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Introducción: La pileflebitis, trombosis séptica del sistema portal por cuadros inflamatorios agudos abdominales, se presenta con manifestaciones clínicas variables en dependencia de la causa de origen y por rama portal afectado. El diagnóstico incluye función hepática normal o ligeramente alterada con leucocitosis, hemocultivos positivos, eco doppler o tomografía computarizada que corrobore la enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir la pileflebitis como una complicación inusual en una paciente embarazada con apendicitis aguda, desde su concepto, fisiopatología, presentación clínica, diagnóstico y medidas terapéuticas. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina de 18 años, gestante, que refirió dolor abdominal de gran intensidad, acompañado de vómito y deposiciones diarreicas y tinte ictérico. Por tales motivos fue trasladada al Hospital General Docente Ambato. Se diagnosticó sepsis de origen abdominal por apendicitis aguda perforada, peritonitis generalizada complicada con pileflebitis. Se realizó intervención quirúrgica y resolución del cuadro clínico. Conclusiones: La pileflebitis presenta una gran dificultad diagnóstica, por lo que herramientas como la ecografía doppler y la tomografía computarizada son de ayuda en estos casos. Los pilares del tratamiento incluyen control del foco séptico abdominal y tratar la pileflebitis(AU)
Introduction: Pylephlebitis, septic thrombosis of the portal system due to acute abdominal inflammatory conditions, it presents with variable clinical signs depending on the cause of origin and the affected portal branch. Diagnosis includes normal or mildly impaired liver function with leukocytosis, positive blood cultures, Doppler echocardiography, or computed tomography confirming the disease. Objective: To describe pylephlebitis as an unusual complication in a pregnant patient with acute appendicitis, referring to its concept, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and therapeutic measures. Clinical case report: This is the case of an 18-year-old female pregnant patient, who had severe abdominal pain, accompanied by vomiting, diarrhea and jaundiced stools. For such reasons, she was transferred to the Ambato General Teaching Hospital. Sepsis of abdominal origin was diagnosed due to acute perforated appendicitis, generalized peritonitis complicated with pylephlebitis. Surgical intervention was performed and the clinical condition was solved. Conclusions: Pylephlebitis represents a great diagnostic difficulty, hence tools such as Doppler ultrasound and computed tomography are helpful in these cases. The mainstays of treatment include control of the abdominal septic focus and treating pylephlebitis(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Apendicite/complicações , Peritonite , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios , Ecocardiografia Doppler/métodos , Vômito , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Ultrassonografia DopplerRESUMO
Resumen La pileflebitis o trombosis séptica portal es una complicación rara pero con gran morbilidad y mortalidad de los procesos infecciosos abdominales que drenan al sistema venoso portal. Con mayor frecuencia se relaciona con la apendicitis y diverticulitis. La incidencia ha aumentado en los últimos años con la disponibilidad de pruebas de imagen, como ecografía y tomografía axial computada abdominal. Esta facilidad en el diagnóstico y sobre todo la prescripción de antibióticos han mejorado el pronóstico, aunque no hay claro consenso en cuanto al tratamiento de esta infección y la anticoagulación es un tema controvertido.
Abstract Pylephlebitis or suppurative thrombophlebitis of the portal mesenteric venous system is a rare but deadly complication of abdominal infections drained by the portal venous system. Usually, it is seen in the setting of appendicitis and diverticulitis. The incidence have been increased in the last years because of the use of modern diagnosis imaging such as ultrasonography and computed tomography scans. The more sensitive imaging techniques and the availability of antibiotics have improve the prognosis, although there is not consensus about the empiric antibiotic regimens and the anticoagulation therapy is a controversial topic.
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RESUMEN: La pileflebitis es la tromboflebitis séptica de la vena porta y/o de sus ramas, que suele presentarse de manera aguda y generalmente como complicación de procesos inflamatorios intraabdominales. La clínica es inespecífica. El diagnóstico es clínico e imagenológico. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la patogenia de esta entidad y sus modos de presentación clínica y radiológica a través del análisis de un caso clínico. Enfatizamos la importancia del diagnóstico temprano que permite su tratamiento dirigido y eficaz.
ABSTRACT: Pylephlebitis is thrombophlebitis of the portal vein and/ or of its branches; it is acute and generally arises as a complication of inflammatory intra-abdominal processes. The clinical is non-specific. The diagnosis is clinical and radiological. The aims of this study are to review the pathophysiology of this entity and its clinical and radiological presentation through the a clinical case. We wish to emphasize tha importance of early diagnosis, which make it possible to establish an efficient treatment.
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BACKGROUND: Pylephlebitis or septic thrombophlebitis of the portal venous system is a rare but serious complication of intra-abdominal infections which drain into the portal venous system. Its diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion and imaging tests, mainly a computed tomography scan, given the lack of specificity of the signs and symptoms. Spread of septic emboli is the major cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to analyse patients diagnosed in our hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study of patients diagnosed with pylephlebitis in our hospital. CLINICAL CASES: Four patients were included, 3 men and one woman. In 3 cases it was acute cholecystitis that led to the diagnosis of pylephlebitis at the same time as the intra-abdominal infection. Emergency surgery was performed in one case, whilst the other 2 were treated conservatively. Blood cultures were performed in all cases, and empirical antibiotic treatment was used. In the only case of acute appendicitis, diagnosis of pylephlebitis was achieved during the study of postoperative fever, with empirical antibiotic treatment also being started. The haematologist was requested to start the required anticoagulation therapy in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Pylephlebitis is a rare complication of intra-abdominal infections that may make lead to a worse outcome. A high level of suspicion is required as well as imaging tests to make an early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Assuntos
Apendicite/complicações , Infecções por Bacteroides/complicações , Colecistite/complicações , Embolia/etiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/complicações , Infecções por Klebsiella/complicações , Veia Porta , Tromboflebite/etiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Apendicectomia , Bacteriemia/etiologia , Infecções por Bacteroides/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Bacteroides/cirurgia , Colecistectomia , Colecistite/cirurgia , Coinfecção , Terapia Combinada , Emergências , Enterococcus faecium/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/cirurgia , Humanos , Infecções por Klebsiella/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Klebsiella/cirurgia , Klebsiella oxytoca/isolamento & purificação , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Fígado/irrigação sanguínea , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Veia Porta/diagnóstico por imagem , Veia Porta/microbiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tromboflebite/diagnóstico por imagem , Tromboflebite/tratamento farmacológico , Tromboflebite/microbiologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
La pileflebitis, que es una trombosis séptica de la vena porta o en una de sus tributarias, es una complicación infrecuente de procesos inflamatorios intra-abdominales que pueden llevar a la trombosis de la vena portal y a abscesos hepáticos. La trombosis de la vena porta puede ocurrir dentro o fuera del hígado. Las causas de la trombosis portal extrahepática incluyen la oclusión por adenomegalias, inflamación de la vena porta debido a pileflebitis ascendente secundario a la infección del apéndice o colon, trombosis de la vena esplénica secundaria a pancreatitis o a procedimientos quirúrgicos abdominales. Las causas de la trombosis intrahepática son la cirrosis hepática, la invasión tumoral por tumores hepático primitivos o secundarios. La pileflebitis es habitualmente una complicación de la apendicitis, pero la incidencia de esta enfermedad ha disminuido en forma importante debido a los avances en la terapia antibiótica y a las modernas técnicas quirúrgicas. Presentamos un caso clínico de un paciente de 40 años de edad masculino, que cursa un cuadro febril asociado a dolor abdominal en epigastrio. Se realizan estudios de laboratorio e imágenes y se diagnostica una apendicitis aguda asociada a una trombosis de la vena mesentérica superior. Se efectúa apendicetomía atipica y se administra tratamiento antibiótico, tras lo cual la paciente evoluciona en buenas condiciones, y egresa en buenas condiciones generales. Es importante una sospecha precoz y un tratamiento adecuado para tratar esta complicación.
Pylephlebitis, septic thrombosis of the portal vein and its branches, is an infrequent complication of intraabdominal inflammatory processes which may lead to thrombosis of the portal vein and to liver abscesses. Thrombosis of the portal vein can occur either ouside of the liver (extrahepatic) or within the liver (intrahepatic). Extrahepatic causes include occlusion by enlargement of hilar lymph nodes, inflammation of the portal vein due to ascending pylephlebitis secondary to infection in the appendix or colon, splenic vein thrombosis secondary to pancreatitis or secondary to surgical procedures on the abdomen. Intrahepatic causes are cirrhosis ofthe liver or invasion of the portal vein by primary or secondary carcinomas of the liver. Pylephlebitis used to be a dreaded complication of appendicitis, but the incidence of this disease has greatly declined since the development of antibiotics and modern surgical techniques. We report a 40 years old male who presented fever and pain in the abdomen. An abdominal ecography scan showed the presence of an acute appendicitis and a mesenteric vein thrombosis. The patient was operated untipical apendicectomy and received antimicrobials, with a good evolution. It is important an early suspicion and accurate treatment for this complication.
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ApendiciteRESUMO
We report a 11 years old female who presented fever and pain in the lower abdomen. An abdominal CAT sean showed the presence of an acute appendicitis and a mesenteric vein thrombosis. The patient was operated laparoscopically and received antimicrobials and anticoagulants, with a good evolution. It is important an early suspicion and aecurate treatment for this complication.
Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 11 años de edad, que cursa un cuadro febril asociado a dolor abdominal hipogástrico. Se realizan estudios de laboratorio e imágenes y se diagnostica una apendicitis aguda asociada a una trombosis de la vena mesentérica superior. Se efectúa apendicectomía laparoscópica y se administra tratamiento antibiótico y anticoagulante, tras lo cual la paciente evoluciona en buenas condiciones. Es importante una sospecha precoz y un tratamiento adecuado para tratar esta complicación.