RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Cassava roots are widely consumed in tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Although the protein, vitamin, carotenoid, and mineral content in the leaves makes them a nutritionally attractive option, their consumption is limited due to their high levels of cyanogenic compounds (CCs). In this study, the CC content in different parts of the plant (leaves, storage root cortex, and parenchyma) was assessed at harvest for 50 landrace genotypes representative of cassava diversity in Latin America. The changes in CC in leaves at different physiological ages (3, 6, 9, and 11 months after planting) were also investigated. RESULTS: The average CC was higher in the cortex (804 ppm) and leaves (655 ppm) than in root parenchyma (305 ppm). Genotypes from different regions of Latin America, as identified by seven genetic diversity groups, differed significantly in CC levels. The Andean and Amazon groups had, respectively, the lowest (P = 0.0008) and highest (P < 0.0001) CC levels in all three parts of the plants. Cyanogenic compound concentrations were higher in leaves from young plants (P < 0.0001) and decreased with increasing physiological age. CONCLUSION: The results help to guide the selection of parental lines with low CC levels for breeding and to contribute to the expanded use of cassava and its by-products for food and feed. Cassava for fresh consumption, especially, requires varieties with low total CC content, especially in the root cortex and parenchyma. COL1108 (204, 213, and 174 ppm, respectively, in the parenchyma, cortex, and leaves) and PER297 (83, 238, and 299 ppm, respectively, in the parenchyma, cortex, and leaves) can fulfill this requirement. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Liver disease is currently one of the leading causes of death in older adults and the only option deemed curative is liver transplantation. However, it is uncertain whether the successful results obtained in older adults that receive a liver transplant in developed countries can be replicated in developing countries. AIM: To determine if there are differences in the survival time between older (≥60years) and younger adults that underwent liver transplantation at a university-affiliated tertiary care center in Mexico City. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 2-year longitudinal study was conducted. It included 244 participants that were divided into 2groups according to age at the time of transplantation: older adults (≥60years) and younger adults (18-59years). Survival time was defined as the number of days that elapsed between transplantation and death. Survival was expressed as Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: Median age in the older adults (n=52) was 63.0 (IQR=60-69) and 23 participants were females (44.2%). In the younger adults (n=196) median age was 47.0 (IQR=16-59) and 104 were females (52%). The leading indication for transplant was hepatitisC virus. After the follow-up, fifteen participants died (12 younger adults and 3 older adults). No significant differences were observed between older and younger participants in postoperative complications, the number of re-admissions, or mean post-transplantation survival time. CONCLUSIONS: There were no statistically significant differences in relation to survival times between older and younger adults that received a liver transplant. Older patients in developing countries should not be excluded from the selection process due only to age.

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RESUMO

The same food formulation processed to obtain two different starch gelatinisations (SG) and resistant starch (RS) contents was evaluated in old and adult dogs, regarding apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, fermentation products in faeces, and postprandial glucose and insulin responses. A diet with corn was ground and extruded in two different ways, obtaining Low RS (2.2 g/kg DM; 99.9% of SG) and High RS (15.3 g/kg DM; 62.6% of SG). Each diet was fed to adults (4.0 ± 0.7 years) or old beagle dogs (11.5 ± 0.4 years) in a 2 (ages) x 2 (RS amounts) factorial arrangement with 8 dogs per food. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance, and postprandial responses by analysis of variance of repeated measurements over time (p < 0.05). Diet × age interaction was observed for protein ATTD, with lower values for old dogs fed High RS than those for the other treatments (p < 0.05). No age or diet effect was verified for the ATTD of other nutrients and faecal score. Faecal moisture and pH were higher for adults than that for old dogs (p < 0.05). The High RS food increased acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations in faeces, regardless of age (p < 0.01). Old dogs presented lower acetate and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and higher lactate and ammonia than adults (p < 0.05). Only for old dogs the intake of the High RS food reduced ammonia and increased faecal lactate (p < 0.05). An age × diet interaction was verified for glucose postprandial response, with lower values for old dogs fed High RS food (p < 0.05), while no differences were found for the other treatments. Old dogs had higher postprandial insulin secretion regardless of the diet (p < 0.05), and lower insulin increment at 180 min after the meal when fed the Low RS than when fed the High RS food (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the diet with lower SG and higher RS improved the intestinal microenvironment, with higher butyrate and total SCFA without altering faeces production or score. Old dogs presented less acetate and total SCFA and higher lactate and ammonia in faeces than adults. The High RS food increased lactate and reduced ammonia in faeces of old dogs, with possible positive influences for gut health. Old dogs had higher postprandial insulin secretion than that of adults to maintain blood glucose, and the diet with higher RS content reduced the postprandial glucose response of old dogs.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to determine the thermal sum of the different stages of development of potato plants to better understand its relationship with tuber sprouting. The potato clones SMIJ461-1, SMINIA793101-3 and SMINIA97145-2 and the cultivar Macaca were evaluated in spring and autumn crop seasons in Santa Maria and Julio de Castilhos, RS. Emergence (EM), tuber initiation (TI) and onset of senescence (OS) of the plants were determined and the accumulated thermal sum (aTS) was calculated in each phase. After harvesting, tubers were stored at 20oC for 15 days for curing and then stored at 10 or 20°C to quantify the percentage of sprouted tubers and the number of sprouts per tuber at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of storage. The experiment was a factorial of four potato clones and two growth conditions, season and storage temperature, in a random design with four replications of 20 tubers. The environmental conditions of Julio de Castilhos in the spring resulted in a greater aTS from EM and TI to OS than those of Santa Maria, meaning that different crop locations and even seasons should be considered for making inferences about tuber sprouting based upon aTS. The management of storage temperature can promote or retard tuber sprouting, but its effect depends on the potato clone. Based upon combined correlation estimations, the aTS between EM-OS or between TI-OS is a good estimator for potato tuber sprouting.(AU)

O objetivo foi determinar a soma térmica das diferentes fases de desenvolvimento das plantas de batata para inferir sobre a sua relação com a brotação de tubérculos. Foram avaliados os clones SMIJ461-1, SMINIA793101-3 e SMINIA97145-2 e a cultivar Macaca de batata durante os cultivos de primavera e outono em Santa Maria e Julio de Castilhos, RS. Foram determinados a emergência (EM), o início da tuberização (IT) e o início da senescência (IS) das plantas e calculada a soma térmica acumulada (STa) em cada fase. Após colhidos, os tubérculos foram submetidos a cura por 15 dias a 20oC e armazenados a 10 ou 20ºC e quantificados a porcentagem de tubérculos brotados e o número de brotos por tubérculo aos 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias de armazenamento. O experimento foi um fatorial de quatro clones de batata, dois cultivos, dois locais e duas temperaturas de armazenamento, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 20 tubérculos. Tubérculos produzidos em Julio de Castilhos e na primavera apresentaram maiores valores de STa entre a EM ou IT até IS do que aqueles produzidos em Santa Maria, indicando que diferentes locais e até estações de cultivo devem ser considerados para inferir sobre a brotação dos tubérculos com base na STa. O manejo da temperatura de armazenamento pode ser utilizado para promover ou retardar a brotação dos tubérculos, cujo efeito também depende do clone. As altas estimativas combinadas de correlação permitem concluir que a STa entre a EM-IS ou entre o IT-IS pode ser utilizada para estimar a brotação dos tubérculos de batata.(AU)

RESUMO

This study aimed to determine the thermal sum of the different stages of development of potato plants to better understand its relationship with tuber sprouting. The potato clones SMIJ461-1, SMINIA793101-3 and SMINIA97145-2 and the cultivar Macaca were evaluated in spring and autumn crop seasons in Santa Maria and Julio de Castilhos, RS. Emergence (EM), tuber initiation (TI) and onset of senescence (OS) of the plants were determined and the accumulated thermal sum (aTS) was calculated in each phase. After harvesting, tubers were stored at 20oC for 15 days for curing and then stored at 10 or 20°C to quantify the percentage of sprouted tubers and the number of sprouts per tuber at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of storage. The experiment was a factorial of four potato clones and two growth conditions, season and storage temperature, in a random design with four replications of 20 tubers. The environmental conditions of Julio de Castilhos in the spring resulted in a greater aTS from EM and TI to OS than those of Santa Maria, meaning that different crop locations and even seasons should be considered for making inferences about tuber sprouting based upon aTS. The management of storage temperature can promote or retard tuber sprouting, but its effect depends on the potato clone. Based upon combined correlation estimations, the aTS between EM-OS or between TI-OS is a good estimator for potato tuber sprouting.

O objetivo foi determinar a soma térmica das diferentes fases de desenvolvimento das plantas de batata para inferir sobre a sua relação com a brotação de tubérculos. Foram avaliados os clones SMIJ461-1, SMINIA793101-3 e SMINIA97145-2 e a cultivar Macaca de batata durante os cultivos de primavera e outono em Santa Maria e Julio de Castilhos, RS. Foram determinados a emergência (EM), o início da tuberização (IT) e o início da senescência (IS) das plantas e calculada a soma térmica acumulada (STa) em cada fase. Após colhidos, os tubérculos foram submetidos a cura por 15 dias a 20oC e armazenados a 10 ou 20ºC e quantificados a porcentagem de tubérculos brotados e o número de brotos por tubérculo aos 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias de armazenamento. O experimento foi um fatorial de quatro clones de batata, dois cultivos, dois locais e duas temperaturas de armazenamento, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 20 tubérculos. Tubérculos produzidos em Julio de Castilhos e na primavera apresentaram maiores valores de STa entre a EM ou IT até IS do que aqueles produzidos em Santa Maria, indicando que diferentes locais e até estações de cultivo devem ser considerados para inferir sobre a brotação dos tubérculos com base na STa. O manejo da temperatura de armazenamento pode ser utilizado para promover ou retardar a brotação dos tubérculos, cujo efeito também depende do clone. As altas estimativas combinadas de correlação permitem concluir que a STa entre a EM-IS ou entre o IT-IS pode ser utilizada para estimar a brotação dos tubérculos de batata.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine the thermal sum of the different stages of development of potato plants to better understand its relationship with tuber sprouting. The potato clones SMIJ461-1, SMINIA793101-3 and SMINIA97145-2 and the cultivar Macaca were evaluated in spring and autumn crop seasons in Santa Maria and Julio de Castilhos, RS. Emergence (EM), tuber initiation (TI) and onset of senescence (OS) of the plants were determined and the accumulated thermal sum (aTS) was calculated in each phase. After harvesting, tubers were stored at 20oC for 15 days for curing and then stored at 10 or 20°C to quantify the percentage of sprouted tubers and the number of sprouts per tuber at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of storage. The experiment was a factorial of four potato clones and two growth conditions, season and storage temperature, in a random design with four replications of 20 tubers. The environmental conditions of Julio de Castilhos in the spring resulted in a greater aTS from EM and TI to OS than those of Santa Maria, meaning that different crop locations and even seasons should be considered for making inferences about tuber sprouting based upon aTS. The management of storage temperature can promote or retard tuber sprouting, but its effect depends on the potato clone. Based upon combined correlation estimations, the aTS between EM-OS or between TI-OS is a good estimator for potato tuber sprouting.

RESUMO: O objetivo foi determinar a soma térmica das diferentes fases de desenvolvimento das plantas de batata para inferir sobre a sua relação com a brotação de tubérculos. Foram avaliados os clones SMIJ461-1, SMINIA793101-3 e SMINIA97145-2 e a cultivar Macaca de batata durante os cultivos de primavera e outono em Santa Maria e Julio de Castilhos, RS. Foram determinados a emergência (EM), o início da tuberização (IT) e o início da senescência (IS) das plantas e calculada a soma térmica acumulada (STa) em cada fase. Após colhidos, os tubérculos foram submetidos a cura por 15 dias a 20oC e armazenados a 10 ou 20ºC e quantificados a porcentagem de tubérculos brotados e o número de brotos por tubérculo aos 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias de armazenamento. O experimento foi um fatorial de quatro clones de batata, dois cultivos, dois locais e duas temperaturas de armazenamento, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 20 tubérculos. Tubérculos produzidos em Julio de Castilhos e na primavera apresentaram maiores valores de STa entre a EM ou IT até IS do que aqueles produzidos em Santa Maria, indicando que diferentes locais e até estações de cultivo devem ser considerados para inferir sobre a brotação dos tubérculos com base na STa. O manejo da temperatura de armazenamento pode ser utilizado para promover ou retardar a brotação dos tubérculos, cujo efeito também depende do clone. As altas estimativas combinadas de correlação permitem concluir que a STa entre a EM-IS ou entre o IT-IS pode ser utilizada para estimar a brotação dos tubérculos de batata.

RESUMO

O tamanho dos tubérculos de batata produzidos em uma mesma cova é um indicativo da idade fisiológica e do período necessário para o rompimento da dormência e da dominância apical, o que é fundamental para o adequado manejo pós-colheita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o período de dormência e de dominância apical em diferentes tamanhos de tubérculos de três clones de batata, produzidos no outono e submetidos a duas temperaturas de armazenamento. Os tubérculos foram produzidos em campo durante o outono de 2008, sendo colhidas dez covas por clone. Os tubérculos de cada cova foram individualmente identificados e avaliados para massa fresca, comprimento e maior e menor diâmetros, divididos em dois lotes de cinco covas e armazenados, respectivamente, nas temperaturas de 10 e 20°C±2°C e 85 por cento±5 por cento de umidade relativa, por 170 dias. O rompimento da dormência e da dominância apical foram anotados quando o tubérculo apresentou, respectivamente, um ou dois brotos. O experimento foi conduzido em um fatorial de três clones (SMINIA00017-6, SMIJ461-1 e Asterix), duas temperaturas de armazenamento (10 e 20°C) e três tipos de tubérculo (menor diâmetro inferior a 35mm, entre 35 e 45mm e superior a 45mm), no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. A partir dos resultados, concluiu-se que a idade fisiológica varia com o tamanho dos tubérculos de batata, sendo que tubérculos com diâmetro inferior a 35mm apresentam maior período de dormência. Além disso, foi constatado que a temperatura de armazenamento de 20°C é mais eficaz para o rompimento da dormência do que da dominância apical.

The size of potato tubers produced in the same hill is an indicator of the physiological age and the time required to break dormancy and apical dominance, which is essential for the proper post-harvest management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the period of dormancy and apical dominance of different tuber sizes of three potato clones produced in the fall and submitted to two storage temperatures. Field produced tubers were harvested from ten hills per clone. The tubers were individually identified and assessed for fresh weight, length and major and minor diameters. One lot of five hills per clone was stored at 10°C and other at 20°C±2 and 85±5 percent relative humidity for 170 days. Breaking of dormancy and apical dominance were recorded when the tuber produced, respectively, one or two sprouts. The experiment was a factorial of three clones (SMINIA00017-6, SMIJ461-1 and Asterix), two storage temperatures (10 and 20°C) and three types of tubers (smaller diameter less than 35mm, between 35 and 45mm and larger than 45mm) in a completely randomized design. In conclusion, the results showed that physiological age varies with the size of the potato tubers, and tubers with diameter smaller than 35mm have longer dormancy than those larger than 35mm. Moreover, the storage temperature of 20°C is more effective to break the dormancy than the apical dominance.

RESUMO

The size of potato tubers produced in the same hill is an indicator of the physiological age and the time required to break dormancy and apical dominance, which is essential for the proper post-harvest management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the period of dormancy and apical dominance of different tuber sizes of three potato clones produced in the fall and submitted to two storage temperatures. Field produced tubers were harvested from ten hills per clone. The tubers were individually identified and assessed for fresh weight, length and major and minor diameters. One lot of five hills per clone was stored at 10°C and other at 20°C±2 and 85±5% relative humidity for 170 days. Breaking of dormancy and apical dominance were recorded when the tuber produced, respectively, one or two sprouts. The experiment was a factorial of three clones (SMINIA00017-6, SMIJ461-1 and Asterix), two storage temperatures (10 and 20°C) and three types of tubers (smaller diameter less than 35mm, between 35 and 45mm and larger than 45mm) in a completely randomized design. In conclusion, the results showed that physiological age varies with the size of the potato tubers, and tubers with diameter smaller than 35mm have longer dormancy than those larger than 35mm. Moreover, the storage temperature of 20°C is more effective to break the dormancy than the apical dominance.

O tamanho dos tubérculos de batata produzidos em uma mesma cova é um indicativo da idade fisiológica e do período necessário para o rompimento da dormência e da dominância apical, o que é fundamental para o adequado manejo pós-colheita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o período de dormência e de dominância apical em diferentes tamanhos de tubérculos de três clones de batata, produzidos no outono e submetidos a duas temperaturas de armazenamento. Os tubérculos foram produzidos em campo durante o outono de 2008, sendo colhidas dez covas por clone. Os tubérculos de cada cova foram individualmente identificados e avaliados para massa fresca, comprimento e maior e menor diâmetros, divididos em dois lotes de cinco covas e armazenados, respectivamente, nas temperaturas de 10 e 20°C±2°C e 85%±5% de umidade relativa, por 170 dias. O rompimento da dormência e da dominância apical foram anotados quando o tubérculo apresentou, respectivamente, um ou dois brotos. O experimento foi conduzido em um fatorial de três clones (SMINIA00017-6, SMIJ461-1 e Asterix), duas temperaturas de armazenamento (10 e 20°C) e três tipos de tubérculo (menor diâmetro inferior a 35mm, entre 35 e 45mm e superior a 45mm), no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. A partir dos resultados, concluiu-se que a idade fisiológica varia com o tamanho dos tubérculos de batata, sendo que tubérculos com diâmetro inferior a 35mm apresentam maior período de dormência. Além disso, foi constatado que a temperatura de armazenamento de 20°C é mais eficaz para o rompimento da dormência do que da dominância apical.

RESUMO

The size of potato tubers produced in the same hill is an indicator of the physiological age and the time required to break dormancy and apical dominance, which is essential for the proper post-harvest management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the period of dormancy and apical dominance of different tuber sizes of three potato clones produced in the fall and submitted to two storage temperatures. Field produced tubers were harvested from ten hills per clone. The tubers were individually identified and assessed for fresh weight, length and major and minor diameters. One lot of five hills per clone was stored at 10°C and other at 20°C±2 and 85±5% relative humidity for 170 days. Breaking of dormancy and apical dominance were recorded when the tuber produced, respectively, one or two sprouts. The experiment was a factorial of three clones (SMINIA00017-6, SMIJ461-1 and Asterix), two storage temperatures (10 and 20°C) and three types of tubers (smaller diameter less than 35mm, between 35 and 45mm and larger than 45mm) in a completely randomized design. In conclusion, the results showed that physiological age varies with the size of the potato tubers, and tubers with diameter smaller than 35mm have longer dormancy than those larger than 35mm. Moreover, the storage temperature of 20°C is more effective to break the dormancy than the apical dominance.

O tamanho dos tubérculos de batata produzidos em uma mesma cova é um indicativo da idade fisiológica e do período necessário para o rompimento da dormência e da dominância apical, o que é fundamental para o adequado manejo pós-colheita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o período de dormência e de dominância apical em diferentes tamanhos de tubérculos de três clones de batata, produzidos no outono e submetidos a duas temperaturas de armazenamento. Os tubérculos foram produzidos em campo durante o outono de 2008, sendo colhidas dez covas por clone. Os tubérculos de cada cova foram individualmente identificados e avaliados para massa fresca, comprimento e maior e menor diâmetros, divididos em dois lotes de cinco covas e armazenados, respectivamente, nas temperaturas de 10 e 20°C±2°C e 85%±5% de umidade relativa, por 170 dias. O rompimento da dormência e da dominância apical foram anotados quando o tubérculo apresentou, respectivamente, um ou dois brotos. O experimento foi conduzido em um fatorial de três clones (SMINIA00017-6, SMIJ461-1 e Asterix), duas temperaturas de armazenamento (10 e 20°C) e três tipos de tubérculo (menor diâmetro inferior a 35mm, entre 35 e 45mm e superior a 45mm), no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. A partir dos resultados, concluiu-se que a idade fisiológica varia com o tamanho dos tubérculos de batata, sendo que tubérculos com diâmetro inferior a 35mm apresentam maior período de dormência. Além disso, foi constatado que a temperatura de armazenamento de 20°C é mais eficaz para o rompimento da dormência do que da dominância apical.

RESUMO

With the purpose of maiking easier the determination of the physiological age of Stomosys calcitrans population, a classification based on the oocitary developtment and number of ovipositions was proposed. Female were reared under laboratory conditions, in individual cages and maintained in the presence of male for copulation. On the proper time, ovary and oviduct were removed and the stage of development was observed. Adult female were classified as: 1-New emerged female, 2 - Young nuliparous female, 3 - Old nuliparous female, 4 - Uniparousfemale, 5 - Two or three ovipositions times female, and 6 - Multiparous female.

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