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Introdução: Os dentes são órgãos de valor inestimável para a identificação humana, uma vez que são as estruturas mais estáveis, duras e resistentes do corpo. Com a existência progressiva para o uso de câmeras digitais para captar fotografias sociais, como as "selfie", em que o foco principal está direcionado no rosto do indivíduo, estas fotografias são capazes de prover material com capacidade para resolver casos de identificação humana. Objetivo: Demonstrar a importância das fotografias do sorriso no processo de identificação humana e comparar e verificar o desempenho de graduandos em Odontologia (ingressantes e concluintes) na identificação humana por meio da análise do sorriso. Material e Métodos: Este estudo utilizou a metodologia e banco de imagens do trabalho de Silva et al. (2012), e o público alvo que avaliou as imagens, modificada. Cada aluno participante da pesquisa analisou um grupo de 4 imagens projetadas, sendo 2 de sorriso (A e B) e 2 intrabucais (C e D). Dentre as 10 fornecidas para cada grupo de imagem, somente uma é compatível com cada fotografia projetada. Resultado: Após análise dos dados, foi possível verificar que 84,6% dos alunos ingressantes (número de 26 alunos) acertaram os testes A e B, e 95,6% dos concluintes (número de 23) acertaram os testes A e B. No teste C podemos observar que 61,5% dos alunos ingressantes acertaram o teste, e 69,6% dos concluintes obtiveram acertos. E, por fim, o teste D mostrou que os ingressantes obtiveram um total de 80,8% de acertos, enquanto todos concluintes (100%) acertaram o teste D. Os parâmetros mais citados foram a coloração dos dentes, a inclinação dental, a morfologia das incisais e o alinhamento incisal. Conclusão: Nesta pesquisa, tanto os alunos ingressantes como os concluintes demostraram capacidade para analisar as fotografias do sorriso na identificação humana. Os alunos ingressantes obtiveram um número maior de erros pelo fato de ainda não terem conhecimento teórico e técnico mais aprofundado em anatomia, tornando isso uma diferença entre ingressantes e concluintes
Introduction: Teeth are invaluable organs for human identification, as they are the most stable, hard and resistant structures in the body. With the progressive use of digital cameras to capture social photographs, such as the "selfie", in which the main focus is on the individual's face, these photographs are able to provide material capable of solving human identification cases. Objective: To demonstrate the importance of smile photographs in the process of human identification and to compare and verify the performance of undergraduate dental students (beginners and graduates) in human identification using smile analysis. Material and Methods: This study used the methodology and image bank of the work by SILVA R.F. et al. (2012), and the target audience that evaluated the images, modified. Each student participating in the study analyzed a group of 4 projected images, 2 of which were smiles (A and B) and 2 intraoral (C and D). Of the 10 provided for each image group, only one was compatible with each projected photograph. Results: After analyzing the data, it was possible to see that 84.6% of the incoming students (26 students) got tests A and B right, and 95.6% of the outgoing students (23) got tests A and B right. In test C we can see that 61.5% of incoming students got the test right, and 69.6% of outgoing students got it right. And finally, test D showed that the entrants got a total of 80.8% right, while all the graduates (100%) got test D right. The most cited parameters were tooth color, tooth inclination, incisal morphology and incisal alignment. Conclusion: In this study, both new students and graduates demonstrated their ability to analyze smile photographs in human identification. The new students had a higher number of errors, due to the fact that they did not yet have in-depth theoretical and technical knowledge of anatomy, making this a difference between new students and graduates
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It is important to understand the effects of hoof trimming on hoof and limb conformation to maximize its benefits on the health of the appendicular skeleton of horses, thus promoting improvements in athletic performance and sporting longevity with regard to athletic horses. There is little information on possible changes in the angulation of the thoracic limb joints after hoof trimming and correlations between the angulation of the thoracic limb joints with hoof measurements. To that purpose, nineteen Mangalarga mares received routine hoof trimming. Visual recordings (photographs) were taken before and after the procedure. Differences (p < 0.05) were found in hoof length, toe angle, heel angle, medial heel height, and metacarpophalangeal angle. Before trimming, correlations were found between frog length and scapulohumeral angle (SH) (r = -0.457; p = 0.049), and between toe length and shoulder-ground angle (SG) (r = -0.553; p = 0.049). A correlation was also seen between the distance from the frog to the lateral wall and the SH angle (r = 0.690; p = 0.001). After trimming, there was a correlation between humeroradial (HR) and SH joint angles (r = 0.669; p = 0.002), and the SG and SH angles (r = 0.488; p = 0.034). This study showed an immediate effect of trimming on the toe angle and heel angle and on the metacarpophalangeal joint angle, in addition to correlations between the hoof and proximal joint angles, following trimming, thus evidencing the relevance of trimming not only in hoof morphology, but also in the conformation of the appendicular skeleton of horses.
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Resumen Aunque el sexo de una persona debería ser irrelevante para juzgar su competencia, es común que la evaluación se base en un prejuicio de género, que tiende a ser antifemenino. No obstante, ciertos factores pueden mitigar el prejuicio. El propósito del estudio fue averiguar la manifestación de un prejuicio de género manipulando además del sexo de supuestos fotógrafos, su estatus (profesional o aficionado) y el de su obra (ganadora o participante en un concurso). Los participantes (N = 397 adultos mexicanos, entre 18 y 79 años) juzgaron ocho fotografías abstractas respecto a su creatividad, calidad global e impacto emocional y a la competencia y futuro artístico del fotógrafo. Las mismas fotografías se incluyeron en una de ocho series. En cada serie cada fotografía incluyó una diferente combinación de las tres variables manipuladas. Se encontró un prejuicio antifemenino por parte de los participantes mujeres y hombres cuando tanto el autor como su obra tenían un alto estatus, independientemente del aspecto evaluado. Cuando el estatus del fotógrafo o de la fotografía fue bajo, el prejuicio fue pro-femenino o antimasculino. Aunque el estatus del fotógrafo y el de la fotografía mitigaron el prejuicio antifemenino, éste persistió cuando una mujer era tan exitosa como un hombre.
Abstract Although a third party's sex should be irrelevant in assessing her/his competence, the judgment is commonly influenced by a gender bias, which tends to be anti-feminine. However, certain factors could mitigate that bias. The purpose of the study was to find out if a gender prejudice appears if not only the sex of alleged photographers is manipulated, but also their status (professional or amateur) and that of their photograph (winner or entry in a prestigious contest). Participants (N = 397 Mexican adults, 18 to 79 years old) judged eight abstract photographs on its creativity, overall quality, and emotional impact and on the photographer's competence and artistic future. The same photographs were included in one of eight different series. In each series each photograph included a different combination of the three manipulated variables. An anti-feminine bias was found from both women and men participants when both the photographer and their work had a high status, regardless of the aspect evaluated. When the status of either the photographer or of the photograph was low, the bias was pro-feminine or anti-masculine. Although the status of the photographer and of her/his work mitigated the antifeminine prejudice, it persisted when women were as successful as men.
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Investigators increasingly need high quality face photographs that they can use in service of their scholarly pursuits-whether serving as experimental stimuli or to benchmark face recognition algorithms. Up to now, an index of known face databases, their features, and how to access them has not been available. This absence has had at least two negative repercussions: First, without alternatives, some researchers may have used face databases that are widely known but not optimal for their research. Second, a reliance on databases comprised only of young white faces will lead to science that isn't representative of all the people whose tax contributions, in many cases, make that research possible. The "Face Image Meta-Database" (fIMDb) provides researchers with the tools to find the face images best suited to their research, with filters to locate databases with people of a varied racial and ethnic backgrounds and ages. Problems of representation in face databases are not restricted to race and ethnicity or age - there is a dearth of databases with faces that have visible differences (e.g., scars, port wine stains, and cleft lip and palate). A well-characterized database is needed to support programmatic research into perceivers' attitudes, behaviors, and neural responses to anomalous faces. The "ChatLab Facial Anomaly Database" (CFAD) was constructed to fill this gap, with photographs of faces with visible differences of various types, etiologies, sizes, locations, and that depict individuals from various ethnic backgrounds and age groups. Both the fIMDb and CFAD are available from: https://cliffordworkman.com/resources/.
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The aim of this study is to propose a classification system for the spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 retinal degeneration (SCA7-RD). Twenty patients with molecularly confirmed SCA7 underwent slit lamp examination, fundus photography, and optical coherence tomography (Spectralis®). Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) and International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) were applied, and age, sex, age at symptom onset, and number of CAG expansions were recorded. After analyzing the ophthalmological findings in each participant, a panel of retinal disease experts created a qualitative classification system for SCA7-RD comprising four stages. We assessed the correlations of retinal degeneration severity with SARA and ICARS scores, number of CAG repeats in ATXN7 allele, and age at symptom onset. We graded retinal degeneration as stage 1 in nine participants, as stage 2 in five, and as stage 3 in six. No differences in age and visual symptoms duration were found between groups. SARA and ICARS scores correlated with the severity of SCA7-RD on the classification system (p = 0.024 and p = 0.014, respectively). After adjusting for disease duration, retinal disease stage association with SARA and ICARS scores remained significant (ANCOVA, p < 0.05). The classification system for SCA7-RD was able to characterize different disease stages representing the landmarks in the cone-rod dystrophy natural history. Neurodegeneration appears to occur in parallel in the cerebellum and in the visual pathway. We conclude that retinal degeneration in SCA7 is a potential biomarker of the neurological phenotype severity.
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Degeneração Retiniana/classificação , Degeneração Retiniana/etiologia , Ataxias Espinocerebelares/complicações , Adulto , Idade de Início , Envelhecimento , Ataxina-7/genética , Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Fundo de Olho , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Retina/diagnóstico por imagem , Células Fotorreceptoras Retinianas Cones , Degeneração Retiniana/diagnóstico por imagem , Células Fotorreceptoras Retinianas Bastonetes , Ataxias Espinocerebelares/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica , Repetições de Trinucleotídeos , Testes Visuais , Vias Visuais/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this study was to develop mathematical models to estimate the leaf area of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in irrigated and non-irrigated water regimes from linear dimensions. An experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with a 3×2 factorial arrangement (three cultivars: Triunfo, Garapiá and FC 104; two water regimes: irrigated and non-irrigated) with 25 replicates each. A total of 523 trifoliates were collected throughout the crop cycle. The length (L, cm) and width (W, cm) of the central leaflet of the trifoliate were measured and their product (LW) (cm²) calculated. Then, the leaf area of these trifoliates was determined by digital photography methods using ImageJ® software, and using leaf discs. The number of samples required to estimate the leaf area of a trifoliate was determined to define which method is the most accurate to be used as the real leaf area in generating equations to estimate the leaf area in common bean. The relationship between area by digital photographs and the dimensions of the central leaflet of the trifoliate (L, W and LW) was fitted by linear, quadratic and power models. Subsequently, the predictive capacity of the equations was assessed by the root mean square error (cm2 trifoliate-1), mean absolute error (cm2 trifoliate-1), index of agreement and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Sample size varied between cultivars, water regimes and evaluation methods. It is more appropriate to use the leaf area provided by ImageJ® as real for comparison purposes in generating models to estimate leaf area from linear measurements, in common bean. The general equation LA = 1.092L1.945 can be used in the tested regimes without accuracy losses.(AU)
O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar modelos matemáticos para estimar a área foliar de feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris) em regime hídrico irrigado e não irrigado, a partir de dimensões lineares. Para isso, foi realizado um experimento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x2 (três cultivares: Triunfo, Garapiá e FC 104; dois regimes hídricos: irrigado, não irrigado) com 25 repetições cada. Foram coletados 523 trifólios ao longo do ciclo da cultura, mensurando-se o comprimento (C) (cm), largura (L) (cm) e calculado o seu produto (CL) (cm²) do folíolo central do trifólio. Na sequência, a área foliar desses trifólios foi determinada pelos métodos de fotos digitais com auxílio do software ImageJ® e por discos foliares. Foi investigado o número de amostras necessárias para estimar a área foliar de um trifólio, e assim, determinar qual método é o mais preciso para ser usado como área foliar real na obtenção de equações para estimar a área foliar em feijão. A relação entre a área por fotos digitais e as dimensões do folíolo central do trifólio (C, L, CL) foram ajustadas por modelos lineares, quadráticos e de potência e a capacidade preditiva das equações foi avaliada através da raiz quadrada média do erro (cm2 trifólio-1), erro médio absoluto (cm2 trifólio-1), índice de concordância e coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. O tamanho de amostra variou entre as cultivares, regimes hídricos e métodos de avaliação. É mais adequado utilizar a área foliar calculada pelo ImageJ® como real para fins de comparação na determinação de modelos para estimar a área foliar por medidas lineares em feijão. A equação geral AF = 1,092C1,945 pode ser utilizada nos regimes testadas sem perda na precisão.(AU)
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Fotografação , Modelos Lineares , Phaseolus , Modelos TeóricosRESUMO
Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el uso de fotografías digitales para estimar el peso de diferentes preparaciones de alimentos. Metodología: Se compraron 102 platos servidos como almuerzos, desayunos y repostería de 52 establecimientos comerciales en San Pedro de Montes de Oca, se pesaron y fotografiaron los alimentos servidos, resultando un total de 261 porciones de alimentos. Al recibir por correo las imágenes digitales de los platos de comida, se estimó el peso de cada alimento por medio de una comparación con un manual de fotografías estándar. El proceso de pesaje y fotografiado de los alimentos fue realizado de forma independiente del proceso de estimación del peso. Para comparar los pesos reales y los pesos estimados se utilizó la prueba t de Student y coeficientes de correlación. Resultados: Para 6 de los 11 tipos de alimentos, el peso estimado presentado en una imagen digital no fue significativamente diferente al peso real y ambos valores tenían un grado de asociación significativo. En el caso de los otros 5 tipos de alimentos que consistían en preparaciones con un mayor número de ingredientes, hubo diferencias significativas entre los pesos estimados y los pesos reales. Conclusión: En el caso de alimentos simples o con pocos ingredientes, ilustrados en fotografías digitales, su peso se estimó con suficiente exactitud; no así para preparaciones con varios ingredientes. Se requiere más investigación antes de recomendar su uso en encuestas de consumo de alimentos.
Abstract: Objective: To assess the use of digital images for estimating the weight of different portions of foods. Methods: 102 dishes from 52 commercial sites in San Pedro, Montes de Oca, served as lunches, breakfast, and snacks, consisting of a total of 261 portions of foods were purchased, photographed and weighed. On receiving the digital images of the dishes by email, the weights of all the different foods were estimated by using as a comparison, a series of standard photos of foods with known weights. The process of estimating the weights of the foods from the digital images was carried out independently from their being weighed and photographed. A comparison between real and estimated weights was carried out using the Student t test and correlation coefficients. Results: In the case of 6 of the 11 food types, there were no statistically significant difference between real and estimated weights and a significant degree of association was found. Significant differences were observed between real and estimated weights for the remaining 5 foods, which were composed of dishes with a greater number of ingredients and greater variation in proportions of each ingredient. Conclusion: Portion size was estimated with sufficient accuracy for foods prepared from simple recipes with few ingredients, but not for foods prepared with several ingredients. More research is needed before recommending this use of digital images in food consumption surveys.
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Humanos , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Dieta , Tamanho da Porção , Costa RicaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Sibaté is a municipality located in the central region of Colombia, where the first asbestos-cement facility of the country has been in operation since 1942. Both a malignant pleural mesothelioma cluster and landfilled zones with the presence of an underground friable asbestos layer have been identified in Sibaté. There is still limited knowledge regarding the history of the construction of landfilled zones, and what kinds of materials were deposited. The current study aims to improve our understanding of the history and characteristics of the landfilled zones present in Sibaté. METHODS: Two participatory workshops with inhabitants of Sibaté were conducted to determine when the landfilled zones were built and their location. Information collected in participatory workshops was crossed with both topographic maps and aerial photographs, giving special attention to zones within the urban area of the municipality that in the past were inundated with water from El Muña Reservoir. An opportunistic soil sampling campaign was conducted in suspected landfilled zones that had not been previously sampled, during the replacement of pipelines of the drainage system ordered by the municipality. RESULTS: The analysis of historical topographic maps, combined with the interpretation of aerial photographs, confirmed the disposal of residues in areas that were previously inundated with water from El Muña Reservoir, creating landfilled zones in the urban area of Sibaté. On top of these landfilled zones, a football stadium and a football field with an athletic track were built. The location of landfilled zones identified using geographic analysis was similar to the location identified analyzing maps constructed by inhabitants of Sibaté in participatory workshops. The four soil samples collected during an opportunistic sampling campaign confirmed the presence in new locations of the underground friable asbestos layer discovered in previous studies. DISCUSSION: Based on the extension of the landfilled zones, the presence of friable asbestos in these areas, and the close proximity to a school and residential dwellings, there could have been major dispersion events of asbestos fibers in the urban area of Sibaté during the disposal of residue materials and the construction of the landfilled zones. Thus, important asbestos exposures may have occurred among residents of Sibaté, which is aggravated by the fact that during those years, more than 50% of the population of Sibaté was 25 years old or younger. Although the results of the current study improved our understanding of the processes and chronology associated with the landfilled zones, the uncertainty regarding their exact location remains significant. It is important to continue investigating the adverse health effects resulting from this potential asbestos exposure source.
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Amianto , Exposição Ocupacional , Cidades , Colômbia , Exposição Ambiental , Instalações de Eliminação de ResíduosRESUMO
Resumo O objetivo do artigo é divulgar as fotografias astronômicas feitas pela expedição brasileira enviada a Sobral para registrar o eclipse total do Sol de 29 de maio de 1919. Uma rica coleção de fotografias, na maioria inéditas, disponíveis em suporte de placas de vidro, encontra-se na Biblioteca do Observatório Nacional. A fotografia ocupou lugar central na astronomia do século XX. O eclipse de Sobral ganhou repercussão mundial devido à comprovação da teoria da relatividade geral pelas expedições inglesas. Neste texto ressaltamos a participação dos astrônomos do Observatório Nacional no evento, pois foram os primeiros brasileiros a ter sucesso na obtenção de fotografias da coroa solar.
Abstract The objective of this article is to disseminate the astronomical photographs taken by the Brazilian expedition sent to Sobral (state of Ceará) to record the total eclipse of the Sun on May 29, 1919. There is a rich collection of photographs, most unpublished, available on glass plates stored in the Library of the Observatório Nacional. Photography was central to astronomy in the twentieth century. Thus, while the eclipse in Sobral had worldwide repercussions due to the proof of the theory of general relativity by the English expeditions, in this article we highlight the participation of astronomers from the Observatório Nacional at the same event, since they were the first Brazilians to successfully obtain photographs of the Sun's corona.
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Astronomia , Sistema Solar , Imagem Eidética , Fotografia , Brasil , História do Século XXRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Extreme phenotypes of OSA have not been systematically defined. RESEARCH QUESTION: This study developed objective definitions of extreme phenotypes of OSA by using a multivariate approach. The utility of these definitions for identifying characteristics that confer predisposition toward or protection against OSA is shown in a new prospective sample. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In a large international sample, race-specific liability scores were calculated from a weighted logistic regression that included age, sex, and BMI. Extreme cases were defined as individuals with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 30 events/hour but low likelihood of OSA based on age, sex, and BMI (liability scores > 90th percentile). Similarly, extreme controls were individuals with an AHI < 5 events/hour but high likelihood of OSA (liability scores < 10th percentile). Definitions were applied to a prospective sample from the Sleep Apnea Global Interdisciplinary Consortium, and differences in photography-based craniofacial and intraoral phenotypes were evaluated. RESULTS: This study included retrospective data from 81,338 individuals. A total of 4,168 extreme cases and 1,432 extreme controls were identified by using liability scores. Extreme cases were younger (43.1 ± 14.7 years), overweight (28.6 ± 6.8 kg/m2), and predominantly female (71.1%). Extreme controls were older (53.8 ± 14.1 years), obese (34.0 ± 8.1 kg/m2), and predominantly male (65.8%). These objective definitions identified 29 extreme cases and 87 extreme controls among 1,424 Sleep Apnea Global Interdisciplinary Consortium participants with photography-based phenotyping. Comparisons suggest that a greater cervicomental angle increases risk for OSA in the absence of clinical risk factors, and smaller facial widths are protective in the presence of clinical risk factors. INTERPRETATION: This objective definition can be applied in sleep centers throughout the world to consistently define OSA extreme phenotypes for future studies on genetic, anatomic, and physiologic pathways to OSA.
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Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/classificação , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Internacionalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Fotografação , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/etnologiaRESUMO
Introdução: As feridas oncológicas apresentam características peculiares, muitas vezes difíceis de expressar no texto escrito. A fotografia digital pode contribuir na descrição e na assistência destas feridas. Relato do Caso: Relatar o caso de paciente do sexo feminino, jovem, com lesão recidivada medindo 20x 18x13,7cm na coxa esquerda e diagnóstico de sarcoma sinovial. Utilizou-se a fotografia digital como facilitador na avaliação e tratamento de ferida oncológica complexa. A paciente foi submetida à exérese do tumor, curativos e enxertia de pele; o acompanhamento foi realizado com registros fotográficos com câmera do telefone celular, inserido no prontuário eletrônico e proporcionou a fotointerpretação pela equipe de saúde. Conclusão: O uso da fotografia foi importante, pois permitiu a avaliação rápida da ferida, pôde ser transmitida à equipe para avaliação do plano de tratamento e foram importantes ferramentas legais e para o ensino.
Introduction: The characteristics of cancer wounds are unusual and are often difficult to describe in writing. Therefore, digital photography may be used to describe and manage these wounds. Case Report: A young female patient with a recurring lesion measuring 20 × 18 × 13.7 cm in the left thigh was diagnosed with synovial sarcoma. Digital photography was used to facilitate evaluation and treatment of her complex cancer wound. The patient underwent tumor excision, dressings, and skin grafting; the follow-up was carried out with photographic records using a cell phone camera, which were inputted into the electronic medical record and interpreted by the medical team. Conclusion: The use of photographs was important because it allowed rapid wound evaluation, could be shared with the team to evaluate the treatment plan, and was an important tool for legal purposes and teaching.
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Humanos , Cirurgia Plástica/métodos , Cirurgia Plástica/tendências , Universidades , Fotografia , Internato e Residência/normasRESUMO
Introdução: A Cirurgia Plástica exige inúmeras habilidades, conhecimentos e competências, e seu escopo de atuação é amplo e desafiador. Dessa forma, todos os cirurgiões plásticos passam por uma extensa educação/formação, que se inicia durante a residência e continua ao longo da vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi delinear um treinamento formal em documentação fotográfica bidimensional padronizada para complementar o treinamento cirúrgico e científico durante a residência em Cirurgia Plástica. Métodos: Os componentes (as estratégias, os tópicos abordados e os processos de aquisição de habilidades e feedback) do treinamento em documentação fotográfica durante a residência em Cirurgia Plástica foram detalhados. Resultados: As atividades dos residentes, as interações entre os residentes o fotógrafo profissional e os cirurgiões/ preceptores e os tópicos abordados (estúdio fotográfico, câmeras fotográficas, objetivas, princípios fotográficos [exposição, abertura, velocidade, ISO e profundidade de campo], iluminação, preparo e posicionamento dos pacientes e da câmera fotográfica, situações fotográficas, vistas fotográficas, banco fotográfico, formatos de imagens, fotogrametria computadorizada e questões éticas e médico-legais) do programa de treinamento em documentação fotográfica foram delineados. Conclusão: O treinamento em documentação fotográfica complementa o arsenal de habilidades necessários aos residentes de Cirurgia Plástica em formação, com o intuito de melhor prepará-los para as carreiras futuras.
Introduction: Plastic surgery requires diverse skills, knowledge, and competencies, and its scope is broad and challenging. Thus, all plastic surgeons go through extensive education/training, which begins during residency and continues throughout their lives. This study aims to outline a formal training program in 2-dimensional standardized photographic documentation ("photodocumentation") to complement surgical and scientific training during residency in Plastic Surgery. Methods: The components (strategies, topics covered, skills acquisition, and feedback processes) of training in photodocumentation during residency in Plastic Surgery were detailed. Results: Topics in the photodocumentation training program included resident activities, interactions among residents, professional photographers, and surgeons/preceptors, studio settings, cameras, lenses, principles (exposure, aperture, speed, ISO, and depth of field), lighting, preparation and positioning of patients and the camera, photoshoot conditions, photo views, photo database, image formats, computerized photogrammetry, and ethical and medical-legal issues. Conclusion: Training in photodocumentation complements the arsenal of skills needed by residents in Plastic Surgery for continuing education, in order to better prepare them for future careers.
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Humanos , Cirurgia Plástica/educação , Cirurgia Plástica/métodos , Documentação/métodos , Documentação/normas , Educação Médica/métodos , Educação Médica/tendências , Fotografia , Cirurgiões/educaçãoRESUMO
Experiences with nature through visits to protected areas provide important cultural ecosystem services that have the potential to strengthen pro-environmental attitudes and behavior. Understanding accessibility to protected areas and likely preferences for enjoying the benefits of nature visits are key factors in identifying ways to reduce inequality in access and inform the planning and management for future protected areas. We develop, at a regional scale, a novel social media database of visits to public protected areas in part of the Chilean biodiversity hotspot using geotagged photographs and assess the inequality of access using the home locations of the visitors and socio-economic data. We find that 20% of the population of the region make 87% of the visits to protected areas. The larger, more biodiverse protected areas were the most visited and provided most cultural ecosystem services. Wealthier people tend to travel further to visit protected areas while people with lower incomes tend to visit protected areas that are closer to home. By providing information on the current spatial flows of people to protected areas, we demonstrate the need to expand the protected area network, especially in lower income areas, to reduce inequality in access to the benefits from cultural ecosystem services provided by nature to people.
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Biodiversidade , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Cultura , Ecossistema , Chile , Humanos , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Este artigo discute a representação do eu e sua relação com as novas "tecnologias do olhar". Convidaram-se usuários do Facebook a escolher uma autoimagem de seu perfil e responder questões sobre tal escolha (significado, relação com a história de vida, razões para partilhar, reações dos amigos, estímulo para novas postagens). Foram analisadas tematicamente as respostas de 33 jovens, em sua maioria, universitários entre 20 e 30 anos. Os achados destacam imagens e argumentos associados à diversão, felicidade e autenticidade, valores disseminados na sociedade de consumo. Estar no Facebook envolve o monitoramento da atividade (própria e alheia) de partilhar imagens pessoais e observar a sua recepção nesse espaço. Essas são utilizadas para transmitir uma imagem pessoal desejável, que exprime o estilo de vida e não a história de vida do usuário. Conclui-se que o compartilhamento de imagens nas redes sociais desempenha papel decisivo na construção da identidade pessoal hoje.
This paper discusses the presentation of self and its relation to new "gazing technologies". Facebook users were invited to choose a personal photo they had posted on their profiles and were asked about their choice (its meaning, relation to life history, reasons to post, friends’ reactions, motivation for posting new images). The answers from 33 Facebook users, mostly college students, 20 to 30 years old, received thematic analysis. The analysis highlighted images and arguments associated to entertainment, happiness and authenticity, dominant values in consumer society. To be on Facebook involves the monitoring of one’s own or someone else’s activity of sharing personal images and observing their reception on that space. The images are used mainly to convey a desirable self-portrait that expresses a person’s life style but not her/his life story. We conclude that sharing personal photos on social networking sites plays an important role in today’s personal identity construction.
Este trabajo aborda la representación del yo y su relación con las nuevas "tecnologías del mirar". Se invitó a usuarios de Facebook a elegir una autoimagen de su perfil y a responder algunas preguntas sobre esa elección (significado, relación con historia de vida, razones para compartir, reacciones de amigos, estímulo para nuevas publicaciones). Fueron analizadas temáticamente las respuestas de 33 jóvenes, en su mayoría estudiantes universitarios entre 20 y 30 años. Entre los resultados destacan las imágenes y los argumentos asociados con diversión, felicidad y autenticidad, valores dominantes en la sociedad de consumo. Estar en Facebook implica observar la actividad (propia y de los otros), compartir fotos personales y seguir su recepción en este espacio. Se usan las fotos para transmitir una imagen personal deseable que expresa el estilo de vida pero no la historia de vida del usuario. Se concluye que las fotos compartidas en las redes sociales tienen un papel crucial en la construcción de la identidad personal en la actualidad.
Assuntos
Rede Social , Cultura , Ego , FotografiaRESUMO
RESUMEN: Introducción: Antropometría facial es la medición de distancias del rostro. Un método indirecto es a través de fotografías estandarizadas, conocido como fotogrametría. Este trabajo busca estandarizar una técnica fotográfica y estudiar la fiabilidad de la fotogrametría facial, comparando mediciones antropométricas directas y fotogramétricas con tres objetivos fotográficos distintos. Objetivo: Estandarizar parámetros de la cámara fotográfica y encuadre de la imagen para fotogrametría facial. Materiales y métodos: A una muestra de 50 sujetos se les midieron directa e indirectamente seis distancias faciales. Para las fotografías se utilizaron objetivos fotográficos fijos de 35mm, 50mm y 100mm. Se tomaron seis fotografías a cada uno de los voluntarios; tres de frente y tres de perfil, una con cada lente. La distancia entre la cámara y el sujeto fue variable, siempre con un encuadre de 30cm. Se compararon las diferencias estadísticamente. Resultados: Con el lente de 100mm fue el único con el que todas las distancias medidas en fotografías fueron iguales y sin diferencia estadística respecto a las medidas obtenidas directamente. Conclusión: De los tres objetivos fotográficos utilizados uno de 100mm es el que permite la fotografía más fiel a la realidad, con una diferencia promedio de 0,5mm con las medidas directas.
ABSTRACT: Introduction: Facial anthropometry is the measurement of distances of the face. It can be performed directly in the subject present or indirectly. Among the indirect methods is photogrammetry: measuring facial distances in photographs. In order to perform the facial photographic registration, a standardized photographic technique is required, that is, the parameters of the camera, the photographic set and the parameters of the subject must be previously established. This work aims to standardize a photographic technique and to study the reliability of facial photogrammetry, comparing direct anthropometric measurements and photogrammetry with three different photographic lenses, in order to determine which one has the highest fidelity. Objective: To standardize camera parameters and image framing for facial photogrammetry. Materials and Methods: Six facial distances were measured directly and indirectly on a sample of 50 subjects. The indirect measurements were taken on photographs of the subjects using fixed photographic lenses of 35mm, 50mm and 100mm. Six photographs were taken from each volunteer; three of front and three of profile, one with each lens. The distances between the camera and the subjects was variable, so that the image frame was always 30 cm. The differences were statistically compared. Results: With a 35mm lens, only one of the six distances measured in photographs was equal to the measurement obtained directly. With a 50mm lens, three of the six distances obtained were equal to the direct measurements. With a 100mm lens, all distances measured in photographs were equal and without statistical difference in relation to the measurements obtained directly. Conclusion: Of the three photographic lenses, the 100mm lens is the one that allows the photograph more faithful to the reality, where the photogrammetric measures of the face have a difference of 0,5mm or less with the direct measurements.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Ortodontia , Fotogrametria , Antropometria , Fotografia Dentária , Face , Estudo ObservacionalRESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la fiabilidad y validez de un instrumento que permite medir la habilidad visual para identificar y clasificar Dermatitis Asociada a Incontinencia (DAI), Ulceras por Presión (UPP) y lesiones mixtas, por parte de profesionales de enfermería. Material y método: Se aplicó un instrumento autoadministrado conformado por 14 fotografías a una muestra por conveniencia de 28 profesionales de enfermería, donde se debía identificar la lesión y luego clasificar su estado de avance. A modo exploratorio se calculó la fiabilidad anidada con Alpha de Cronbach y la validez con Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP). Resultados: La fiabilidad inicial de las 14 fotografías (Alpha de Cronbach= 0,174) fue baja y tras eliminar 7 la fiabilidad fue aceptable (Alpha de Cronbach= 0,709). Se estableció la presencia de dos dimensiones: por un lado, la habilidad de diagnosticar DAI que explica un 35% de la varianza y, por otro, la habilidad de diagnosticar UPP, que explica el 22% de la varianza, ya sea que se encuentren separadas o juntas en un mismo paciente. Las lesiones DAI son diagnosticadas en mayor proporción que las lesiones mixtas. Conclusión: El estudio aportó 6 fotografías fiables y válidas que pueden ser utilizadas en futuros trabajos para construir un instrumento más robusto que pueda ser utilizado en Chile para la capacitación en el área. La muestra estudiada tiene fortalezas en el diagnóstico de DAI y dificultades en el diagnóstico de lesiones mixtas.
ABSTRACT Aim: To evaluate the reliability and validity of an instrument that allows to measure the visual ability to identify and classify Incontinence Associated Dermatitis (IAD), Pressure Ulcers (PU) and mixed lesions, by nursing professionals. Material and method: A self-administered instrument consisting of 14 photographs was applied to a convenience sample of 28 nurses. A set of 14 photographs were shown in which they were asked to identify and then classify the state of the lesion. In an exploratory manner, the nested reliability was calculated with Cronbach's Alpha and the validity with Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results: The initial reliability of the 14 photographs was low (Cronbach Alpha = 0.174), after removing 7 photographs the reliability became acceptable (Cronbach Alpha = 0.709). The presence of two dimensions was established: on the one hand the ability to diagnose IAD, which explains 35% of the variance, and secondly, the ability to diagnose PU, which explains 22% of the variance, whether they are separated or together in the same patient. IAD is better diagnosed than mixed lesions. Conclusion: The study provided 6 reliable and valid photos that can be used in future work to build a more robust instrument that can be used in Chile for training in the area. The studied sample shows strengths when diagnosing IAD and difficulties when diagnosing mixed lesions.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fotografação , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Úlcera por Pressão/diagnóstico por imagem , Incontinência Fecal/diagnóstico por imagem , Projetos de Pesquisa , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Profissionais de EnfermagemRESUMO
Human identification may be achieved through fingerprint, teeth and DNA analyses. In these approaches, identification is given comparatively between antemortem (AM) and postmortem (PM) data. Intraoral photographs, commonly used in Orthodontics, represent a source of dental identifiers in Forensic Dentistry. The present study aims to report a case of human identification founded on the analysis of intraoral photographs. An unknown human body was referred for cadaveric examination, which revealed all the permanent teeth fully erupted in the oral cavity. Among the distinctive dental traits, occlusal amalgam restorations were observed in the mandibular first molars, as well fixed orthodontic appliances with bands in the same teeth. Intraoral photographs were provided by the relatives of the potential victim. In these photographs, the same distinctive dental traits were observed leading to a positive identification without explainable discrepancies. The use of intraoral photographs for forensic purposes must be encouraged in medicolegal institutes because these are practical, low-cost, absent of radiation and reliable tools in the human identification process.
O processo de identificação humana pode se dar cientificamente confiável por meio dos exames da papiloscopia, odontologia e genética. Nestas três vertentes, a identificação comparativa entre dados antemortem (AM) e postmortem (PM). As fotografias intrabucais, comumente utilizadas em Ortodontia, representam fonte de caracteres identificadores em Odontologia Legal. O presente estudo objetiva relatar um caso pericial fundamentado na utilização de fotografias intrabucais para a identificação humana. Um corpo não identificado foi encaminhado para exame necroscópico revelando a presença de todos os dentes permanentes completamente erupcionados na cavidade bucal. Dentre os caracteres dentais distintivos observados na vítima, encontravam-se restaurações oclusais de amálgama nos primeiros molares inferiores, assim como aparelho ortodôntico fixo ancorados por bandas nestes mesmos dentes. Fotografias intrabucais provenientes de tratamento ortodôntico foram fornecidas pelos familiares da suposta vítima. Nestas, os mesmo caracteres distintivos foram detectados gerando identificação positiva sem discrepâncias inexplicáveis. A utilização de fotografias intrabucais com finalidade forense deve ser divulgada e encorajada em institutos médico-legais, uma vez que representa meio prático, de baixo custo, isento de radiação e confiável para o processo de identificação humana.
Assuntos
Autopsia , Registros Odontológicos , Antropologia Forense , Fotografia Dentária , Odontologia LegalRESUMO
Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a validade relativa de questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA), desenvolvido para adolescentes. O estudo envolveu amostra de 106 adolescentes (57% meninas) de 11 a 18 anos de idade. O QFA foi aplicado em entrevistas pessoais com o suporte de fotografias dos 93 itens alimentares. As médias deatenuadas da ingestão de energia e nutrientes de três recordatórios de 24 horas (R24h) foram consideradas como referência e foram comparadas com aquelas estimadas pelo QFA com o uso do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, kappa ponderado para a concordância da categorização em quartis, e limites de concordância de Bland-Altman. Os coeficientes de correlação variaram de 0,27 a 0,49 (média = 0,43), o kappa ponderado variou de 0,28 a 0,51 (média = 0,40), e a concordância média estimada variou de 109 a 159% (média = 130%). Aproximadamente 30% das estimativas foram classificados de forma exata em um mesmo quartil e cerca de 90% em quartis iguais ou adjacentes. Resultados obtidos com a aplicação do QFA com o suporte de fotografias foram mais favoráveis do que os observados para o questionário isoladamente. O QFA foi considerado apropriado para categorizar adolescentes segundo gradientes de consumo energia e nutrientes.
Abstract The scope of this study was to evaluate the relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) designed for adolescents. The study involved a sample of 106 adolescents (57% girls) aged between 11 and 18. The FFQ was administered in one-on-one interviews with the support of the 93 photographs of food items. Overall averages of energy and nutrient intake of three 24-hour recalls (24h-R) were used as benchmarks. They were then compared with those estimated from the FFQ using the Spearman correlation coefficient, weighted kappa for the agreement between classifications into quartiles and Bland-Altman limits of agreement. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.27 to 0.49 (mean = 0.43), the weighted kappa ranged from 0.28 to 0.51 (mean = 0.40), and the estimated Bland-Altman mean limits of agreement ranged from 109 to 159% (mean = 130%). Approximately 30% of the estimates were classified into the same quartile while about 90% were categorized into the same or adjacent quartiles. Supporting the application of the FFQ with photographs provided more favorable results than those observed for the questionnaire alone. The FFQ was considered appropriate to categorize adolescents according to gradients of dietary intake.
RESUMO
Resumen:El ambiente lumínico en el sotobosque de las selvas nubladas es muy heterogéneo y está determinado por la composición de especies, la estructura del dosel, las condiciones de sitio y la estacionalidad. Este estudio se realizó en la selva nublada San Eusebio, Venezuela (2 300-2 500 m.s.n.m.). El impacto de las variaciones estructurales del dosel en la disponibilidad de luz del sotobosque fue estimado durante la estación seca (diciembre-febrero) y lluviosa (marzo-noviembre), tanto en claros de diferente tamaño como en bosque no perturbado (BNP). Se tomaron fotografías hemisféricas para estimar el porcentaje de dosel abierto, índice de área foliar, porcentajes de luz directa y luz difusa transmitida, duración y frecuencia de rayos de sol. Se calculó un índice de luz a partir de las proporciones relativas de luz directa y difusa transmitida al sotobosque. Para la mayoría de las variables, hubo diferencias significativas entre las estaciones, así como entre claros y BNP. El índice de luz fue bajo (0.25 a 26 de un máximo = 100), incluso para los claros más grandes, indicando un ambiente de luz muy oscuro en el sotobosque, particularmente, en BNP en la estación lluviosa. Patrones e interacciones entre los factores fueron analizados (BNP vs. claros, tamaño de claro, posición en el claro y estacionalidad) con un diseño ANOVA de efectos mixtos y medidas repetidas. Los resultados mostraron que la cantidad de luz que llega al sotobosque es baja, tanto en BNP como en claros. Sin embargo, existieron diferencias pequeñas pero significativas en la disponibilidad de luz, tanto por efecto de la estacionalidad como por la magnitud de las perturbaciones. Estas diferencias podrían contribuir a explicar la dinámica de la regeneración de especies en estos bosques. El conocimiento de los factores que condicionan la disponibilidad de luz en el sotobosque, donde se inicia la regeneración de los árboles, es crucial en selvas nubladas debido a las limitaciones energéticas de este ecosistema, y podría ser fundamental para futuros planes de restauración y conservación de la diversidad e integridad de estos bosques.
Abstract:The light environment in the understory of cloud forests is highly heterogeneous and determined by species composition, canopy structure, site conditions, and seasonality. This study was carried out at San Eusebio cloud forest, Venezuela (2 300 - 2 500 masl). The impact of canopy structure variations on understory light availability was estimated in the dry (December-February) and rainy (March-November) seasons, in sites under continuous canopy cover and gaps of various sizes. Hemispherical photographs were taken to estimate the percentage of canopy openness, leaf area index, percentages of transmitted direct and diffuse light, and duration and frequency of sunflecks. A light index was calculated from the relative proportions of direct and diffuse light transmitted to the understory. For most variables, there were significant differences between seasons, as well as among different gap sizes and under closed canopy. The light index was low (0.25 to 26 of a maximum = 100), even for the largest gaps, indicating a highly shaded light environment, especially beneath closed canopy in the rainy season. Patterns and interactions among factors were analyzed (gaps vs. continuous canopy, gap sizes, location within the gaps, and seasonality) with a mixed effects repeated measures Anova design. Results showed that the amount of light reaching the understory is low in both gaps and closed canopy. However, small but significant differences in light availability existed for both seasonality and magnitude of the perturbations. These differences could contribute to explain the dynamics of tree species regeneration in this forest. The knowledge of the factors conditioning light availability in the understory where tree regeneration begins is crucial in cloud forests because of energetic limitations in this ecosystem, and might be essential for future restoration and conservation plans concerning the preservation of the diversity and integrity of these forests. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1699-1707. Epub 2016 December 01.
Assuntos
Estações do Ano , Luz Solar , Florestas , Clima , Chuva , Valores de Referência , Fatores de Tempo , Venezuela , BiodiversidadeRESUMO
ResumenLos manglares tienen gran importancia ecológica, económica, riqueza natural y prestan servicios ambientales. No obstante, son amenazados por la sobreexplotación, la contaminación y el cambio de uso de suelo. Costa Rica tiene manglares en las costas pacífica y caribeña. Según algunos estudios, la cobertura de manglar ha ido disminuyendo desde la década de 1980. Debido a que estos datos no son actualizados y se basan en estimaciones poco precisas, es necesario hacer una valoración de la extensión actual y la variación de la cobertura en los últimos años, que permita determinar cambios. En esta investigación se estudió la cobertura de dos manglares ubicados en Bahía Culebra, Pacífico Norte: Iguanita y Playa Panamá. Se usaron fotografías e imágenes de satélite para un período de 65 años (1945-2010). Se encontraron cambios espaciotemporales en la cobertura de manglar, bosques adyacentes y áreas sin vegetación. Las menores coberturas de manglar se registraron en la década de 1970, pero aumentaron en años posteriores. Los cambios en la cobertura de bosque alrededor de los manglares de Iguanita y Playa Panamá concuerdan con otros análisis históricos sobre el uso del suelo alrededor de Bahía Culebra. Antes de 1980 se dio un aumento de las prácticas de ganadería extensiva e intensiva, lo que aumentó la tasa de deforestación. Después de 1980 se abandonaron estas prácticas y la cobertura de bosque secundario aumentó hasta el año 2000. Para asegurar una adecuada protección de los manglares, es necesario evaluar también las áreas aledañas y establecer zonas de amortiguamiento alrededor, para reducir los impactos futuros.
Abstract:Despite the economic and environmental services that mangroves provide, they continue to be threatened by overexploitation, pollution, and land use change. Costa Rica has mangrove areas on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, and cover has been declining since the 1980s. However, data on mangrove coverage are not continually updated and are often based on inaccurate estimates. It is therefore necessary to assess the current extension and variation of the mangrove cover in recent years, to determine changes. The mangrove cover was analyzed in two mangrove forests located in Bahía Culebra, North Pacific: Iguanita and Playa Panamá. For this, aerial photographs and satellite imagery were used to study changes for a 65 year period (1945-2010). Spatio-temporal changes were found in mangrove coverage, adjacent forests and areas without vegetation. Lower mangrove cover occurred during the 1970s (28.4 ha in Iguanita and 4.8 ha in Playa Panamá); but increased in recent years (38.9 ha in Iguanita and 12.0 ha in Panamá). Changes in forest cover by the Iguanita and Playa Panama mangroves were related to the history of land use around Bahía Culebra. Before 1980, there was extensive and intensive cattle ranching, increasing the deforestation rate; after that year, these practices were abandoned and secondary forest coverage increased until 2000. To ensure the adequate protection of mangroves, it is not only important to protect mangrove forests, but it is also necessary to establish buffer zones on their surroundings, to mitigate and/or reduce possible impacts. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 955-964. Epub 2016 September 01.