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Stream ecosystems are spatially heterogeneous, with many different habitat patches distributed within a small area. The influence of this heterogeneity on the biodiversity of benthic insect communities is well documented; however, studies of the role of habitat heterogeneity in species coexistence and assembly remain limited. Here, we investigated how habitat heterogeneity influences spatial structure (beta biodiversity) and phylogenetic structure (evolutionary processes) of benthic stonefly (Plecoptera, Insecta) communities. We sampled 20 sites along two Alpine rivers, including seven habitats in four different reaches (headwaters, meandering, bar-braided floodplain, and lowland spring-fed). We identified 21 morphological species and delineated 52 DNA-species based on sequences from mitochondrial cox1 and nuclear ITS markers. Using DNA-species, we first analysed the patterns of variation in richness, diversity, and assemblage composition by quantifing the contribution of each reach and habitat to the overall DNA-species diversity using an additive partition analysis and distance-based redundancy analysis. Using gene-tree phylogenies, we assessed whether environmental filtering could lead to the co-occurrence of DNA-species using a two-step analysis to detect a phylogenetic signal. All four reaches significantly contributed to DNA-species richness, with the meandering reach having the highest contribution. Habitats had an effect on DNA-species diversity, where glide, riffle and, pool influenced the spatial structure of stonefly assemblage possibly due to the high habitat heterogeneity. Among the habitats, the pool showed significant phylogenetic clustering, suggesting high levels of evolutionary adaptation and strong habitat filtering. This assemblage structure may be caused by long-term stability of the habitat and the similar requirements for co-occurring species. Our study shows the importance of different habitats for the spatial and phylogenetic structure of stonefly assemblage and sheds light on the habitat-specific diversity that may help improve conservation practices.

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ABSTRACT Prof. Dr. Claudio Gilberto Froehlich's career is presented here using numbers and actions guided by a genuine way to study biodiversity, especially aquatic ecosystems. An extensive number of publications is accompanied by an investment in human resources training and establishing a vast network of collaborators and friendships. Dr. Peter Zwick mentioned the Southeast Region of Brazil as "Froehlich's Autonomous Stonefly Republic", to express the magnitude of Prof. Froehlich's scientific production on Neotropical Plecoptera. In this special volume in honor of Prof. Froehlich, the numbers of his career support Zwick's affirmation. Thirty-nine students graduated in MSc and/or PhD courses, two books, and 20 book chapters were published, as well as 95 articles on geoplanids, onychophorans, cnidarians, mayflies, coleopterans, caddisflies, and especially stoneflies. Froehlich's legacy includes different ways to observe nature, from taxonomy to ecology, from flatworms to stoneflies.

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Based on collections made from streams of the Itapecuru, Parnaíba and Tocantins River basins, three species of Anacroneuria Klapálek are recorded for the first time from Maranhão State, northeastern Brazil: A. atrifrons Klapálek, A. minuta Klapálek and A. singularis Righi-Cavallaro Lecci. Additionally, A. leccii sp. nov. is described from this material and remarks concerning A. marlieri are also presented.

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Chloroniella Esben-Petersen is a relict, monotypic genus of Corydalidae (Megaloptera), considered sister to the remaining dobsonfly genera (Corydalinae); it is the only genus of Corydalinae known from the Afrotropical region. The larva of its only species, C. peryngueyi Esben-Petersen, 1924, was originally described by Barnard in 1931. Herein we redescribe the larva of C. peryngueyi using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), colored focus-stacked images, and drawings in order to provide greater morphological detail of this significant species. Also, we propose a standardized terminology for Corydalidae larval sclerites.

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Adults of Plecoptera of the family Perlidae were studied from seven municipalities of Roraima State, Brazil. One new species of Macrogynoplax Enderlein, 1909 was discovered and is described. We also report seven species of Anacroneuria Klapálek 1909 that represent two new country records for Brazil, A. caraca Stark, 1995 and A. cruza Stark, 1995, and five species, A. atrifrons Klapálek, 1922, A. blanca Stark, 1995, A. minuta Klapálek 1922, A. marlieri Froehlich 2001 and A. pictipes Klapálek 1923 that are new records for Roraima State. Additionally, we reported variant specimens of A. marlieri and A. minuta.

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The lack of nymph-adult associations limits our knowledge of the ecology, history and sensitivity of aquatic insects. In this study, the new species, Anacroneuria suerre sp. nov is described from Costa Rica based on the male, female, and nymphal stages. We briefly discuss the use of Plecoptera in ecotoxicological studies.

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A new Loneura species from the Brazilian state of Bahia (Loneura baiana n. sp.), is here described and illustrated. It is assignable to a species group of the genus but not to any of its subgroups. The previously unknown female of Loneura maracaensis Garcia Aldrete is described and illustrated, comments on variation in the fore- and hindwing venation of two male specimens of this species are included. Information on sexes known and distribution is included for all known species of Loneura.

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The stoneflies of the family Gripopterygidae have a Gondwanan distribution (Australian, Neotropical, and Andean regions) and include about 300 species in five recognized subfamilies. The subfamily Gripopteryginae is restricted to the Neotropics and the Andean regions of South America, including 15 genera and about 80 species. Tupiperla Froehlich, with 20 species, is the largest genus among the South American Gripopteryginae. The genus has been recorded from Brazil, Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina. In Brazil, Tupiperla has been recorded from southern, southeastern, and the mountainous areas of central and northeastern, primarily from streams of the Atlantic Forest. We studied specimens of Tupiperla collected from the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. Herein, five new species of Tupiperla are described: T. pinhoi sp. nov., T. serrulata sp. nov., T. pessacqi sp. nov., T. ubuntu sp. nov., and T. zwicki sp. nov.

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The putative female, nymph and egg of Enderleina preclara are described from specimens collected in the Kukenán-tepui foothills and Acopán-tepui foothills and plateau of Venezuela. Morphological and molecular approaches were employed to characterize these stages. Diagnostic keys for males and females of the described Enderleina species are also presented. The nymph is also morphologically compared with those of other Enderleina species. Comments on the ecology of this species and erroneous information regarding the putative type locality of E. preclara are provided.

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Two new species of Anacroneuria are described. Anacroneuria bandido sp. n. is described from Coclé and Veraguas provinces of central Panama, and A. tuberculata sp. n. is proposed to provide a new name for a species previously identified from Costa Rica as A. magnirufa Jewett, 1958. New locality records are presented for eight species previously reported from Panama. The female of one species from Bocas del Toro province is described under an informal designation. There are now 26 recognized species of Plecoptera known from Panama.

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Adults of Anacroneuria Klapálek (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from an unexplored area of the Tocantins State, Brazil were studied. As result, we describe A. zantedeschia n. sp and present new geographic records for the genus. Additionally, we also include comments for A. corae Bispo Novaes, A. debilis (Pictet), A. marlieri Froehlich, A. minuta Klapálek, A. singularis Righi-Cavallaro Lecci and A. otafroehlichi Righi-Cavallaro Lecci.

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Andiperla morenensis n. sp. is described from the Perito Moreno Glacier, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. The new species differs from its only congener, A. willinki, Aubert, 1956 by tergum X produced into an acute lobe directed posteriorly and by the presence of a small epiproct. The18S rRNA and COI gene sequence of A. morenensis n. sp. is provided.

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The Neotropical stonefly genus Anacroneuria (Perlidae) is represented by approximately 80 species in Brazil, but the nymphs of only 11 of these species have been associated and described. In this paper, we describe the previously unknown nymph of A. iporanga from Intervales State Park, São Paulo State, Brazil and present biological observations for this species.

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Anacroneuria singularis is newly reported from the northern Brazilian state of Rondônia in the western Amazonia. Records for this species are also reported for the central-western and southeastern regions of Brazil. Knowledge of the distribution of a species is fundamental for allowing better conservation planning, especially the identification of nymphs which can be used to evaluate water quality of Amazonian streams.

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The continuous pursuit of welfare and economic development through the exploitation of natural resources by human societies consequently resulted in the ongoing process of climate change. Changes in the distribution of species towards the planet's poles and mountain tops are some of the expected to biological consequences of this process. Here, we assessed the potential effects of future climate change on four cool-adapted Gripopterygidae (Insecta: Plecoptera) species [Gripopteryx garbei Navás 1936, G. cancellata (Pictet 1841), Tupiperla gracilis (Burmeister 1839), and T. tessellata (Brauer 1866)] from Southeastern Brazilian Atlantic forest. As species adapted to cold conditions, in the future scenarios of climate change, we expected these organisms to shrink/change their distributions ranges towards areas with suitable climatic conditions in Southern Brazilian regions, when compared with their predicted distributions in present climatic conditions. We used seven principal components derived from 19 environmental variables from Worldclim database for the present scenario and also seven principal components obtained from 17 different Atmosphere-Ocean Global Circulation Models (AOGCMs), considering the most severe emission scenario for green-house gases to predict the species' distributions. Depending on the climatic scenario considered, there were polewards distribution range changes of the species. Additionally, we also observed an important decrease in the amount of protected modeled range for the species in the future scenarios. Considering that this Brazilian region may become hotter in the future and have its precipitation regime changed, as observed in the severe 2013-2014 drought, we believe these species adapted to high altitudes will be severely threatened in the future.

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The genera Macrogynoplax Enderlein, 1909 and Kempnyia Klapálek, 1914 are reported for the first time from Tocantins State, a new locality record for Brazil. The nymphs of M. matogrossensis Bispo & Neves (2005) and K. goiana Bispo & Froehlich (2004) are described. Additionally, we also describe the female of K. goiana.

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The last nymphal instars of Anacroneuria planicollis Klapálek, 1923 and A. quetzali Gutiérrez-Fonseca and Springer, 2015 are described from the Caldera River, Chiriquí Province, Panamá. The adult female of A. quetzali is associated for the first time and described also from the Caldera River, Chiriquí Province, Panamá.

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Enderleina Jewett, 1960 is a small genus of Perlidae with seven species occurring in Venezuela and northern Brazil. Specimens deposited in the Invertebrate Collection of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil, identified formerly as E. flinti Stark, 1989 (n = 3) and E. yano Stark, 1989 (n = 6), were determined to represent three taxa, two of which are new species. Both new species were collected in Amazonas State, Brazil and are distinctive within the genus due to their unique adult color patterns. The third taxon is represented by a female similar to E. khazeni Derka Tierno Figueroa, 2013, the male of which was described from the nearby Gran Sabana, Venezuela. However, since the female of this species is not known, the specific identity of this female cannot be assigned specifically with confidence. In this paper, we describe two new species of Enderleina from Brazil, clarifying the specific status of the Enderleina specimens in the collection of INPA, and correcting the geographical distributions of E. flinti and E. yano. There are no valid records of these two species for Brazil. Currently, four species of the genus are known from Brazil.

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The species diversity of the Plecoptera of the Brazilian Amazon is still little known, although some localities have been relatively well-studied. A preliminary list of 27 valid Plecoptera species, based on collections from 66 different localities is presented. Additional efforts to collect Plecoptera at new sites should considerably increase the number of recorded species of Amazonian.

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Specimens of Anacroneuria Klapálek 1909 (Plecoptera: Perlidae) and Tupiperla Froehlich 1969 (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae) from the headwater springs of the National Integration River (São Francisco River), Serra da Canastra National Park, in Minas Gerais State, of southeastern Brazil, were studied. A new species, Anacroneuria saofrancisco n. sp. is described and the descriptions of the nymph and the female of A. saofrancisco are also presented.

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