RESUMO

The intensive use of pesticides in Mexican agriculture has contributed significantly to the increase in food production, but at the same time represents potential risk to biota. This situation creates a dilemma between the need to increase food production and the preservation of the environment and human health. Aquatic invertebrates play a vital role in the balance of aquatic ecosystems but are sensitive to pesticides contamination. The sensitivity of aquatic invertebrates to pesticides contamination has led them to be used to assess the potential impact of this contamination on aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, conducted in the Ayuquila-Armería basin, the following aims were achieved: 1) quantifying the presence of 20 pesticides in river sediments, 2) assessing the spatiotemporal distribution of pesticides in river sediments, 3) determining the potential risk to aquatic invertebrates, and 4) prioritizing pesticides based on their potential risk. Twelve pesticides were consistently quantified in 192 river sediments samples. The pesticides with the highest concentrations were ametrine, malathion and picloram. The temporal analysis showed seasonality in pesticide concentrations, with higher detection frequencies during the wet season. The risk assessment showed that aquatic invertebrates may be affected by the concentrations of carbofuran, malathion, diazinon and ametrine. Pesticides prioritization identified ametrine, carbofuran, and diazinon as major concerns based on the methodology that considers the Frequency and Extent of Exceedance. This study provides valuable insights into the current pesticides scenario in the Ayuquila-Armería River sediments. The findings underscore the need for sustainable alternatives to mitigate the ecological risks associated with pesticides contamination in this aquatic ecosystem.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In the last twenty years, pesticide use in Chile has increased more than 160%, generating a greater risk of water resources pollution. The objective of this study was to assess the presence of 22 pesticides and 12 degradation products in surface water samples from the Cachapoal River basin, Central Chile, an area characterized by intense agricultural activity. Pesticide concentrations in the dissolved phase (DP) and particulate phase (PP) in samples collected in the dry season and after precipitation events was assessed. The solid-phase extraction technique was used to preconcentrate the samples and GC/MS and LC/MS were used to detect pesticides. The results present spatio-temporal variations in the proportion and concentration of pesticides and their degradation products in both the DP and PP for each site and sampling period. The most ubiquitous compounds in the dissolved phase were atrazine, atrazine-2-hydroxy (HA), cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, and tebuconazole, while in the particulate phase HA, imidacloprid, diazinon and pyrimidinol were detected. The results presented in this study make up the first record of pesticides in the dissolved and particulate phases in surface water in Chile. They show that the problem of pesticide contamination undoubtedly affects the quality of bodies of water in agricultural areas in Chile and support the need for a proper assessment of the water quality of the Cachapoal River in the future.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In this study, a very sensitive method was validated to determine pesticides residues in fruit jams using micro flow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (µLC-MS/MS). A slurry of the fruit jams and water was prepared to yield homogeneous samples. Because of the high sensitivity achieved with the µLC-MS/MS equipment and to minimize matrix effects, the QuEChERS extracts were diluted 30-fold before the analysis. The validation was performed analyzing spiked samples at 9 and 45 µg kg(-1) (n=5). The method met validation criteria of 70-120% recovery and RSD≤20% for 92% of the 107 pesticides evaluated. The reporting limit (RL) was 9 and 45 µg kg(-1) for respectively 66% and 26% of the analytes, 5% of the compounds did not fulfill the requirements for validation and 3% were not detected at the studied concentrations. The validated method was applied to the analysis of 51 different fruit jam samples from Brazil and Spain and pesticide residues were detected in 41 samples, 26 of which contained at least one pesticide at concentration >10 µg kg(-1).

Assuntos

RESUMO

No Brasil, as exigências legais quanto ao controle de qualidade do leite cru se restringem à análise microbiológica, físico-química e à pesquisa de antimicrobianos. Contudo, os agrotóxicos podem ser detectados no leite após a exposição dos animais em lactação a esses agentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi pesquisar a presença de organofosforados (OF) e carbamatos (CB) em amostras de água e de alimentos fornecidos às vacas leiteiras e também no leite produzido por esses animais. Todas as amostras foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa com um detector de nitrogênio e fósforo (CGNPD). Das 30 amostras de leite cru analisadas, os resíduos de OF foram detectados em 5 (16,67%), todos abaixo dos limites máximos de resíduos (LMR) determinados pela legislação e não foram detectados resíduos de CB no leite. Os agrotóxicos pesquisados não foram detectados nas amostras de água. Do total de 98 amostras de alimentação animal, foi detectado OF em 28 amostras (28,57%), CB em 18 (18,37%) e ambos em 1 amostra (1,02%). Em 3 propriedades se constatou a contaminação do leite pelos mesmos princípios ativos de OF detectados na alimentação animal. A grande ocorrência de resíduos de agrotóxicos na alimentação animal alerta para ausência de controle na sua produção, podendo essa ser uma importante fonte de contaminação do leite por esses compostos. (AU)

In Brazil, the legal requirements regarding the quality control of raw milk are restricted to microbiological, physico-chemical and antimicrobial research. However, pesticides can be detected in milk after exposure of dairy cows to these agents. The present study aimed to search for the presence of organophosphorus (OPP) and carbamate (CB) pesticides in samples of water and feedstuff supplied to dairy cattle and also in the milk produced by these animals. All samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). Residues of OPP were detected in 5 (16.67%) out of 30 raw milk samples, all bellow maximum residues limits (MRL). CB residues were not detected in milk. Pesticide residues included in the research were not detected in water samples. Within the 98 samples of the diets components of the animals analyzed, OPP were detected in 28 (28.57%) samples, CB in 18 (18.37%), while both pesticides were detected in 1 sample (1.02%). In 3 dairy farms it could be noted milk contamination by the same active ingredient of OPP that were detected in animal feed. High levels of animal feed contamination detected in this study raise concerns to the absent control in animal feed production and may represent an important source of milk contamination by these compounds.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

No Brasil, as exigências legais quanto ao controle de qualidade do leite cru se restringem à análise microbiológica, físico-química e à pesquisa de antimicrobianos. Contudo, os agrotóxicos podem ser detectados no leite após a exposição dos animais em lactação a esses agentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi pesquisar a presença de organofosforados (OF) e carbamatos (CB) em amostras de água e de alimentos fornecidos às vacas leiteiras e também no leite produzido por esses animais. Todas as amostras foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa com um detector de nitrogênio e fósforo (CGNPD). Das 30 amostras de leite cru analisadas, os resíduos de OF foram detectados em 5 (16,67%), todos abaixo dos limites máximos de resíduos (LMR) determinados pela legislação e não foram detectados resíduos de CB no leite. Os agrotóxicos pesquisados não foram detectados nas amostras de água. Do total de 98 amostras de alimentação animal, foi detectado OF em 28 amostras (28,57%), CB em 18 (18,37%) e ambos em 1 amostra (1,02%). Em 3 propriedades se constatou a contaminação do leite pelos mesmos princípios ativos de OF detectados na alimentação animal. A grande ocorrência de resíduos de agrotóxicos na alimentação animal alerta para ausência de controle na sua produção, podendo essa ser uma importante fonte de contaminação do leite por esses compostos.

In Brazil, the legal requirements regarding the quality control of raw milk are restricted to microbiological, physico-chemical and antimicrobial research. However, pesticides can be detected in milk after exposure of dairy cows to these agents. The present study aimed to search for the presence of organophosphorus (OPP) and carbamate (CB) pesticides in samples of water and feedstuff supplied to dairy cattle and also in the milk produced by these animals. All samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). Residues of OPP were detected in 5 (16.67%) out of 30 raw milk samples, all bellow maximum residues limits (MRL). CB residues were not detected in milk. Pesticide residues included in the research were not detected in water samples. Within the 98 samples of the diets components of the animals analyzed, OPP were detected in 28 (28.57%) samples, CB in 18 (18.37%), while both pesticides were detected in 1 sample (1.02%). In 3 dairy farms it could be noted milk contamination by the same active ingredient of OPP that were detected in animal feed. High levels of animal feed contamination detected in this study raise concerns to the absent control in animal feed production and may represent an important source of milk contamination by these compounds.

Assuntos