RESUMO

The use of antimicrobials in swine production is an issue that concerns the whole world due to their impact on animal and public health. This study aimed to verify the antimicrobial use in 29 commercial full-cycle farms in the midwestern region of the state of Minas Gerais, since this region is a hub of intensive pig farming in Brazil, as well as the possible correlations between the use of antimicrobials, biosecurity, and productivity. A total of 28 different drugs used for preventive purposes were described. On average, the herds used seven drugs, exposing the piglets for 116 days and totaling 434.17 mg of antimicrobials per kilogram of pig produced. Just eight active ingredients made up 77.5% of the total number of drugs used on the studied herds. Significant differences were found between the variables, biosecurity score and number of sows, antimicrobial amount and number of drugs, number of drugs and number of sows, and between productivity and biosecurity scores. The use of antimicrobials was considered excessive in the swine farms in the state of Minas Gerais compared to what was reported in Brazil and in other countries. Educational measures and better control should be proposed to reduce the preventive use of antimicrobials.

RESUMO

Groundwater in the Yucatan State is the only source of water. The karst aquifer in Yucatan is vulnerable to pollution. Anthropic activities in Yucatan, such as pig farming, are usually related to high wastewater discharges and water pollution. Administrative and logistical issues in developing on-site sampling to evaluate water quality are common in Mexico. The RENAMECA database provides official data related to groundwater quality. However, no analysis based on this database has been reported. A groundwater quality evaluation based on five reference pig farms and the effect of spatial and temporal anthropic activities in the study area was developed. Eighteen wells based on their location concerning the selected pig farms were studied. On-site sampling and laboratory analysis of the supply water and wastewater in the study case farm were done. Fecal coliforms (FC) values (maximum 2850 MPN [100 mL] -1) in most cases for supply water wells exceeded the allowed limit by NOM-127-SAA1-2021. The year of monitoring was significant (P < 0.05) on FC concentrations. Population density and the proximity of wells to population centers affect negatively the presence of total dissolved solids (TDS) and total nitrogen (TN). TDS (maximum value 2620 mg L -1) and phosphorus presence could be related to agricultural activities, human settlements, and local aquifer conditions. A local wastewater treatment issue is evident. Groundwater is not quality for consumption without treatment. Regarding the issues in on-site water monitoring, database analysis provides an approximation of the real situation of groundwater quality.

RESUMO

This summary addresses the use of reproduction technologies in swine farming, with an emphasis on artificial insemination (AI). Brazilian swine farming has been growing significantly and seeks new technologies to achieve high productive indices sustainably and competitively. Pigs present favorable characteristics such as high prolificacy, fertility, rapid growth, feed efficiency, and carcass yield, which has led to intensive development of the activity with advanced genetic selection. AI is widely employed to disseminate genetic material among different regions and farms. Several AI techniques are used in modern swine farming: intrauterine insemination (IUI) allows semen deposition in the uterine region, reducing costs; fixed-time insemination (FTAI) synchronizes estrus in various females, facilitating management and increasing efficiency; deep intrauterine insemination (DIUI) deposits semen in the uterine horns, obtaining better results; and cervical insemination (CI), a traditional technique widely used, although it may be more time-consuming and present higher reflux rates. The success of AI is related to knowledge of the reproductive cycle of sows, proper nutrition, and genetic and environmental factors. Semen quality is essential, requiring collection by trained professionals and evaluation of sperm motility and morphology. Although it is a consolidated technique, there are issues to be further explored to optimize its application, defining the exact moment for insemination, reducing reflux, and adopting effective protocols. AI is an essential tool for the growth of Brazilian swine farming, but it requires continuous studies to maximize its efficiency and results, considering the farm's production goal and the size of the enterprise to achieve high reproductive and productive indices.

Este resumo aborda o uso de tecnologias de reprodução na suinocultura, com ênfase na inseminação artificial (IA). A suinocultura brasileira vem crescendo significativamente e busca novas tecnologias para alcançar altos índices produtivos de maneira sustentável e competitiva. Os suínos apresentam características favoráveis, como alta prolificidade, fertilidade, rápido crescimento, eficiência alimentar e rendimento de carcaça, o que levou ao desenvolvimento intensivo da atividade com seleção genética avançada. A IA é amplamente empregada para disseminar material genético entre diferentes regiões e granjas. Diversas técnicas de IA são utilizadas na suinocultura moderna: a inseminação intrauterina (IAIU) permite a deposição do sêmen na região uterina, reduzindo custos; a inseminação em tempo fixo (IATF) sincroniza o estro em várias fêmeas, facilitando o manejo e aumentando a eficiência; a inseminação intrauterina profunda (IAUP) deposita o sêmen nos cornos uterinos, obtendo melhores resultados; e a inseminação cervical (IAC), técnica tradicional amplamente utilizada, embora possa ser mais demorada e apresentar maiores taxas de refluxo. O sucesso da IA estar relacionado ao conhecimento do ciclo reprodutivo das matrizes, à nutrição adequada e aos fatores genéticos e ambientais. A qualidade do sêmen é essencial, exigindo coleta por profissionais treinados e avaliação da motilidade e morfologia dos espermatozoides. Apesar de ser uma técnica consolidada, há questões a serem aprofundadas para otimizar sua aplicação, definindo o momento exato para a realização da inseminação, a redução do refluxo e adoção de protocolos eficazes. A IA é uma ferramenta essencial para o crescimento da suinocultura brasileira, mas requer estudos contínuos para maximizar sua eficiência e resultados, considerando o objetivo produtivo da granja e o tamanho do empreendimento para alcançar altos índices reprodutivos e produtivos.

Este resumen aborda el uso de tecnologías de reproducción en la producción porcina, con énfasis en la inseminación artificial (IA). La producción porcina brasileña ha crecido significativamente y busca nuevas tecnologías para alcanzar altos índices de productividad de manera sostenible y competitiva. Los cerdos presentan características favorables, como alta prolificidad, fertilidad, rápido crecimiento, eficiencia alimentaria y rendimiento de la canal, lo que ha llevado al desarrollo intensivo de la actividad con selección genética avanzada. La IA se utiliza ampliamente para difundir material genético entre diferentes regiones y granjas. Diversas técnicas de IA son utilizadas en la producción porcina moderna: la inseminación intrauterina (IAIU) permite la deposición del semen en la región uterina, reduciendo costos; la inseminación a tiempo fijo (IATF) sincroniza el estro en varias hembras, facilitando el manejo y aumentando la eficiencia; la inseminación intrauterina profunda (IAUP) deposita el semen en los cuernos uterinos, obteniendo mejores resultados; y la inseminación cervical (IAC), técnica tradicional ampliamente utilizada, aunque puede ser más demorada y presentar mayores tasas de reflujo. El éxito de la IA está relacionado con el conocimiento del ciclo reproductivo de las hembras, la nutrición adecuada y los factores genéticos y ambientales. La calidad del semen es esencial, requiriendo la recolección por profesionales capacitados y la evaluación de la motilidad y morfología de los espermatozoides. A pesar de ser una técnica consolidada, hay aspectos que deben ser profundizados para optimizar su aplicación, como la definición precisa del momento de la inseminación, la reducción del reflujo y la adopción de protocolos eficaces. La IA es una herramienta esencial para el crecimiento de la producción porcina brasileña, pero requiere estudios continuos para maximizar su eficiencia y resultados, considerando el objetivo productivo de la granja y el tamaño del emprendimiento para alcanzar altos índices reproductivos y productivos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica é elucidar os principais avanços relacionados à utilização de aminoácidos na nutrição de suínos e sua relação com o desempenho animal. Essa revisão foi realizada a partir de uma busca bibliográfica embasada em diferentes publicações encontradas em banco de dados. A busca por artigos foi realizada nas seguintes bases de pesquisa literária eletrônica: Web of Science e Google Scholar, utilizando termos de busca associados ou não, no plural ou singular, em inglês e em português, como: "aminoacids" and "swine" and "needs". Foram selecionados 45 arquivos, após o teste de relevância para uso no estudo, os mesmos foram tabulados em planilha do Excel® com as informações relevantes, para exploração na revisão. As exigências de aminoácidos devem ser atendidas em todas as fases desde o nascimento, seguindo recomendações por idade e sexo e categoria produtiva, visando a expressão máxima do seu potencial de produção, atendendo as exigências de aminoácidos para garantir a sanidade, potencial produtivo, reprodutivo e índices zootécnicos de interesse.

The objective of this literature review is to elucidate the main advances related to the use of amino acids in swine nutrition and its relationship with animal performance. This review was carried out from a bibliographic search based on different publications found in the database. The search for articles was carried out in the following electronic literary research bases: Web of Science and Google Scholar, using search terms associated or not, in the plural or singular, in English and Portuguese, such as: "aminoacids" and "swine" and "needs". 45 files were selected, after the relevance test for use in the study, they were tabulated in an Excel® spreadsheet with the information that is relevant, for exploration in the review. Amino acid requirements must be met at all stages of life following recommendations by age and sex and productive category, aiming at the maximum expression of its production potential, meeting the amino acid requirements guarantees health, productive and reproductive potential and zootechnical indices of interest.

El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es dilucidar los principales avances relacionados con el uso de aminoácidos en la nutrición porcina y su relación con el rendimiento animal. Esta revisión se realizó a partir de una búsqueda bibliográfica a partir de diferentes publicaciones encontradas en la base de datos. La búsqueda de artículos se realizó en las siguientes bases de datos de búsqueda literaria electrónica: Web of Science y Google Scholar, utilizando términos de búsqueda asociados o no, en plural o singular, en inglés y portugués, tales como: "aminoácidos" y "swine" y "necesidades". Se seleccionaron 45 archivos, luego de la prueba de pertinencia para su uso en el estudio, se tabularon en una planilla de Excel® con la información que sea relevante, para exploración en la revisión de recomendaciones por edad y sexo y categoría productiva, visando al máximo expresión de su potencial productivo, el cumplimiento de los requerimientos de aminoácidos garantiza sanidad, potencial productivo y reproductivo e índices zootécnicos de interés.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective was to evaluate the effect of phytogenic supplementation in the feed of lactating sows on the performance parameters of sows and suckling piglets. Ninety-three lactating sows of commercial lines (sows TN70) were distributed in a completely randomized design. The treatments adopted were a control diet without phytogenics (control) and a control diet with phytogenic supplementation in the feed. Performance parameters and the behaviors of sows and piglets were evaluated, in addition to milk composition and the biochemical parameters of the animals. The use of phytogenics did not affect the feed intake or tissue mobilization of the sows. However, it improved the production and quality of milk and reduced the possibility of light piglets at weaning by 22.16 percentage points. Regarding biochemical parameters, phytogenics improved animal recovery in the lactation period, as proven by an increase in the serum concentration of total protein and urea. Sows that received phytogenics exhibited increased behaviors of inactivity (3.16%), breastfeeding (1.15%), and water consumption (0.95%). In conclusion, using phytogenics in the feed of lactating sows improves the performance of the litters without affecting the body condition of the sows, with increased milk production and enhanced protein and lactose concentration.

RESUMO

The objective of this research is to apply exploratory analysis and modeling associated with abiotic factors, physiological and behavioral variables of swine in the semi-arid region. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme, randomly distributed in nine pens, with three animals. The behavior of the animals was recorded using images and analyzed within 10-min interval. The data analysis used was multivariate, using the clustering method (tree diagram) and principal component analysis (PCA), in order to establish the main predictors of swine ingestive behavior, using multiple linear regression models. The PCA showed satisfactory results, in which the lowest eigenvalue observed was 2.82 and the accumulated variance for the treatments ranged from 69.70 to 94% for the first two principal components. Through exploratory data analysis, it was possible to identify the relationship between biotic and abiotic factors with the ingestive behavior of pigs in the finishing phase. Based on the results of the multivariate analysis, the most promising predictor variables for estimating the regression models were determined. Adiabatic evaporative cooling associated with 18 h of light was the combination of factors with the best results, presenting models for eating and drinking behavior, i.e. a complete ingestive characterization.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: The dissemination of polymyxin resistance represents a significant threat to public health. Materials & methods: Sequence-based typing was performed by 53 mcr-1 Escherichia coli isolates using fumC/fimH (CH) genes to characterize clones spreading from pig farming. Furthermore, 12 isolates had their whole genome sequenced for phylogenetic study. Results: The isolates were classified into 22 distinct CH types, and two novel CH types (CH41-1578 and CH4-1579) and one sequence type (ST12652) was also described. According to phylogenetic study, both multilocus sequence typing and CH methods grouped the isolates similarly. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the dissemination of the mcr-1 gene in pig farming has occurred mainly by horizontal gene transfer, and CH typing proved to be a good tool to characterize E. coli clones.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: Pigs have difficulty in performing heat exchange and; therefore, it is important to consider the environmental factors that impact their productive performance. This study evaluated the effect of thermal comfort and photoperiod on the productive performance of sows during pregnancy and of nursery piglets. Zootechnical data were obtained from a commercial farm. The temperature-humidity index (THI) was used as the parameter to determine comfort or thermal stress of the sow. The parameters of the sows during pregnancy and nursery piglets were analyzed considering the criteria of comfort, stress, and four photoperiods. The correlation between photoperiod and THI was high and positive, which demonstrated the associated effect of these variables. More significant effects were observed under conditions of comfort and shorter photoperiods. In conclusion, thermal comfort and photoperiod influenced the parameters evaluated during pregnancy and in the nursery, and the strong association between THI and photoperiod suggested that environmental control favors productive parameters in commercial farms.

RESUMO: Os suínos são animais que apresentam dificuldade em realizar trocas de calor, por esse motivo é importante considerar os fatores ambientais que impactam seu desempenho produtivo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do conforto térmico e do fotoperíodo, sobre o desempenho produtivo das porcas na gestação e leitões na maternidade. Os dados zootécnicos foram obtidos de uma granja comercial. O índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) foi utilizado como parâmetro para o conforto ou o estresse térmico da matriz. Foram analisados os parâmetros das fêmeas no período gestacional e dos leitões na maternidade, considerando os critérios de conforto, estresse e quatro faixas de fotoperíodos. A correlação entre o fotoperíodo e ITU foi alta e positiva, demonstrando efeito associado dessas variáveis. Foram observados mais efeitos significativos em situações de conforto e faixas de menor fotoperíodo. Em conclusão, o conforto térmico e o fotoperíodo influenciaram os parâmetros avaliados na gestação e na maternidade e a alta associação ITU e fotoperíodo sugere que o controle ambiental pode favorecer parâmetros produtivos em granjas comerciais.

RESUMO

Porcine enzootic pneumonia (PES), mainly caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, is the main cause of respiratory problems in pigs. Infection by M. hyopneumoniae leads to production losses and the predisposition of affected animals to secondary infections, which may result in the condemnation of carcasses and organs due to lung lesions at the time of slaughter. The objective of the research was to evaluate the infection by M. hyopneumoniae in pigs submitted to slaughter in São Luís Island/MA, using molecular and histopathological diagnostic methods. One hundred fifty lung samples were collected from inspected (n=65) and non-inspected (n=85) slaughter pigs on São Luís Island, Maranhão, from July 2019 to August 2021. Of the 150 DNA samples collected, 121 showed an amplified product for Cyt B in the PCR assay. Thus, 121 samples were submitted to qPCR of M. hyopneumoniae, of which 44 (36.36%) showed positive results. The mean amount of bacterial load ranged from 1.20 × 101 to 7.20 × 104, with a mean of 1.73 × 104 copies. Of the reagent samples, 81.81% (36 samples) were obtained from non-inspected slaughter, while 18.18% (8 samples) were obtained from slaughterhouses. In the histopathological analysis, 44 positive qPCR samples were evaluated, of which 28 (63.63%) presented results compatible with the main inflammatory process associated with the presence of M. hyopneumoniae, that is, bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue hyperplasia (BALT). Three samples that showed the highest bacterial load (qPCR: 5.63 × 10³, 2.19 × 104 and 7.23 × 104) showed more evident lesions in this study. The microscopic findings associated with the quantifications indicated a relationship between the amount of bacterial load and the presence of microscopic lesions; higher bacterial load in lung tissue is associated with increased histopathologic staining for BALT hyperplasia. In conclusion, the results point to the circulation of the etiological agent in the sampled animals and the need for preventive measures on pig farms in Maranhão with the involvement of producers, sanitary defense and inspection agencies.

A pneumonia enzoótica suína (PES), causada principalmente pela bactéria Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, é a principal causa de problemas respiratórios em suínos. A infecção por M. hyopneumoniae leva a perdas produtivas e a predisposição dos animais acometidos a infecções secundárias, o que pode resultar em condenação de carcaças e órgãos por lesões pulmonares no momento do abate. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a infecção por M. hyopneumoniae em suínos submetidos ao abate na Ilha de São Luís, por meio de métodos diagnósticos moleculares e histopatológicos. Para isso, foram coletadas 150 amostras de pulmão de suínos de abate inspecionado (n=65) e não inspecionado (n=85) na Ilha de São Luís/Maranhão, no período de julho de 2019 a agosto de 2021. Das 150 amostras de DNA coletadas, 121 apresentaram produto amplificado para Cyt B no ensaio de PCR. Assim, 121 amostras foram submetidas à qPCR de M. hyopneumoniae, das quais 44 (36,36%) apresentaram resultados positivos. A quantidade média de carga bacteriana variou de 1,20 × 101 a 7,20 × 104, com média de 1,73 × 104 cópias. Das amostras reagentes, 81,81% (36 amostras) foram obtidas de abate não inspecionado, enquanto 18,18% (8 amostras) foram obtidas em abatedouro. Na análise histopatológica, foram avaliadas 44 amostras positivas para qPCR, das quais 28 (63,63%) apresentaram resultados compatíveis com o principal processo inflamatório associado à presença de M. hyopneumoniae, ou seja, hiperplasia do tecido linfóide associado ao brônquio (BALT). Três amostras que apresentaram maior carga bacteriana (qPCR: 5,63 × 10³, 2,19 × 104 e 7,23 × 104) foram mais evidentes neste estudo. Os achados microscópicos associados às quantificações indicaram uma relação entre a quantidade de carga bacteriana e a presença de lesão microscópica; a maior carga bacteriana no tecido pulmonar está associada a maior alteração histopatológica para hiperplasia BALT. Em conclusão, os resultados obtidos sinalizam para a circulação do agente etiológico nos animais amostrados e a necessidade de medidas preventivas nas criações de suínos do estado do Maranhão com envolvimento dos produtores, órgãos de defesa sanitária e inspeção.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Pigs have difficulty in performing heat exchange and; therefore, it is important to consider the environmental factors that impact their productive performance. This study evaluated the effect of thermal comfort and photoperiod on the productive performance of sows during pregnancy and of nursery piglets. Zootechnical data were obtained from a commercial farm. The temperature-humidity index (THI) was used as the parameter to determine comfort or thermal stress of the sow. The parameters of the sows during pregnancy and nursery piglets were analyzed considering the criteria of comfort, stress, and four photoperiods. The correlation between photoperiod and THI was high and positive, which demonstrated the associated effect of these variables. More significant effects were observed under conditions of comfort and shorter photoperiods. In conclusion, thermal comfort and photoperiod influenced the parameters evaluated during pregnancy and in the nursery, and the strong association between THI and photoperiod suggested that environmental control favors productive parameters in commercial farms.

Os suínos são animais que apresentam dificuldade em realizar trocas de calor, por esse motivo é importante considerar os fatores ambientais que impactam seu desempenho produtivo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do conforto térmico e do fotoperíodo, sobre o desempenho produtivo das porcas na gestação e leitões na maternidade. Os dados zootécnicos foram obtidos de uma granja comercial. O índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) foi utilizado como parâmetro para o conforto ou o estresse térmico da matriz. Foram analisados os parâmetros das fêmeas no período gestacional e dos leitões na maternidade, considerando os critérios de conforto, estresse e quatro faixas de fotoperíodos. A correlação entre o fotoperíodo e ITU foi alta e positiva, demonstrando efeito associado dessas variáveis. Foram observados mais efeitos significativos em situações de conforto e faixas de menor fotoperíodo. Em conclusão, o conforto térmico e o fotoperíodo influenciaram os parâmetros avaliados na gestação e na maternidade e a alta associação ITU e fotoperíodo sugere que o controle ambiental pode favorecer parâmetros produtivos em granjas comerciais.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumen En la alimentación de cerdos el costo significativo esta influenciado por el uso de alimentos balanceados, por ende, se evaluó el uso de la harina de vísceras de pollo (HV) en lechones destetados y el efecto sobre los parámetros productivos. Se utilizó 36 lechones machos y hembras de 28 días de edad, distribuidos en tres tratamientos diferentes: T1 con pienso comercial (PC), T2 con el 50% de PC y 50% de harina de vísceras (HV), T3 con 0% PC y 100% HV. Se evaluó el consumo alimenticio, ganancia media diaria de peso, conversión alimenticia, rentabilidad, morbilidad, mortalidad, mediante la prueba de Anova y para ver que tratamiento fue significativo donde se utilizó la prueba de comparación múltiple de Tukey, por otro lado, se utilizó el algoritmo de árbol de decisión para ver que tratamiento es más rentable al utilizar todas las variables entrada. Se comprobó que existen diferencias significativas con respecto a: peso corporal, ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento, conversión alimenticia al 95% de significancia. Mediante el algoritmo de árbol de decisión el tratamiento de mayor rentabilidad es T2. En base a los resultados, la harina de vísceras de pollo puede ser utilizada al 100% en lechones destetados, pero en cuanto a la rentabilidad es T2 por su aporte en lo que respecta a producción de carne por kg y bajo costo comercial.

Abstract In pig feeding, the significant cost is influenced by the use of balanced feed, therefore, the use of chicken viscera (HV) meal in weaned piglets and the effect on productive parameters was evaluated. Thirty-six 28-day-old male and female piglets were used, distributed in three different treatments: T1 with commercial feed (PC), T2 with 50% PC and 50% viscera meal (HV), T3 with 0% PC and 100% HV. Food consumption, average daily weight gain, feed conversion, profitability, morbidity, mortality, were evaluated through the Anova test and to see which treatment was significant where Tukey's multiple comparison test was used, on the other hand, it was used the decision tree algorithm to see which treatment is more profitable when using all the input variables. It was found that there are significant differences with respect to: body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion at 95% significance. Using the decision tree algorithm, the most profitable treatment is T2. Based on the results, chicken viscera meal can be used 100% in weaned piglets, but in terms of profitability it is T2 for its contribution in terms of meat production per kg and low commercial cost.

Resumo Na alimentação de suínos, o custo significativo é influenciado pelo uso de ração balanceada, portanto, avaliou-se o uso de farinha de vísceras de frango (HV) em leitões desmamados e o efeito sobre parâmetros produtivos. Foram utilizados 36 leitões machos e fêmeas com 28 dias de idade, distribuídos em três diferentes tratamentos: T1 com ração comercial (PC), T2 com 50% PC e 50% farinha de vísceras (HV), T3 com 0% PC e 100% HV. O consumo alimentar, ganho de peso médio diário, conversão alimentar, lucratividade, morbidade, mortalidade, foram avaliados através do teste Anova e para verificar qual tratamento foi significativo onde foi utilizado o teste de comparação múltipla de Tukey, por outro lado, foi utilizado o algoritmo de árvore de decisão para ver qual tratamento é mais lucrativo ao usar todas as variáveis ​​de entrada. Verificou-se que existem diferenças significativas com relação a: peso corporal, ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar a 95% de significância. Usando o algoritmo de árvore de decisão, o tratamento mais rentável é o T2. Com base nos resultados, a farinha de vísceras de frango pode ser utilizada 100% em leitões desmamados, mas em termos de rentabilidade é T2 por sua contribuição em termos de produção de carne por kg e baixo custo comercial.

RESUMO

Pig farming is an area of livestock that has been developing the most in Brazil and the world, with production increasing every year, generating jobs, and being of great importance for the Brazilian economy. In swine production, great health enables these animals to reach their highest point of development and antimicrobials are used, either prophylactically or through food, as growth promoters. Within swine culture, there is a concern regarding antibiotic-resistant bacteria; however, Staphylococcus spp. do not receive the necessary prominence in research, since the pathologies caused by them do not tend to cause great economic losses. Therefore, this review aimed to highlight the importance of bacterial resistance within breeding stock, its possible origins, the importance of Staphylococcus spp. within this topic, and its evolution in swine farming over the years. For this, studies were selected, with an emphasis on information such as country, number of samples, presence of Staphylococcus spp. resistant to methicillin, breeding phase, and phenotypic and molecular tests. In addition, publications were selected that show the importance of understanding the biological and resistance profiles of Staphylococcus spp. in swine herds in Brazil and around the world.

A suinocultura é uma das áreas da pecuária que mais se desenvolveu e se desenvolve no Brasil e no mundo, com a sua produção aumentando todos os anos, gerando empregos diretos e indiretos, e sendo de grande importância para a economia brasileira. Destaca-se na produção de suínos a necessidade de grande sanidade para que estes animais alcancem seu maior ponto de desenvolvimento e, para tal, são utilizados antimicrobianos, seja de forma profilática ou através da alimentação, como promotores de crescimento. Dentro da suinocultura também está presente a preocupação envolvendo as bactérias resistentes a antibióticos, contudo, os Staphylococcus spp. não recebem o destaque necessário em pesquisas, já que as patologias causadas por estes ainda não tendem a causar grandes prejuízos econômicos de forma direta aos produtores. Por este motivo, esta revisão objetivou evidenciar a importância da resistência bacteriana dentro dos planteis, suas possíveis origens, a importância dos Staphylococcus spp. dentro deste tópico e a sua evolução na suinocultura através dos anos. Para este foram selecionados trabalhos encontrados em diferentes bases de dados com ênfase em informações como país, número de amostras, presença de Staphylococcus spp. resistentes a meticilina, fase de criação, e testes fenotípicos e moleculares, além de publicações que evidenciam a importância de se conhecer os perfis biológicos e de resistência dos Staphylococcus spp. nos planteis de suínos do Brasil e do mundo.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to assess the effects of thermogenic oils (safflower and coconut oils) as a replacement for ractopamine in heavy pig diets. A total of 24 mix-breed barrows with an average weight of 98.70 ± 1.63 kg were distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments and six replicates. Treatments were as follows: basal diet, modified basal diet + 10 ppm ractopamine, basal diet + safflower oil, and basal diet + coconut oil. Animal performance, organ weights, meat quality, carcass traits, and economic viability were determined. Data were analyzed using Duncan's test at the 5% significance level. The safflower oil diet resulted in the highest carcass meat and ham weights, whereas the coconut oil diet provided the highest loin eye area and the lowest fat area, resulting in the highest meat/fat ratio. Analysis of economic viability indicators revealed that vegetable oil treatments differed significantly from other treatments in feed cost, feed cost per kilogram of live weight, economic viability index, and cost index, given that oil inclusion increased the price of diets. Supplementation of heavy pig diets with thermogenic oils is a viable alternative to enhance lean meat production, but its use depends on market availability and product price.(AU)

Este estudo visou avaliar os efeitos dos óleos termogênicos (óleos de cártamo e de coco) como substitutos da racto-pamina em dietas de suínos pesados. Um total de 24 suínos machos castrados com um peso médio de 98,70 ± 1,63 kg foram distribuídos em um modelo de blocos aleatorizados com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: dieta basal (RB), RB modificada + 10 ppm de ractopamina, RB + óleo de cártamo, e RB + óleo de coco. Foram determinados o desempenho animal, pesos dos órgãos, qualidade da carne, características da carcaça, e viabilidade económica. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste de Duncan ao nível de 5% de significância. A dieta de óleo de Cártamo resultou na maior quan-tidade de carne de carcaça e pesos de pernil, enquanto que a dieta de óleo de coco forneceu a maior área do olho do lombo e a menor área de gordura, resultando na maior relação carne/gordura. A análise dos indicadores de viabilidade económica reve-lou que os tratamentos com óleo vegetal diferiram significativamente de outros tratamentos no custo da alimentação, custo da alimentação por quilograma de peso vivo, índice de viabilidade económica, e índice de custo, dado que a inclusão do óleo aumentou o preço das dietas. A suplementação de dietas de suínos pesados com óleos termogênicos é uma alternativa viável para aumentar a produção de carne magra, mas a sua utilização depende da disponibilidade no mercado e do preço do produto.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to characterize and understand the investment profile towards technologies for control and automation of climate control on swine farms, focused on integrated producers on the same integration system. A structured questionnaire including open, dichotomic, or multiple-choice questions was responded by 190 integrated producers classified as nursery (28,300 swines), wean-to-finish (WTF; 144,388 swines), or finishing unit (FU; 164,185 swines) farms. Data were described and categorized according to the type of integrated producer (nursery, WTF, and FU) and income history during a 24-month interval. The most predominant farmer profile was of a 44.5-year-old man, with incomplete secondary education. Furthermore, the majority of the farms had family-based labor with an average area of 43.6±65.5 ha and ~2.4 economic activities developed. Overall, a reduced labor availability was observed, although the integrated producers declared to be satisfied with the activities. Interestingly, integrated producers with a better income history declared a longer working (high = 37; average = 31; regular = 31; low = 28 min). The investment profile in automation technologies is conservative; however, potential improvements in pig performance were the most popular justification for potential investments. Furthermore, high costs, knowledge in technologies, interest rates, and quality of the available material are the limiting factors for investing in environment control. A total of 74% of the integrated producers considered the activity as economically profitable. Lastly, the uptake of environmental control technologies is strongly associated with the average income received by farmers.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O farelo de babaçu tem sido utilizado na agricultura familiar, apesar do desconhecimento de seu valor nutricional. Assim, torna-se necessária a realização de pesquisas para estabelecer padrões de utilização e análises laboratoriais para determinação de suas características nutricionais, a fim de se conhecer seus efeitos na nutrição e crescimento de suínos. Neste contexto, o objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar o valor nutricional e o desempenho zootécnico de suínos em crescimento, alimentados com diferentes níveis de inclusão do farelo de babaçu na dieta. O estudo foi conduzido na Unidade Integrada de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (UNIEPE) de Suinocultura do Instituto Federal do Pará (IFPA) campus Marabá Rural. Foram utilizados 16 suínos mestiços com peso inicial de 7,63 ± 1,31 kg, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro baias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (0%, 10%, 20% e 30%) em quatro repetições. Avaliou-se as variáveis ganho de peso e valor nutricional. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão polinomial, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Como resultados constatou-se que a composição nutricional do farelo de babaçu é rico em matéria seca (89,08%) e fibra bruta (46,84%). Além disso, o ganho de peso dos leitões foi influenciado pela inclusão do babaçu na dieta. Essa variável apresentou efeito linear negativo (P<0,05), com coeficiente de determinação (r²) de 0,88. Portanto, foi possível concluir que a adição do farelo de babaçu reduz de forma linear o crescimento de leitões com inclusão de até 30% na dieta.(AU)

Babassu meal has been used in family farming, despite its lack of nutritional value. Furthermore, it is necessary to carry out research to establish usage patterns and laboratory tests to determine their nutritional characteristics, in order to know their effects on the nutrition and growth of their pigs. In this context, or objective of this study, was to evaluate the nutritional value and/or zootechnical performance of growing pigs, fed with different levels of inclusion of babassu meal in the diet. The study was carried out at the Integrated Unit for Training, Research and Extension (UNIEPE) of the Swine Industry of the Federal Institute of Pará (IFPA) Rural campus of Marabá. Sixteen mixed pigs with an initial weight of 7.63 ± 1.31 kg were used, randomly distributed in four pens. The experimental design was internally randomized, with four treatments (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) in four repetitions. Register by varying weight gain and nutritional value. Data are subjected to analysis of variance and polynomial regression at a 5% probability level. As a result, it appears that the nutritional composition of babassu bran is rich in dry matter (89.08%) and crude fiber (46.84%). In addition, the weight gain, two piglets, was influenced by the inclusion of babassu in the diet. This variable has a negative linear effect (P <0.05), with a coefficient of determination (r²) of 0.88. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the addition of babassu meal linearly reduced the growth of piglets with the inclusion of up to 30% of the diet.(AU)

La harina de babasú se ha utilizado en la agricultura familiar, a pesar de su falta de valor nutricional. Además, es necesario realizar investigaciones para establecer patrones de uso y pruebas de laboratorio para determinar sus características nutricionales, con el fin de conocer sus efectos en la nutrición y crecimiento de sus cerdos. En este contexto, u objetivo de este estudio, fue evaluar el valor nutricional y / o desempeño zootécnico de cerdos en crecimiento, alimentados con diferentes niveles de inclusión de harina de babasú en la dieta. El estudio se realizó en la Unidade Integrada de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (UNIEPE) de la Industria Porcina del Instituto Federal de Pará (IFPA) Campus Rural de Marabá. Se utilizaron dieciséis cerdos mixtos con un peso inicial de 7,63 ± 1,31 kg, distribuidos aleatoriamente en cuatro corrales. El diseño experimental fue aleatorizado internamente, con cuatro tratamientos (0%, 10%, 20% y 30%) en cuatro repeticiones. Regístrese variando el aumento de peso y el valor nutricional. Los datos se someten a análisis de varianza y regresión polinomial a un nivel de probabilidad del 5%. Como resultado, parece que la composición nutricional del salvado de babasú es rica en materia seca (89,08%) y fibra cruda (46,84%). Además, la ganancia de peso, dos lechones, se vio influida por la inclusión de babasú en la dieta. Esta variable tiene un efecto lineal negativo (P <0.05), con un coeficiente de determinación (r²) de 0.88. Por tanto, es posible concluir que la adición de harina de babasú redujo linealmente el crecimiento de los lechones con la inclusión de hasta un 30% de la dieta.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of the study was to monitor the evolution of welfare indicators of pigs throughout growing and finishing phases housed in a deep bedding system by principles of good health and housing. In all, 16,500 animals, distributed in 15 facilities, were evaluated over a 4-month period. Three assessments were carried out in each facility by a single evaluator, according to the following time distribution: phase one (75 to 85 days old), phase two (86 to 161 days old), and phase three (162 to 180 days old). Only the parameters related to good health and good housing were considered. Data were analyzed by logistic regression for longitudinal data. Poisson distribution was used on the coughing and sneezing data, with subsequent chi-square analysis. There were no cases of poor body condition, shivering, panting, huddling, tail biting, pumping, twisted snout, rectal prolapse, lameness, and skin conditions. The final evaluations were associated with greater chances of hernia and bursitis, with greater prevalence in males than in females. The prevalence of wound and manure on the body parameters was influenced by the interaction of the evaluation and animal category. The incidence of coughing and the number of animals presenting this symptom gradually increased, becoming considerably higher in the final stage of evaluation. Health-related problems change throughout the production cycle. The evaluation of a broad and reliable view on animal welfare allows for the most appropriate management of production systems using deep bedding.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This work evaluated the digestibility of the experimental diets, the performance and the economic viability of pigs in the finishing phase fed with diets containing increasing levels of cottonseed meal (CM) with enzymatic complex. In the digestibility test, 35 barrows with an average weight of 54.54 ± 2.49 kg were used and for the performance and economic viability test, 30 pigs with an average weight of 55.47 ± 5.3 kg were used. In both trials, the animals were distributed in five diets: control diet (0), control diet plus the enzyme complex (0E), diet with 5% CM plus the enzyme complex (5E), diet with 10% CM plus the enzyme complex (10E), and a diet with 15% CM plus the enzyme complex (15E). The digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) reduced with the inclusion of CM with enzyme complex in the diet of pigs in the finishing phase, in contrast to the ether extract (EE), which improved as the inclusion of CM increased. No statistical difference (P > 0.05) was found in the performance when all diets were compared; however, when comparing only the diets that contained the enzyme complex separately, a negative linear effect (P = 0.015) was observed for the feed conversion (FC) in period 2. The diets have no effects on periods 1 and 3. Diets 0, 5E, 10E, and 15E, presented better net income (P = 0.019) in March to May 2018 due to the different levels of inclusion of CM with enzyme complex; in the other evaluated items, there were no statistical differences (P > 0.05). The inclusion of CM and enzyme complex in the diets reduced the digestibility of the dietary components; however, it did not reflect on the performance and was not financially viable in the studied scenario.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The emergence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (LA-MRSA) and the potential role of pigs in the evolution of these strains has led to increased interest in research of these microorganisms. However, this has contributed to a lack of research in the isolation and characterization of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains (MSSA). In this study, the prevalence of S. aureus in pigs in the nursery and finishing stages were analyzed. The susceptibility profiles to antibiotics, tolerance to heavy metals, and biofilm production of the isolates were evaluated using phenotypic and genotypic techniques. A total of 1,250 colonies suggestive of Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from 128 pigs, of which 63.6% (n = 795) belonged to this microbial genus. Sixty-seven colonies isolated from 34 animals (26.5%) were confirmed as S. aureus (8.4%). No strains resistant to copper, zinc, or methicillin were detected; however, all strains presented a resistance profile to at least three different classes of antimicrobials and 21 produced biofilms. These data are of concern, as they indicate the need for increased surveillance in the use of antimicrobials as well as reinforce the importance of studies on MSSA strains.(AU)

A emergência de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à meticilina associadas à pecuária (LA-MRSA) e o papel potencial dos suínos na evolução dessas cepas têm levado ao aumento do interesse na pesquisa desses microrganismos. No entanto, isso tem contribuído para a falta de estudos sobre o isolamento e a caracterização de cepas de S. aureus sensíveis à meticilina (MSSA). Neste estudo, foi analisada a prevalência de S. aureus em suínos nas fases de creche e terminação. Os perfis de suscetibilidade aos antibióticos, a tolerância a metais pesados e a produção de biofilme dos isolados foram avaliados por meio de técnicas fenotípicas e genotípicas. Um total de 1.250 colônias sugestivas de Staphylococcus spp. foi isolado de 128 suínos, das quais 63,6% (n = 795) pertenciam a esse gênero microbiano. Sessenta e sete colônias isoladas de 34 animais (26,5%) foram confirmadas como S. aureus (8,4%). Nenhuma cepa resistente ao cobre, ao zinco ou à meticilina foi detectada; entretanto, todas as cepas apresentaram perfil de resistência a pelo menos três classes diferentes de antimicrobianos e 21 produziam biofilme. Esses dados são preocupantes, pois indicam a necessidade de maior vigilância no uso de antimicrobianos, bem como reforçam a importância de estudos com cepas de MSSA.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Pork accounts for almost one-third of the meat consumed worldwide. Infectious diseases have a marked impact on pig production. Epidemiological indicators are considered the most useful criteria in decision-making; however, a health status assessment remains a challenge at the national and regional levels. This study proposes a health index including herd-losses, morbidity, fatality, and type of diseases, to rate the health situation in a region or country; it contributes to assessing the effectiveness of control, damage manifestation, and trends. It is a multidimensional index with a structure of triads and simple quantitative, semi-quantitative, and qualitative expressions that use flexible and dynamics limits. With it, we analyzed twenty-one countries in 2005-2018, focusing on African swine fever, classical swine fever, foot-mouth-disease, and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome, diseases that caused 72% of the morbidity. Our multidimensional approach estimates farm, local, and regional impact from infectious agents and outbreaks, and apprises trends aiming to be useful to control measures, strategic actions, and animal health policies.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The perception of the importance of animal health and its relationship with biosecurity has increased in recent years with the emergence and re-emergence of several diseases difficult to control. This is particularly evident in the case of pig farming as shown by the recent episodes of African swine fever or porcine epidemic diarrhoea. Moreover, a better biosecurity may help to improve productivity and may contribute to reducing the use of antibiotics. Biosecurity can be defined as the application of measures aimed to reduce the probability of the introduction (external biosecurity) and further spread of pathogens within the farm (internal biosecurity). Thus, the key idea is to avoid transmission, either between farms or within the farm. This implies knowledge of the epidemiology of the diseases to be avoided that is not always available, but since ways of transmission of pathogens are limited to a few, it is possible to implement effective actions even with some gaps in our knowledge on a given disease. For the effective design of a biosecurity program, veterinarians must know how diseases are transmitted, the risks and their importance, which mitigation measures are thought to be more effective and how to evaluate the biosecurity and its improvements. This review provides a source of information on external and internal biosecurity measures that reduce risks in swine production and the relationship between these measures and the epidemiology of the main diseases, as well as a description of some systems available for risk analysis and the assessment of biosecurity. Also, it reviews the factors affecting the successful application of a biosecurity plan in a pig farm.