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The joint and relative effects of future land-use and climate change on fire occurrence in the Amazon, as well its seasonal variation, are still poorly understood, despite its recognized importance. Using the maximum entropy method (MaxEnt), we combined regional land-use projections and climatic data from the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble to investigate the monthly probability of fire occurrence in the mid (2041-2070) and late (2071-2100) 21st century in the Brazilian Amazon. We found striking spatial variation in the fire relative probability (FRP) change along the months, with October showing the highest overall change. Considering climate only, the area with FRP ≥ 0.3 (a threshold chosen based on the literature) in October increases 6.9% by 2071-2100 compared to the baseline period under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 27.7% under the RCP 8.5. The best-case land-use scenario ("Sustainability") alone causes a 10.6% increase in the area with FRP ≥ 0.3, while the worse-case land-use scenario ("Fragmentation") causes a 73.2% increase. The optimistic climate-land-use projection (Sustainability and RCP 4.5) causes a 21.3% increase in the area with FRP ≥ 0.3 in October by 2071-2100 compared to the baseline period. In contrast, the most pessimistic climate-land-use projection (Fragmentation and RCP 8.5) causes a widespread increase in FRP (113.5% increase in the area with FRP ≥ 0.3), and prolongs the fire season, displacing its peak. Combining the Sustainability land-use and RCP 8.5 scenarios causes a 39.1% increase in the area with FRP ≥ 0.3. We conclude that avoiding the regress on land-use governance in the Brazilian Amazon (i.e., decrease in the extension and level of conservation of the protected areas, reduced environmental laws enforcement, extensive road paving, and increased deforestation) would substantially mitigate the effects of climate change on fire probability, even under the most pessimistic RCP 8.5 scenario.

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Resumen Introducción: tradicionalmente, los pólipos colónicos se miden empíricamente por estimación visual y con las pinzas de biopsia, aunque dichos métodos son inexactos. Diferentes métodos han sido investigados, pero no tienen la exactitud esperada. Por lo anterior, se realizó este trabajo para construir un algoritmo que permitiera medir los pólipos a partir de fotografías tomadas con el colonoscopio. Materiales y métodos: el trabajo se realizó en tres fases. En la primera, se construyó un algoritmo en el programa MATLAB. Se capturaron fotos en formato JPG con el colonoscopio. En la segunda fase, con el algoritmo se midieron imágenes de objetos con tamaños conocidos para verificar la exactitud del algoritmo. Después de verificar la exactitud, fue sometida al algoritmo la fotografía de los pólipos del colon. En la tercera fase, se utilizaron imágenes de pólipos previamente enviadas a tres expertos. Todas las fotografías fueron tomadas con el colonoscopio Olympus Exera II. Resultados: en los objetos menores de 5 mm, el algoritmo sobreestimó el tamaño entre 0,11 y 0,08 mm; en los mayores de 5 mm, sobreestimó el tamaño entre 0,25 mm y 1,76 mm en los de 22 mm. Los expertos sobrestimaron los tamaños de manera importante. En los pólipos de 7, 8 y 9 mm, los expertos dijeron que medían 12, 15 y 18 mm, respectivamente. Conclusión: el algoritmo desarrollado tiene adecuada exactitud para medir pólipos colónicos. Por su fácil consecución y utilización, podría ser una herramienta para solucionar la dificultad de medir pólipos durante una colonoscopia.

Abstract Introduction: Traditionally, colon polyps' measurements have been empirically estimated visually and with biopsy forceps, but neither method is inaccurate. Other methods have been studied but have not had the accuracy expected. The research reported here was undertaken to address this issue by building an algorithm for measure polyps from photographs taken through a colonoscope. Materials and methods: The study was done in three phases. First, an algorithm was built in MATLAB, and photos taken with a colonoscope were stored in the JPG format. In the second phase, images of objects with known sizes were checked against the algorithm to verify its accuracy. After verification of the algorithm's accuracy, photographs of colon polyps were measured using the algorithm. In phase 3, images of polyps previously sent to three experts were measured with the algorithm. All photographs were taken with an Olympus Exera II Colonoscope. Results: For objects smaller than 5 mm, the algorithm overestimated sizes by 0.11 to 0.08 mm. For those greater than 5 mm, it overestimated sizes by 0.25 mm to 1.76 mm in those of 22 mm. The experts seriously overestimated sizes. They estimated that 7 mm polyps measured 12 mm, 8 mm polyps measured 15 mm, and 9 mm polyps measured 18mm. Conclusion: The algorithm developed is sufficiently accurate for measuring colon polyps and is easy to obtain and relatively easy to use. It could become a tool for overcoming the difficulty of measuring polyps during a colonoscopy.

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The strong El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event that occurred in 2015-2016 caused extreme drought in the northern Brazilian Amazon, especially in the state of Roraima, increasing fire occurrence. Here we map the extent of precipitation and fire anomalies and quantify the effects of climatic and anthropogenic drivers on fire occurrence during the 2015-2016 dry season (from December 2015 to March 2016) in the state of Roraima. To achieve these objectives we first estimated the spatial pattern of precipitation anomalies, based on long-term data from the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission), and the fire anomaly, based on MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) active fire detections during the referred period. Then, we integrated climatic and anthropogenic drivers in a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model to quantify fire probability, assessing (1) the model accuracy during the 2015-2016 and the 2016-2017 dry seasons; (2) the relative importance of each predictor variable on the model predictive performance; and (3) the response curves, showing how each environmental variable affects the fire probability. Approximately 59% (132,900 km2 ) of the study area was exposed to precipitation anomalies ≤-1 standard deviation (SD) in January and ~48% (~106,800 km2 ) in March. About 38% (86,200 km2 ) of the study area experienced fire anomalies ≥1 SD in at least one month between December 2015 and March 2016. The distance to roads and the direct ENSO effect on fire occurrence were the two most influential variables on model predictive performance. Despite the improvement of governmental actions of fire prevention and firefighting in Roraima since the last intense ENSO event (1997-1998), we show that fire still gets out of control in the state during extreme drought events. Our results indicate that if no prevention actions are undertaken, future road network expansion and a climate-induced increase in water stress will amplify fire occurrence in the northern Amazon, even in its humid dense forests. As an additional outcome of our analysis, we conclude that the model and the data we used may help to guide on-the-ground fire-prevention actions and firefighting planning and therefore minimize fire-related ecosystems degradation, economic losses and carbon emissions in Roraima.

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Objetivou-se com este trabalho observar as mudanças do parênquima testicular de acordo com o fotoperíodo e com a faixa etária dos animais por meio da ecotextura testicular e a viabilidade do uso do ultrassom na avaliação testicular. Foram utilizados 4 animais desde o 6° até o 13° mês de idade. Os exames ecográficos foram realizados a cada 15 dias para avaliar a ecotextura testicular. O parênquima testicular mostrou-se moderadamente ecogênico e homogêneo. Foi observado comportamento semelhante na ecotextura testicular durante o período de avaliação, sendo maior no 8º mês de idade, quando o volume testicular também foi maior; tais mudanças foram relacionadas com o fotoperíodo da região. A avaliação ultrassonográfica dos testículos mostrou-se um método eficiente, capaz de detectar as mudanças no parênquima testicular ao longo do tempo, e como ferramenta alternativa para diferenciação de condições normais e patológicas em caprinos.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to observe changes in the testicular parenchyma of male goats. Changes were observed in terms of goat age, evaluating the echotexture and ultrasound viability in the testicles. Four animals were used, ranging from six to 13 months of age. The echographic examinations were performed every 15 days to assess echotexture of the testicle. The testicular parenchyma appeared moderately echogenic and homogeneous. Similar results were observed in testicular echotexture during the evaluation period. The highest results appearing during the eighth month of age, when the testicular volume was also highest; such changes were related to the regional photoperiod. The ultrasound evaluation of the testicles was shown to be an effective method, ultimately capable of detecting changes in testicular parenchyma over time, being an alternative to differentiation normal and pathological conditions in goats.(AU)

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Objetivou-se com este trabalho observar as mudanças do parênquima testicular de acordo com o fotoperíodo e com a faixa etária dos animais por meio da ecotextura testicular e a viabilidade do uso do ultrassom na avaliação testicular. Foram utilizados 4 animais desde o 6° até o 13° mês de idade. Os exames ecográficos foram realizados a cada 15 dias para avaliar a ecotextura testicular. O parênquima testicular mostrou-se moderadamente ecogênico e homogêneo. Foi observado comportamento semelhante na ecotextura testicular durante o período de avaliação, sendo maior no 8º mês de idade, quando o volume testicular também foi maior; tais mudanças foram relacionadas com o fotoperíodo da região. A avaliação ultrassonográfica dos testículos mostrou-se um método eficiente, capaz de detectar as mudanças no parênquima testicular ao longo do tempo, e como ferramenta alternativa para diferenciação de condições normais e patológicas em caprinos...

The purpose of this study was to observe changes in the testicular parenchyma of male goats. Changes were observed in terms of goat age, evaluating the echotexture and ultrasound viability in the testicles. Four animals were used, ranging from six to 13 months of age. The echographic examinations were performed every 15 days to assess echotexture of the testicle. The testicular parenchyma appeared moderately echogenic and homogeneous. Similar results were observed in testicular echotexture during the evaluation period. The highest results appearing during the eighth month of age, when the testicular volume was also highest; such changes were related to the regional photoperiod. The ultrasound evaluation of the testicles was shown to be an effective method, ultimately capable of detecting changes in testicular parenchyma over time, being an alternative to differentiation normal and pathological conditions in goats...

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Introducción: el desarrollo tecnológico vertiginoso, aplicado al diagnóstico mediante imágenes radiológicas digitales ha abierto una nueva dimensión en la valoración cualitativa y cuantitativa de los componentes esqueléticos y dentales así como también en la verificación y control de tratamientos con materiales biocompatibles. El conocimiento del perfil matemático estándar de las estructuras naturales y los materiales biodentales utilizados, permite la detección de alteraciones estructurales ya sea por patologías como también fallas en los materiales utilizados en la reparación de los daños odontológicos más comunes. Métodos: mediante radiología digital directa (RDD), se analizó el perfil de valor numérico de atenuación de estructuras anatómicas y materiales dentales más comúnmente manifiestos en imágenes panorámicas. Resultados y conclusiones: la escala tonal de grises varío desde el 0 hasta el 255, valores correspondientes a los tonos de píxeles.

Introduction: the fast technological development applied to medical digital images has opened a new dimension in the qualitative and quantitative assesment of dental and skeletal components, as well as treatment control when biomaterials are used. The knowledge of the Mathematical Standard Profiles and biomaterials used allows the detection of structural alterations such as pathology and dental materials failures. Methods: direct digital panoramic images were taken and the numerical absoprtion value of anatomical structures and dental materials most commonly seen in panoramic images were analyzed. Results and conclusions: the gray tone scale varied from 0 to 255, corresponding to the value of the tones of pixels observable and dependent on electric current in Digital radiographic technology applied to maxillofacial area.

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Esta pesquisa objetivou comparar a densidade relativa de fragmentos ósseos mandibulares de suínos com a de penetrômetros de alumínio e comparar a densidade entre dois penetrômetros. Utilizou-se dois penetrômetros de alumínio de diferentes fabricações, denominados de P1 e P2, constituídos por 16 degraus, com 0,3 mm de espessura e 5 fragmentos da cortical vestibular de mandíbulas secas de suínos. Os fragmentos e os penetrômetros foram radiografados com filmes Ultra-speed, tempo de exposição de 0,32 segundos e distância focal de 25 cm. As radiografias foram processadas em uma câmara escura pelo método de tempo e temperatura, e posteriormente digitalizadas. As imagens foram analisadas por meio da ferramenta histograma do programa Image Tool, de acordo com áreas selecionadas nos fragmentos ósseos e nos penetrômetros. A análise dos resultados pelos testes estatísticos ANOVA e Tukey, mostrou que não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes dos valores da densidade entre os fragmentos ósseos e o degrau 3 (3,6 mmEq/Al) do penetrômetro P1 (p > 0,05). Observou-se que houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os valores da densidade dos fragmentos ósseos e dos degraus 1 (3 mmEq/Al), 2 (3,3 mmEq/Al) e 3 (3,6 mmEq/Al) do penetrômetro P2 (p < 0,05). Finalmente, constatou-se que houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes dos valores da densidade relativa dos degraus 1 (3 mmEq/Al), 2 (3,3 mmEq/Al) e 3 (3,6 mmEq/Al), entre os penetrômetros P1 e P2 (p < 0,05). Concluiu-se que foi possível atribuir valores em milímetros equivalentes de alumínio à densidade relativa dos fragmentos ósseos, e que existe diferença da densidade em pixels entre penetrômetros constituídos pelo mesmo metal, porém com fabricações diferentes, tornando-se necessário a sua padronização quando utilizado como material de referência para estudos de densidade óssea.

This research aimed to compare the relative density of swine?s mandible bone ships with aluminum stepwedge and to compare the density of two different stepwedges. It was used two aluminum stepwedges on different manufacturers, P1 and P2, and 5 fragments from bucal cortical of the dry swine?s mandible. The bone chips and the stepwedges were radiographed using Ultra-speed films, with an exposure time of 0.32s and a focus-film distance of 25 cm. The films were processed manually by the time/temperature method. After that, they were digitalized and analyzed using the histogram tool, from Image Tool software. The data were analyzed by statistics tests of ANOVA and Tukey (5%). The results showed that there was no estatistical differences between the densities of the bone chips and the step number 3 (3,6 mmEq/Al) of the P1 stepwedge (p > 0.05). There were statistical differences between the densities of the bone chips and the steps number 1 (3,0 mmEq/Al), number 2 (3,3 mmEq/Al) and number 3 (3,6 mmEq/Al) of the P2 stepwedge (p < 0.05). Finally, there were statistical differences of densities of the steps number 1, 2 and 3 between both stepwedges (p < 0.05). It was concluded that it is possible to attribute values in aluminum equivalent millimeters to the relative density of bone chips and that there is difference of density in pixels between stepwedges composed with the same metal, although they are from different manufacturers. It is very important to standardize the type of stepwedge when it is used as reference material in bone density studies.

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