, Chile. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted on the incidence of IPD and CAP in children under age 5 in the southern area of Santiago (Chile) from 2009 to 2015. The information used was from bacteriology laboratories in four hospitals, the Chilean Institute of Health Public (ISP), and hospital discharge records. RESULTS: A total of 6,461 cases of CAP and 173 cases of IPD were confirmed by the ISP; 169 of these cases were diagnosed in the bacteriology laboratories of the hospitals included in the study. When the incidence of cases in 2010 was compared to 2011-2015, the incidence ratio (IR) of IPD declined 10% annually (p=0.026) and CAP declined by 8% in the same period (p<0.001). Days of hospitalization due to IPD were reduced by 39% (p<0.001). Between 2009 and 2012, seven children died, but since then there have been no deaths due to these diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of the PCV-10 vaccine into the National Immunization Program has had a positive effect, with a significant reduction in IPD and CAP and in days of hospitalization due to IPD, while preventing cases and deaths.
OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da incorporação da vacina pneumocócica 10-valente (PCV 10) na incidência de doença pneumocócica invasiva (DPI) e pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC) em crianças menores de cinco anos internadas em hospital. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico da incidência de DPI e PAC em crianças menores de cinco anos na região sul de Santiago, no Chile, de 2009 a 2015. As fontes de informação usadas foram os registros dos laboratórios de bacteriologia de quatro hospitais, dados do Instituto de Saúde Pública do Chile (ISP) e registros de altas hospitalares. RESULTADOS: Ao todo, 6.461 casos de PAC e 173 casos de DPI foram confirmados pelo ISP, dos quais 169 casos foram diagnosticados nos laboratórios de bacteriologia dos hospitais participantes do estudo. Ao comparar a incidência de casos entre 2010 e o período de 20112015, observou-se um declínio de 10% na taxa de incidência anual de DPI (p = 0,026) e de 8% na de PAC no mesmo período (p<0,001). Os dias de leito ocupado por DPI tiveram uma redução de 39% ao ano (p <0,001). Sete crianças morreram até 2012 e a partir daí não ocorreram mais mortes por estas doenças. CONCLUSÕES: A incorporação da vacina PCV-10 no programa nacional de vacinação surtiu um efeito positivo: houve uma redução significativa do número de casos de DPI e PAC e da ocupação de leitos por DPI e casos e mortes foram evitados.
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RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la incorporación de la vacuna antineumococica 10-valente (PCV 10) en la incidencia de la enfermedad neumocócica invasora (ENI) y en la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) en niños hospitalizados menores de 5 años en el área sur de Santiago de Chile. Métodos Se realizó un estudio ecológico de la incidencia de ENI y NAC en menores de 5 años del área sur de Santiago de Chile de 2009 a 2015. Las fuentes de información utilizadas fueron las de los laboratorios de bacteriología de cuatro hospitales, del Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP) y los registros de egresos hospitalarios. Resultados Un total de 6 461 casos de NAC y 173 casos de ENI fueron confirmados por el ISP, de los cuales 169 casos fueron diagnosticados en los laboratorios de bacteriología de los hospitales incluidos en el estudio. Al comparar la incidencia de casos de 2010 frente a 2011-2015, la razón de incidencias (RI) de ENI se redujo 10% anualmente (p = 0,026) y la de NAC, 8% en el mismo período (p <0,001). El total de días cama ocupados en el período 2009-2015 fue de 39 565 con una mediana de días cama ocupados entre 4 y 5. Hasta 2012 fallecieron 7 niños y desde entonces no ha habido fallecimientos por estas enfermedades. Conclusiones La incorporación de la vacuna PCV-10 en el Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones tuvo un efecto positivo, con una reducción significativa de las ENI y NAC y de la ocupación de camas por ENI y evitó casos y muertes.
ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the introduction of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in hospitalized children under 5 years of age in the southern area of Santiago, Chile. Methods An ecological study was conducted on the incidence of IPD and CAP in children under age 5 in the southern area of Santiago (Chile) from 2009 to 2015. The information used was from bacteriology laboratories in four hospitals, the Chilean Institute of Health Public (ISP), and hospital discharge records. Results A total of 6,461 cases of CAP and 173 cases of IPD were confirmed by the ISP; 169 of these cases were diagnosed in the bacteriology laboratories of the hospitals included in the study. When the incidence of cases in 2010 was compared to 2011-2015, the incidence ratio (IR) of IPD declined 10% annually (p=0.026) and CAP declined by 8% in the same period (p<0.001). Days of hospitalization due to IPD were reduced by 39% (p<0.001). Between 2009 and 2012, seven children died, but since then there have been no deaths due to these diseases. Conclusions The introduction of the PCV-10 vaccine into the National Immunization Program has had a positive effect, with a significant reduction in IPD and CAP and in days of hospitalization due to IPD, while preventing cases and deaths.
RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o efeito da incorporação da vacina pneumocócica 10-valente (PCV 10) na incidência de doença pneumocócica invasiva (DPI) e pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC) em crianças menores de cinco anos internadas em hospital. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo ecológico da incidência de DPI e PAC em crianças menores de cinco anos na região sul de Santiago, no Chile, de 2009 a 2015. As fontes de informação usadas foram os registros dos laboratórios de bacteriologia de quatro hospitais, dados do Instituto de Saúde Pública do Chile (ISP) e registros de altas hospitalares. Resultados Ao todo, 6.461 casos de PAC e 173 casos de DPI foram confirmados pelo ISP, dos quais 169 casos foram diagnosticados nos laboratórios de bacteriologia dos hospitais participantes do estudo. Ao comparar a incidência de casos entre 2010 e o período de 2011-2015, observou-se um declínio de 10% na taxa de incidência anual de DPI (p = 0,026) e de 8% na de PAC no mesmo período (p<0,001). Os dias de leito ocupado por DPI tiveram uma redução de 39% ao ano (p <0,001). Sete crianças morreram até 2012 e a partir daí não ocorreram mais mortes por estas doenças. Conclusões A incorporação da vacina PCV-10 no programa nacional de vacinação surtiu um efeito positivo: houve uma redução significativa do número de casos de DPI e PAC e da ocupação de leitos por DPI e casos e mortes foram evitados.
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Percepção , Saúde do Homem , Masculinidade , Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar , BrasilRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: A total of 192 invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates, from serotypes 11A, 15B/C and 23A (not included in the conjugated vaccines), were collected in Colombia between 1994 and 2014 as part of the activities of the Network surveillance system for the causative agents of pneumonia and meningitis (SIREVA II). OBJECTIVE: To determine the molecular characteristics of invasive S. pneumoniae isolates from serotypes 11A, 15B/C and 23A in Colombia from 1994 to 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The molecular characterization of the isolates was carried out through Pulse-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST). RESULTS: Serotype 11A showed one clonal group represented by ST62. Serotype 15B/C was composed of three groups associated with Netherlands15B-37 ST199 (28.75%), ST8495 (18.75%), and SLV (Single-Locus Variant) of ST193 (21.25%). Isolates from serotype 23A were gathered in three clonal groups, with 70.21% closely related to ST42, 17.02% to Colombia23F-ST338, and 6.38% to Netherlands15B-37 ST199. CONCLUSION: Clones Colombia23F-ST338 and Netherlands15B-ST199 covered more serotypes than those previously found by other authors, including serotype 23A. These analyses reveal the importance of capsular switching in the spreading of successful clones among non-vaccine serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease.
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Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Células Clonais , Colômbia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Sorotipagem , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Resumen Introduction: A total of 192 invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates, from serotypes 11A, 15B/C and 23A (not included in the conjugated vaccines), were collected in Colombia between 1994 and 2014 as part of the activities of the Network surveillance system for the causative agents of pneumonia and meningitis (SIREVA II). Objective: To determine the molecular characteristics ofinvasive S. pneumoniaeisolates from serotypes 11A, 15B/C and 23A in Colombia from 1994 to 2014. Materials and methods: The molecular characterization of the isolates was carried out through Pulse-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST). Results: Serotype 11A showed one clonal group represented by ST62. Serotype 15B/C was composed of three groups associated with Netherlands15B-37 ST199 (28.75%), ST8495 (18.75%), and SLV (Single-Locus Variant) of ST193 (21.25%). Isolates from serotype 23A were gathered in three clonal groups, with70.21% closely related toST42, 17.02% to Colombia23F-ST338, and6.38% to Netherlands15B-37 ST199. Conclusion: Clones Colombia23F-ST338 andNetherlands15B-ST199 covered more serotypes than those previously found by other authors, including serotype 23A. These analyses reveal the importance of capsular switching in the spreading of successful clones among non-vaccine serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease.
Abstract Introducción. En Colombia se recolectaron 192 aislamientos invasivos de Streptococcus pneumoniae de los serotipos 11A, 15B/C y 23A (no incluidos en las vacunas conjugadas) entre 1994 y 2014, como parte de las actividades del Sistema de Redes de Vigilancia de los Agentes Responsables de Neumonías y MeningitisBacterianas (SIREVA II). Objetivo. Determinar las características moleculares de aislamientosinvasivos de los serotipos11A, 15B/C y 23A de S. pneumoniae recolectados en Colombia entre 1994 y 2014. Materiales y métodos. La caracterización molecular de los aislamientos se hizo medianteelectroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (Pulse-Field Gel Electrophoresis, PFGE) y por tipificación de secuencias multilocus (Multilocus Sequence Typing, MLST). Resultados. El serotipo 11A mostró un grupo clonal representadopor el ST62, en tanto que el serotipo15B/C se distribuyó en tres grupos asociados conlos clones Netherlands15B-37 ST199 (28,75 %), ST8495 (18,75 %) y SLV (variante en un solo locus) de ST193 (21,25 %). Los aislamientos con serotipo 23A se agruparon en tres gruposclonales; 70,21 % de ellos estaban estrechamente relacionadoscon elST42, 17,02 % con elColombia23F-ST338, y 6,38 % con el Netherlands15B-37 ST199. Conclusión. Los clones Colombia23F-ST338 y Netherlands15B-ST199 encontrados en este estudio abarcaronmás serotipos de los reportados previamente por otros autores, incluido el serotipo23A. Estos análisis revelan laimportancia de la conmutación(switching) capsular en la expansión de clones exitosos entre los serotipos no vacunales como causa de enfermedad invasiva neumocócica.
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Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genética , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Sorotipagem , Vigilância da População , Incidência , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Células Clonais , Colômbia , Tipagem de Sequências MultilocusRESUMO
RESUMO Objetivo: As doenças causadas pela bactéria Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococo) são importantes causas de morbimortalidade no mundo, principalmente em indivíduos nos extremos de idade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os benefícios e custos incrementais associados à vacina pneumocócica conjugada 13-valente PCV13 (Prevenar® 13), comparada à não utilização de vacina e à utilização de vacina pneumocócica polissacarídica PPSV23 no Sistema de Saúde Suplementar, por meio de uma análise de custo-efetividade. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de custo-efetividade utilizando um modelo de Markov que englobou os estados de saúde saudável, doença pneumocócica e morte. Neste estudo foram incluídos dados clínicos de pacientes com doença pneumocócica (bacteremia, meningite, internações por pneumonia e pneumonias ambulatoriais), custos médicos diretos e indiretos, considerando um horizonte de tempo de três anos, com ciclos anuais e uma coorte hipotética de pacientes com 50 anos ou mais. Análises de sensibilidade univariada e probabilística também foram realizadas. Resultados: A utilização da vacina PCV13 se mostrou dominante em relação às demais estratégias nos pacientes com risco baixo, moderado e alto. A análise de sensibilidade probabilística indica que a chance de PCV13 ser a estratégia mais custo-efetiva é de 90%, quando um limiar de R$ 12.000 para cada ano de vida ganho é definido. Conclusões: Foi possível observar que a utilização da vacina PCV13 para a prevenção de doenças pneumocócicas em adultos com 50 anos ou mais, considerando o desfecho clínico "anos de vida salvos", pode ser a estratégia mais eficiente quando comparada à não vacinação ou à utilização da vacina PPSV23.
Diseases caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae are important sources of morbidity and mortality around the world, specially in regard to elderly people. We sought to assess costs and benefits inherent to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13, Prevenar® 13) compared to pneumococcal polysaccharide vacine (PPSV23) and the policy of does providing vaccine in the perspective of Brazilian Private Health System. Methods: A cost-effectiveness analysis model was performed by means of a Markov modelling which comprised the health states healthy, pneumococcal disease and death. In this study were included clinical data of patients with pneumococcal disease (bacteremia, meningitis, hospitalization due to pneumonia and community acquired pneumonia) and direct and indirect medical costs. A three year time horizon and an annual cycle were set. The hypothetic cohort corresponds to patients aging 50 years or more. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. Results: PCV13 is dominant over PPSV23 and non- -vaccination policy in low- moderate- and high-risk patients. Probabilistic analysis shows that PCV13 has a probability of being 90% more cost-effective when a threshold of BRL 12.000 is defined for each incremental life-year gained. Conclusions: Considering the outcome life-years gained PCV13 is the strategy that most promote value for money in patients aging 50 years or more, in the Brazilian Private Health System.
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Humanos , Infecções Pneumocócicas , Avaliação em Saúde , Análise Custo-Benefício , Vacinas PneumocócicasRESUMO
We examined nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization density patterns surrounding acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) in young children in Peru. Pneumococcal densities were dynamic, gradually increasing leading up to an ARI, peaking during the ARI, and decreasing after the ARI. Rhinovirus co-infection was associated with higher pneumococcal densities.
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Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/microbiologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Doença Aguda , Carga Bacteriana , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Peru/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Vigilância da População , Infecções Respiratórias/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologiaRESUMO
La incorporación de la vacuna conjugada antineumocóc-cica 10 valente (PCV10) en lactantes en Chile el año 2011 ha permitido reducir las hospitalizaciones y muertes por neumonía en este grupo etario. Sin embargo, se ha observado desde entonces un aumento progresivo de los aislados de Streptococcus pneumoniae del serotipo 19A no incluido en la vacuna en uso (de < 5% del total de cepas recibidas en el Laboratorio de Referencia Nacional del Instituto de Salud Pública para vigilancia de infecciones invasores causadas por S. pneumoniae hasta el año 2010, a 12-23% en los años 2014-2015). En lactantes, el serotipo 19A representaba 4 a 8% de los aislados en la era pre vacuna, porcentaje que se incrementa a 25% el 2014. Este aumento ha ocurrido en dos terceras partes de las regiones administrativas del país. Cepas del serotipo 19A de pacientes menores de 5 años, muestran 25% de resistencia a penicilina para aislados extra-meníngeos y casi 100% para aislados de meningitis. El análisis genético de las cepas del serotipo 19A ha demostrado que 48% pertenecen al complejo clonal 320 de carácter pandémico y asociado a resistencia antimicrobiana. Además, casi todas las infecciones invasoras por serotipo 19A en niños se han dado en pacientes con esquema completo de vacunación PCV10. Los cambios epidemiológicos presentados indican la emergencia de infecciones invasoras por el serotipo 19A y la necesidad de controlar este problema con el cambio de la vacuna PCV10 a la vacuna PCV13 que contiene el serotipo 19A.
Inclusion of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV10) in the Chilean infant vaccination Program in 2011 was followed by a reduction of hospital admissions and pneumonia-related deaths in this age group. However, a progressive increase of serotype 19A pneumococcal isolates (not included in PCV10) has been observed. According to the analysis of pneumococcal strains performed by the national reference laboratory of the Institute of Public Health as part of a national surveillance on invasive pneumococcal infections, the relative proportion of serotype 19A isolates increased from <5% before 2010 to 12-23% in years 2014-2015. Serotype 19A represented 4-8% of the isolates in the pre-vaccine era among children less than 2 years, increasing to 25% during 2014. This increase has been documented in two-thirds of the national territory. Aimong children <5 years of age, 25% of 19A serotype isolates from non-meningeal infections were penicillin resistant wheras from meningeal infections near 100% were penicillin resistant. Genetic analysis indicates that 48% of these 19A strains belong to clonal complex 320, recognized for its pandemic potential and high antimicrobial resistance. Among children, most invasive infections secondary to serotype 19A have occurred in patients fully vaccinated with PCV10. These epidemiological changes indicate an increase in invasive pneumococcal infections by serotype 19A in Chile and the need to control this problem by changing the current PCV10 for the PCV13 vaccine containing serotype 19A.